Izintuthwane bezilokhu zidonsa ukunaka komuntu. Indlela yabo yokuhleleka namandla abo okusebenza ngokwesaga kubenza babe isithenjwa sethu esiyinhloko cishe yonke into ekuphileni. Kodwa kulokhu sizozikhawulela ekwazini zidlani izintuthwane. Ungaphuthelwa.
Izici zezintuthwane
Ukuqonda uthando lomuntu ngalezi i-hymenoptera, bheka nje ukuziphatha kwabo emphakathini. Lezi zinambuzane zakhiwa futhi ziqoqwe zibe amakoloni amakhulu lapho zibambisana khona ngendlela yokuthi ikoloni isebenza njengokungathi iyunithi eyodwa.
Ngenxa yalesi sici, lezi zidalwa ezincane zenze okungcono kakhulu kuzo zonke izinsiza ezikhona ukuze zenze imbulunga yonke.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izintuthwane zichitha usuku lonke zihambisa zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ekhaya lazo, isiduli. Le ndaba ingaba imbewu namaqabunga, ngisho nama-arthropods afile noma izinsalela zanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane.
Nokho, eziningi zalezi zilwane ezincane azidli kuphela ezikuqoqayo. Iqembu elihle lalaba lizinikele kwezolimo ngisho nemfuyo. Yebo, ngisho noma kubonakala kungavamile!
Kodwa ukuze wazi ukuthi izintuthwane zidlani, kubalulekile ukuzazi okungenani kancane. Ngendlela yokuthi siqoqe izici zayo ezifanele kakhulu, bese sethula ezinye zazo izici zezintuthwane.
I-Anatomy
Lezi zidalwa ezincane zihlukile ngesakhiwo somzimba kwezinye izinambuzane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi banezici eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezicishe zibonakale zithathwe efilimini eqanjiwe yesayensi, nakuba mhlawumbe kufaneleka ukusho ukuthi yizo ezikhuthaze izindaba ezinjalo.
Ngakho-ke banikezwa izimpondo ezizwakalayo, ukuhlehla okuphawulekayo kokugxambukela kwesibili kwesisu, kanye nezindlala ze-metapleural. Ngenkathi umzimba wayo uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: ikhanda, i-metasoma ne-mesosoma.
I-petiole yayo iqopha ukhalo oluncane kakhulu phakathi kwama-mesosomes ayo kanye ne-gaster noma isisu. I-petiole enjalo ngokuvamile yenziwa yi-nodule eyodwa noma amabili.
Njengezinye izihlobo zazo, izintuthwane zine-exoskeleton. Lesi isembozo sangaphandle esihlinzeka ngohlobo lwezivikelo zokuvikela imizimba yabo. Kodwa futhi ibahlinzeka ngendawo yokunamathisela yemigqa, into ehluke kakhulu ngamathambo ezilwane ezinomgogodla.
Okuthile okubaluleke kakhulu ukugqamisa nokuthi inkontileka namandla ayo angapheli okusebenza, ukuthi izinambuzane zinamaphaphu. Ngendlela yokuthi kokubili umoya-mpilo kanye namanye amagesi, kuhlanganise ne-carbon dioxide, kudluliselwe ku-exoskeleton ngenxa yama-valve amancane aziwa ngokuthi ama-spiracle.
Ikhanda layo lakhiwe ngezimpondo ezimbili ezihlangene esezishiwo, ngaphezu komlomo namehlo. Ngenkathi izitho eziyisithupha ziphuma esifubeni futhi - kuphela ezibonelweni ezinocansi- amasethi amabili amaphiko.
Castes, metamorphosis kanye polymorphism
Esidulini sizohlala sithola izinhlobo ezintathu zezintuthwane noma izinhlaka. Laba yizisebenzi, ama-drones nendlovukazi; uma kuyindlovukazi eyodwa
Ngenkathi indlovukazi kanye nama-drones bezinikezela ekukhiqizeni, izisebenzi ezingenabugovu ziphethe yonke imisebenzi yekoloni, lapho kubonakala khona ukuthi ukuqoqwa nokukhiqizwa kokudla kutholakala, nakuba kufanele futhi bathole isikhathi sokunakekela izibungu, zihlanze futhi zinikeze izimpilo zazo ukuze zivikele umphakathi wazo. Ngithembe awufuni ukuba kuleli qembu.
Kodwa akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kahle, okungenani hhayi ekuqaleni. Nokho, lapho zichanyuselwa, izintuthwane zimane ziyizibungu ezi-amorphous, ezingenamilenze noma ikhanda. Kodwa zikhula ngosayizi zize zibe iziphungumangathi ezingenasici. Ngemuva kwalokho lezi zizobhekana nokushintshashintsha okujulile, kuze kube yilapho sezikhulile.
Amafomu achazwa ngokomsebenzi odingekayo ngokomzimba, ngendlela yokuthi lokhu kunquma ubukhulu bawo. Ngakho ekoloni elifanayo sibona lowo mehluko obonakalayo, ngoba kukhona izintuthwane ezincane, eziphakathi nezinkulu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi esiqeshini sabasebenzi besifazane.
Ngokuvamile, amakhulu kunawo wonke anamakhanda amakhulu kanye nemihlathi enamandla kakhulu futhi eqinile. Lezi ezesabekayo Izintuthwane zamasosha, igama eliphuma ngokuqondile emihlathini yabo esongelayo.
Kodwa manje sinendaba nesici se-oda lokuqala, ngaphezu kwakho konke ukwazi zidlani izintuthwane. Sisho ukuthi umsebenzi wezintuthwane eziyizisebenzi ungashintsha ngeminyaka yazo nasezihlotsheni ezithile.
Injalo indaba ka izintuthwane zoju. Lapha isigaba sabasebenzi abasha sondliwa kuze kube yilapho ama-gaster abo enwebeka, ukuze asebenze njengemithombo yokudla ephilayo.
IHormigueros
Njengoba sesishilo, lezi zidalwa ezincane ezisebenza kanzima zakha imiphakathi emikhulu eyenza imisebenzi ehlangene. Kodwa lolu uhlobo lomphakathi oludinga inqwaba yamagalari nezindawo zokuhlala, ezihlala zenziwa phansi noma ezihlahleni.
Kuyisakhiwo esibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba zisetshenziselwa ukunakekela izibungu nokugcina ukudla.
Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, i-supercoloni enkulu kakhulu Izintuthwane zase-Argentina Yatholwa eningizimu yeYurophu. Kwakukhona engu-33 yale miphakathi eyafundwa kumzila wamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha kokubili eMedithera kanye nasogwini lwe-Atlantic oluseningizimu yeYurophu ngokwayo.
Kulena, imiphakathi engama-30 bekungeye-super-colony eyakhiwe izigidi zeziduli, ngaphezu kwe-bicoca de. isigidigidi zabasebenzi.
Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-uni-colonialism aluvumeli incazelo yokulahleka kwayo. ubuningi bofuzo. Lokhu kungenxa yokungaphumeleli ngokofuzo oboniswa yizintuthwane ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Hhayi-ke, zingaba zinkulu kanjalo izintuthwane.
Ama-pheromones
Izintuthwane zinesimiso sokuxhumana esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu esisekelwe ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali ama-pheromone. Ngalokhu bayakwazi ukuxwayisa nganoma iyiphi ingozi esongela umphakathi wabo, nakuba bebuye babonise umzila okumele bawuhambe ukuze bafinyelele ukudla.
Kuyadingeka ukuchaza ukuthi ama-pheromones ayinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali akhiqizwa izidalwa eziphilayo. Bahloselwe ukugqugquzela ukuziphatha okuthile kontanga yabo.
Ngendlela yokuthi ziyindlela yokudlulisa amasignali asemoyeni ngoketshezi lwe-ethereal.
Lena enye ye izici butterflies, ezifana nezintuthwane. Endabeni yezimvemvane, kuyaziwa ukuthi ziyakwazi ukuthumba ama-pheromones ezinsikazi kuze kufike ku-20 km. Manje lolo uthando.
ukuphakelwa kwezintuthwane
Ukuchaza ngokuqondile lokho izintuthwane ezikudlayo akuyona into elula. Ubunzima ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezincane zimelela iqembu eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lezidalwa.
Kusukela kulo mbono singaqonda ukuthi ukudla kwalaba abancane kungakhiwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kuzoya ngezinhlobo zazo nokuthi zihlala kuphi. Ngaleyo ndlela sizocubungula izigaba ezithile zezintuthwane, ezichazwe ngokombono wokudla kwazo.
izintuthwane ezivunayo
Kuleli klasi kuhlanganiswe izintuthwane ezisekela ukudla kwazo embewini. Ngalokhu bazinikele ekuqoqeni amanani amakhulu alolu hlobo lokudla, okuhanjiswa amabanga amade kakhulu kuyise esidulini sabo.
Lapho sezisekhaya, ziqoqa imbewu esibayeni sazo, zizivikele esikhunjeni.
Lezi zinhlobo zezintuthwane zibalulekile ekusakazeni imbewu, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yalezo ezizingcwabayo ziyomila futhi ekugcineni zibe izihlahla.
Izinhlobo eziningi zinikezelwe kulo msebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ovela ohlotsheni lwe-Goniomma ne-Messor.
Uma sizoqhathanisa indlela izintuthwane ezidla ngayo neyesinye isidalwa, ngenxa yomsebenzi wazo onzima nokubona izinto kusengaphambili, mhlawumbe into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukukwenza nge Ingwejeje ebomvu.
Njengoba manje sesinqume ukuthi izintuthwane ezivuna zidlani, sidlulela ekilasini elilandelayo.
izintuthwane ezidla inyama
Isihloko sisodwa kufanele sikunikeze ukukhanya ukuze uqonde ukuthi izintuthwane zaleli qembu zidlani, esizokhuluma ngazo ngokushesha.
Kunjalo ukuthi azikho ezimbalwa zalezi zilwane ezincane ezisebenza kanzima ezidla ezinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izisebenzi ezithengisa ukudla zibamba zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane ukuze zizidle ziyiqembu.
Ezinye izintuthwane zaziwa nangokuthi ziyakwazi ukubamba izilwane ezinkulu, njengamagundane nezibankwa.
Umbala obomvu emizimbeni yabo uwuhlobo oluthile lwe-alamu. Lokhu kungabonisa ezizingela zabo ukuthi izinto zingabahambela kabi, nokuthi bangase basuke ekubeni abazingeli baye ekuzingeleni. Lesi sivikelo esinobuqili saziwa ngokuthi aposematism.
Kodwa mhlawumbe sichaza kabanzi mayelana nabadla inyama, uma sibhekisela ku- isosha intuthwane. Lezi zinambuzane ezesabekayo zakha amaqembu ayimizulane ahamba ngokungakhathali.
Njengoba beqhubeka, babamba zonke izilwane ezincane eziwela indlela yazo, ngisho Izinyoni. Ukuhlola kwabo okubulalayo kuphazanyiswa kuphela ukuze indlovukazi yabo izalele amaqanda angenakubalwa. Bese beqhubeka.
Umlimi izintuthwane
Kunjalo futhi ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinambuzane zisebenza ngokulima amakhowe. Baqala ngokuqoqa izinto ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga.
Lapho sebengaphakathi ezindlini zabo ezinkulu nezicashile, abanye abangane bayayihlafuna le nto ukuze bayihlanganise namathe, ngaleyo ndlela benze inhlama abayibeka ezindlini zabo zemibukiso. Kusuka lapho lapho isikhunta esikhangayo sizalwa esingase sidliwe.
Phakathi kwalezi zintuthwane kugqame I-Acromyrmex, abaziwa kangcono njengabasiki bamaqabunga.
Ngale ndlela sithola ukwazi ukuthi izintuthwane zidlani, kodwa kusazobonakala. Ngakho kuzoba ngcono ukuqhubeka.
ezidla izintuthwane
Kodwa uma ubucabanga ukuthi usuyibonile yonke into, linda uze ubone okulandelayo. Iqiniso liwukuthi kunezintuthwane ezidla ezinye izinambuzane, lezo ze-Homoptera oda, ikakhulukazi ama-aphid.
Esimeni selukuluku bahlangana ndawonye njengama-cowboy ukuze bavikele imihlambi yabo yezintwala ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Kodwa-ke akukho lutho lwamahhala, ngisho nakulowo mhlaba omncane wezintuthwane.
Nokho, njengenkokhelo yesivikelo abasinikezayo, bathola ukudla okumnandi, okungaphezu kwamaconsi osiraphu onoshukela ophuma obisini lwezitshalo ezikhishwa ama-aphid ngomgudu.
Ezinye izintuthwane, mhlawumbe ezinemikhuba engcono nokunambitha okucolisisiwe I-Camponotus inflatusBakhetha ukuqoqa amaqabunga afakwe kulawo mathonsi oju ukuze awayise esidulini sawo. Lapho sebesekhaya, abanakekeli babaphakela ezinye izisebenzi ezikhetheke kakhulu.
Lezi zisebenzi ezikhethekile izintuthwane ibhodwe lezinyosi. Zibonakala ngesisu esingakhuliswa, siguqule sibe uhlobo lwenkantini abalugcwalisa ngoju. Okumelela ukudla okubekelwe wonke umndeni omkhulu.
izintuthwane mutualistic
Manje ukuqeda nokuphendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi izintuthwane zidlani, indaba yezintuthwane ezihlangene ngeke zilibaleke enkingeni.
Sibhekisela kwezinye izinambuzane ezihlala ngaphakathi kwezitshalo ezithile, isibonelo umtholo. Khona-ke sibona isithakazelo sinqoba futhi, nakuba abanye bekhetha ukuyibiza i-symbiosis.
Kuvela ukuthi izihlahla zinikeza ukudla nendawo yokuhlala yezidalwa ezincane, ukuze zivikeleke kulabo abavame ukushwabadela amagatsha abo. Umsebenzi ohambisana ngokugcwele nohlobo I-Pseudomyrmex.
Umklomelo izitshalo eziwunikeza izintuthwane ezigadayo, yilokhu okubizwa Imizimba yaseBeltian. Lezi yizikhwama ezinombala obomvu ezimila ekugcineni kwamaqabunga.
Ngokufanayo, lezi zitshalo ezifanayo ngokuvamile zinikeza abalingani bazo okukhulu ijusi yezimbali eyengeziwe nazo ziwakhipha ngamahlamvu awo.
Sithemba ukuthi sikusizile ukuphendula imibuzo yakho mayelana nokuthi izintuthwane zidlani.