I-Los imibuso yemvelo ziye zacutshungulwa kusukela ekhulwini lesine leminyaka, kuyindaba ebilokhu ivela futhi ivumelana nezimo kuwo wonke umlando ezandleni zososayensi abaningi, ngisho nanamuhla kuyindaba engase iphikiswe futhi inqobo nje uma kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo, izoqhubeka. uku.
Iyini Imibuso Yemvelo?
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ososayensi abakhulu benqume ukufuna izimpendulo zakho konke, nanamuhla ukuthi ukufuna ulwazi kuyaqhubeka futhi kuzoba njalo kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi, ngoba umuntu unelukuluku ngokwemvelo, kukhona uphenyo oluphothuliwe, abanye kwesokunxele uhhafu futhi eziningi ziye zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba kuye kwaba ucwaningo Izici zezinto eziphilayo.
I-Taxonomy isayensi ephethe lolu cwaningo futhi I-5 Kingdoms ingeyesistimu ebanzi nehlukahlukene ekhona ukuze ihlukanise zonke izinhlobo ezikhona, ezikhona nezizayo. Ekuqaleni, kwadalwa imibuso emibili yokuqala, ehambisana ne- animalia ne-plantae, futhi kamuva i-taxa emithathu yahlanganiswa: isikhunta, i-protista, ne-monera.
Kuyisifundo esifundwe iminyaka eminingi, esiye sapheleliswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi esathuthukiswa kuze kube namuhla, njengoba isayensi ikwazi ukuthola njalo uhlobo olusha olunezici ezingase zehluke noma zifane nalezo esezivele zikhona. wafunda.
Ukuze uhlukanise uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezisanda kutholwa, kuyadingeka ukulufunda ngokujula, njengoba, njengoba kungase kubonakale, kunzima ukuhlukanisa into ephilayo encane okufanele yenziwe ngaphansi kwezifundo ezinemininingwane eminingi.
Lolu hlelo lubanzi kakhulu futhi lunokuhlukana okuningi nokuhlukaniswa, okuthi, njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, okushintshwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ezinye izigaba ezintsha zingase zivele ezijwayelane kangcono nezinhlobo ezintsha ezitholakalayo. Esigabeni sesibili sohlelo lokuhlukanisa kukhona imibuso yezidalwa eziphilayo, ngezansi nje kwesizinda lapho amajuba emboza womathathu ama-tax.
Iyini Imibuso Yemvelo?
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusaqhubeka kuyimpikiswano namuhla, njengoba sekunesikhathi eside kufunwa imibuso eminingi yemvelo ukuthi isetshenziswe, nokho, kuze kube namuhla eyamukelwa kakhulu yileyo okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili: i- animalia, i-plantae kanye ne-taxa emithathu, nanoma yimiphi eminye. ukuhlukaniswa okuhloswe ngokuhlukana, ngokuvamile kuthathwa njengokuhlukaniswa iziqephu kwenye yentela.
Umbuso we-Animalia
Umbuso onezigaba eziningi, njengoba uhlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane ezingaphezu kwezi-2.000.000, zonke zihlukaniswe ngamagatsha amabili amakhulu ahambisana nalawo anesakhiwo samathambo (ama-vertebrates) nalawo angenawo (ama-invertebrates). Kumele sikugcizelele ukuthi isidalwa esingumuntu sitholakala kulo mbuso.
Izilwane zihluke kakhulu, zonke izinhlobo zinezici eziyingqayizivele futhi zisakazwa kulo lonke iplanethi, noma kunjalo, zinezici ezifanayo, ngenxa yaleso sizathu zihlanganyela umbuso.
Anemizimba eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ukwakheka kwawo kwamangqamuzana kunwebeka kakhulu, akhiwe izinkulungwane zamangqamuzana asebenza ndawonye ukuze enze izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Imizimba yazo ayikwazi ukuzondla ngokwazo, ngakho ukusinda kwazo kuncike ekusebenzelaneni kwazo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, izinzuzo ezizithola kuzo kanye nendlela yazo ehlobene nendawo ezungezile.
Imizimba yabo iqeqeshelwe ukuzivumelanisa nendawo ezungezile futhi iyakwazi ukulawula ngokuphelele imizimba yabo nakho konke ukunyakaza abakwenzayo kuqondiswa umzwelo wemvelo abanayo, iningi lizalana ngokobulili futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi mikhulu noma mincane, inemilenze, amaphiko noma amaphiko, zonke izilwane abazenzayo. baqeqeshelwe ukuthuthukisa futhi baguquke ngabanye noma njengeqembu.
UMbuso Tshala
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-300.000 emhlabeni, kucatshangwa ukuthi izitshalo zaqala ukuba zonke emanzini, kwaze kwaba yilapho ngenqubo ende neyinkimbinkimbi zasakazeka emhlabeni wonke.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezimpawu ezingaba ezezitshalo, ngoba zonke lezi zinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zihluke kakhulu futhi okukhethekile okucatshangelwa ukuze uhlobo oluthile luhlukaniswe njengesitshalo ukuthi ludla ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis, Isizathu siwukuthi izitshalo ziyi-autotrophic, okungukuthi, zingathola izakhi zazo ezivela ezintweni zemvelo nezingezona eziphilayo, ngokungafani nezilwane.
Ukuba khona kwawo kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozweni kokuphila emhlabeni, njengoba izitshalo yizo ezilawula umjikelezo komoya-mpilo, okuyinqubo lapho zikhangisa khona amagesi akhishwa izilwane nabantu, ziwusebenzisa lapho zisebenza. futhi uwuguqule ube umoya-mpilo odingwa ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
Bangakwazi ukuzalanisa ngokocansi noma ngocansi. Izitshalo azikwazi ukunyakaza noma ukunyakaza, zingakhula kuphela futhi zithuthuke kodwa zihlale endaweni eyodwa yokuphila, ngaphandle uma isici sangaphandle siphazamisa, kungaba ngokwemvelo noma ezandleni zomuntu.
UMbuso Ngisebenzile
Ngokuvumelana nesikhunta esinjengamakhowe, isikhunta, phakathi kokunye, cishe kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100.000 ezaziwayo zesikhunta, nokho, ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi ingqikithi yenani lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke iyizigidi ezingu-1.5.
Lo mbuso unokwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ezinezici eziningi nezici ezingavamile, kukhona isikhunta sayo yonke imibala, ubukhulu, ubujamo futhi kukhona ngisho ne-bioluminescent. Singazithola emanzini, emhlabathini, ezihlahleni, zingama-parasites noma izidalwa kwenye into ephilayo futhi singazibona ngisho nasekhishini ngenqubo yokubola kokudla.
Zondla ngokubola kwezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi ngale ndlela ziphinde zibe nesandla ekulondolozweni kwemvelo. Azikwazi ukuhamba futhi azikwazi ukuthuthela kwenye indawo yokuhlala. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kungaba ngokocansi noma okungajwayelekile kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu.
UMbuso I-Monera
Lo mbuso wakhiwe amabhaktheriya, ukwakheka kwawo kunengqamuzana elilodwa futhi alimboziwe ulwelwesi. Bangahlala noma kuphi emhlabeni, kukhona ngisho namagciwane ayingxenye yomzimba womuntu futhi adingekayo ekuphathweni kwawo ngendlela efanele.
Ziyizinto eziphilayo ezincane kunazo zonke futhi akunakwenzeka ukuzibona ngaphandle kokuthi kusetshenziswe ithuluzi elikhethekile ukuze zibukwe, futhi nazo ziyizindala kakhulu, kucatshangwa ukuthi zihambisana nesidalwa sokuqala esiphilayo emhlabeni. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwamabhaktheriya, angaba yi-heterotrophic noma i-autotrophic.
UMbuso I-Protista
Isici zonke lezi zidalwa ezihlanganyelayo ukuthi i-nucleus yazo izungezwe ulwelwesi, okusho ukuthi ama-eukaryote, nokho, ezinye izici zawo azivumelani nanoma yimiphi eminye imibuso enalesi sici.
Bonke abantu abahambisana nalombuso banokufana okumbalwa phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu azikho izici eziqondile zokuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo.
Umlando Wemibuso Yemvelo
Ucwaningo lokuqala oluqoshiwe lwezidalwa eziphilayo luhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesine ezandleni zika-Aristotle, owasinikeza isifinyezo salokho umbuso wezilwane ubulokhu uyikho, lokhu kusibonisa ukuthi lezi zifundo zindala kangakanani nokuthi bonke laboSosayensi abakhulu baqala ukusebenza. ukuthola kuphela umbono wokuthi izici nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuzoba yini namuhla, ukhumbula lokhu njengazo Izinjongo zocwaningo.
1735
Eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kokuba u-Aristotle nomfundi wakhe benikeze umbono ojwayelekile wokuthi izilwane nezitshalo zaziyini, usosayensi waseSweden uCarlos Linnaeus wethula uhlelo lokuqala lokuhlukanisa lapho ahlanganisa khona nezinye izigaba zezigaba, ukuhleleka, umndeni, uhlobo kanye nezinhlobo (isigaba se-phylum). yenezelwa kamuva), lesi simiso sokuqala sasihlanganisa imibuso emibili yokuqala kuphela; animalia kanye ne-plantae, ekuqaleni eyayinamanye amagama.
1858
Kwaba sezandleni zesazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo uRichard Owen lapho umbuso wesithathu wazalwa khona, waqanjwa ngokuthi iProtozoa ngaleso sikhathi yile ndoda yaseNgilandi, kodwa kwakungo-1866 lapho usubizwa ngokuthi i-Protista, igama owaqanjwa amaJalimane. isazi semvelo u-Ernst Heinrich Philip.
Lo mbuso unemvelaphi lapho amaNgisi eqonda ukuthi izici zezilwane ezincane azizange zivumelane ngokugcwele nemibuso emibili yokuqala, ngakho-ke wahlongoza umbono wesigaba sesithathu, noma kunjalo, kwakunguJalimane owangena ngokujulile kulo mbuso. futhi owanikezwa udumo olwengeziwe ngezifundo zakhe ngalo. Bekungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlukene zibe ngamangqamuzana amaningi.
1925
Umuntu wokuqala owaphakamisa isiphakamiso sombuso wesine kwakuyisazi sebhayoloji saseFrance u-Edouard Chatton, umbono owasekelwa kamuva u-American Herbert Copeland, ukuze ekugcineni wamukelwe emhlabeni wesayensi.
Lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo ngo izingxenye zamaseli we-prokaryotic kanye ne-eukaryote futhi kwaqashelwa ukuthi kwakudingeka kwenziwe ukwehlukana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo amangqamuzana azo azungezwe ulwelwesi (i-eukaryote) nalabo abangenalo lolu lwelwesi (ama-prokaryotes), izinto eziphilayo zaleli qembu lesibili (okungamagciwane ikakhulukazi). ), yibo abakha umbuso uMonera.
1959
Isazi semvelo saseMelika uRobert Whittaker nguyena owasungula lo mbuso futhi wethula uhlelo lwe-5 imibuso yemvelo ngo-1969, njengoba ingeyemukelwa kakhulu ozakwabo besayensi futhi kuze kube namuhla iyona eyaziwa kakhulu kunazo zonke. Konke lokhu kwafezwa ngemva kokuba umMelika ephikise ngokuthi isikhunta asiyona eye-plantae nokuthi asihambisani nanoma yimiphi eminye imibuso eyaziwa kakade.
Eminye Imibuso Yemvelo
Selokhu kwethulwa isiphakamiso sokufaka i-protista emibusweni, ososayensi abaningi baye bafuna ukwengeza abanye, ngokusekelwe kulokhu izingxabano ezingenakubalwa zihlelwe ochwepheshe abaningi futhi nakuba eziningi zalezi ziphakamiso ziye zacatshangelwa futhi ziye zaze zethulwa emithonjeni eminingi. -imisebenzi nemibhalo eyaziwayo, alukho olunye uhlelo olwamukelekayo ukwedlula lelo imibuso emi-5 kaWhittaker.