Una Iseli ye-Prokaryotic iyinhlangano ye-unicellular okukhethekile kwayo ukuthi ayinayo i-nucleus ehlukanisiwe, futhi yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi i-prokaryotic cell, ngokungafani namaseli e-eukaryotic ane-DNA yawo ehlukene ku-nucleus, futhi uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi yini izingxenye, kufanele ufunde lesi sihloko.
Iseli le-Prokaryotic
Iseli ye-prokaryotic iyingqamuzana eliyisisekelo kunazo zonke esihlahleni sokuphila. Njengoba zingenayo i-nucleus, zibizwa ngokuthi i-prokaryotic, ephuma ekuhlanganisweni kwamagama amabili esiGreki, pro, okusho ukuthi ngaphambi noma ngaphambili; kanye ne-karyon okusho inati noma i-nucleus, ngakho igama elithi prokaryote ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi ngaphambi noma ngaphambi kwe-nucleus futhi lingahlotshaniswa Umsuka wempilo.
Ama-prokaryotic organisms ahlukaniswa abe amazinga amabili abizwa ngokuthi izizinda futhi yilezi:
- Amagciwane Domain: okungabandakanyi amabhaktheriya kuphela, kodwa futhi i-cyanobacteria ne-mycoplasmas.
- Isizinda se-ArchaealI-Archaea efana ne-thermococci, i-methanococci, ne-halobacteria itholakala kulesi sizinda.
Amaseli e-Prokaryotic angatholakala cishe noma yikuphi ku-biosphere yoMhlaba; empeleni, yizona kuphela izidalwa ezikwaziyo ukuhlala ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu, njengalezo ezinosawoti omningi noma amazinga okushisa aphezulu lapho zitholakala khona. Kodwa okumangalisa kakhulu ukuthi zingatholakala nangaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu, kungaba ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla nasesikhumbeni.
Izingxenye Zeseli Ye-Prokaryotic kanye Nemisebenzi Yazo
Amaseli e-Prokaryotic akhiwe yizingxenye ezilandelayo:
- Ulwelwesi lwamaselula.
- I-Cytoplasm
- Izinto zofuzo.
- Udonga lwamaselula.
Ulwelwesi lweselula
I-membrane yeseli inokwakheka kwama-phospholipids namaprotheni ngezilinganiso ezihlukene. Esizindeni se-Archaea, i-archaea, i-membrane yeseli ingase yakhiwe ungqimba olulodwa esikhundleni se-double layer, njengakubhaktheriya namaseli e-eukaryotic.
Umsebenzi walolu lwelwesi, olubizwa nge-cytoplasmic, ukugcina ama-aggregate ngaphakathi kweseli ye-prokaryotic ukuze kubangele ukusabela kwe-enzymatic okubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okudingwa yi-archaea namagciwane ukuze kuphile.
I-Cytoplasm
I-cytoplasm yamaseli e-prokaryotic yilokho okuzungezwe ulwelwesi lwe-plasma. Ku-cytoplasm singathola ama-ribosomes, adingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe amaprotheni kanye ne-nucleoid.
Izinto zofuzo
Izakhi zofuzo noma i-genome etholakala kumaseli e-prokaryotic yenziwe eyodwa Isakhiwo se-DNA, ivalwe nge-roundel elula futhi ifakwe endaweni ye-cytoplasm ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleoid. Yini eyihlukanisa namaseli e-eukaryotic, i-DNA ayihlukanisiwe kulwelwesi lwenuzi kumaseli e-prokaryotic. Kodwa-ke, kumaseli amaningana e-prokaryotic singathola futhi i-DNA eyindilinga encane ku-cytoplasm ebizwa ngokuthi i-plasmid.
Udonga lweseli
Udonga lwamaseli weseli ye-prokaryotic iyisivikelo sangaphandle esitholakala kulwelwesi lweseli. Kumagciwane akhiwe nge-peptidoglycan, okuwuxhaxha lwamaketanga e-polysaccharide axhunywe nama-peptides. Ku-archaea, udonga lwamaseli lwakhiwe i-pseudopeptidoglycan.
imisebenzi yodonga lwamaseli
Udonga lweseli lwenza imisebenzi elandelayo kuseli ye-prokaryotic:
- Ihlinzeka ngokuqina kwesakhiwo.
- Nquma ukuma kweseli ye-prokaryotic
- Gwema ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.
izakhiwo zesekeli kumaseli e-prokaryotic
Amaseli e-Prokaryotic anezakhiwo ezintathu ezinamathiselwe, okuyizi:
- I-Capsule: kuyisakhiwo esitholakala phezulu esibukeka njengongqimba olunamathelayo, olwakhiwe ngama-polysaccharides, okungamaketanga ama-carbohydrate. Ingatholakala kumabhaktheriya amaningi.
- I-Flagellum: i-appendage esetshenziselwa ukuskrola.
- I-Fimbria noma i-pili: zingama-appendages amancane atholakala phezu kwamagciwane, akhiwe iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-fimbrilin noma i-pilin. Kungaba ngu-3 kuya ku-25 nm ububanzi kanye no-10 kuya ku-20 nm ububanzi. Zisetshenziselwa ukukwazi ukunamathela kumaseli kanye ne-mucosal surface kanye nokushintshanisa izinto zofuzo ngesikhathi sesibopho.
Izimpawu zeseli ye-prokaryotic
Ngokungafani ne Iseli yezilwane, izici zeseli ye-prokaryotic zimi kanje:
- Shape: akukho ukufana ekumeleleni kwazo, ngakho-ke zingatholakala ziyi-cylindrical esimweni se-bacilli, i-spherical njengaku-cocci, i-spiral kanye ne-comma-shaped esimweni se-vibrios.
- Tamaño: ingaba phakathi kuka-0,2 kuya ku-2 um ngokobubanzi kanye no-1 kuya ku-6 um ngokobude.
- amaqoqo: akusona isici esihlala njalo, ngoba zingatholakala zodwa noma ngamaqembu akha lokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi ikoloni.
- Ukuhamba: uma anama-flahelos nama-cilos, khona-ke amaseli e-prokaryotic angaba nokufuduka.
- Ukusatshalaliswa: Zisabalele kuzo zonke izindawo zomhlaba, ngisho nakulezo zindawo ezingabhekwa njengeziyingozi kakhulu.
- Umzimba: zingaba yi-autotrophic, uma zikwazi ukuthola amandla kuphela ekukhanyeni noma kwezinye izinhlanganisela ezilula; noma zingaba yi-heterotrophic, okuyilezo ezithatha amandla emithonjeni yangaphandle.
- i-membranous intracellular organelles: amaseli e-prokaryotic awanawo, awanayo ngisho ne-nucleus.
- Ukuphefumula: kungaba kokubili i-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic.
amaseli e-prokaryotic aziwa kakhulu
Amaseli e-prokaryotic aziwa kakhulu futhi asakazeke kakhulu i-Escherichia coli, i-Vibrio cholerae, i-Nisseria meningitidis kanye ne-cheese bacterium, futhi esigabeni esilandelayo salesi sihloko sizokuchaza:
I-Escherichia coli ngokunokwenzeka iyibhaktheriya ethandwa kakhulu futhi evame kakhulu ezindaweni zokucwaninga zasemtholampilo. I-bacillus ye-gram-negative indawo yayo yokuhlala iwuhlelo lwamathumbu ezilwane ezingabangela izifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana ne-gastroenteritis kanye nezifo ze-urinary tract. I-E. coli isetshenziswa kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana kanye nokuzalanisa amaprotheni kabusha ngenxa yokuthi kulula kakhulu ukuthi ikhiqize kabusha emithonjeni yezindaba yamasiko.
I-Vibrio cholerae ihlukaniswa njenge-ejenti ye-pathogenic ebangela isifo esibi kakhulu i-cholera, isifo se-gastrointestinal esibonakale siyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Isici sayo esiyingqayizivele ukuthi inokwakheka okugobile, ekwazi ukufana nekhefana, futhi inesakhiwo sangaphandle esibizwa ngokuthi i-flagellum ngenxa yalokho ekwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwamanzi angcolile.
I-Neisseria meningitidis yi-pathogen ebangela isifo se-bacterial meningitis. Okuhlukile kwayo ukuthi i-coccus eyigram-negative evame ukuvela ngamabili futhi inomumo ofana nobhontshisi wekhofi, nakuba kuvamile ukuthi ibonakale ihlanganiswe ngamaketanga amafushane. Indawo yazo isendaweni yolwelwesi lwamafinyila ezilwane ezikwazi ukulondoloza izinga lokushisa.
Amagciwane kashizi, njengoba negama lawo lisho, atholakala kushizi, okuwukudla abantu ababekusebenzise ekudleni kwabo kusukela kudala. Ukuze ukhiqize ushizi osetshenzisiwe, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa inani lamagciwane, kuhlanganise neLactobacillus casei, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus kanye neL. plantarum.
