Inqubomgomo Yezemvelo iba nesidingo kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukuhlenga ngandlela thize umonakalo odalwe iminyaka eminingi emvelweni. Zonke kumele zisekelwe ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwezizwe ngezinjongo ezicacile ezibekelwe isikhathi esifushane, esimaphakathi kanye nesikhathi eside. Lapha sethula izinhlelo, imithethonqubo, amathuluzi nokunye okuningi.
Inqubomgomo Yezemvelo
Inqubomgomo Yezemvelo iqoqo lezinyathelo amazwe azicabangelayo ukuze kwehliswe amazinga okunukubezeka bese zivikela futhi zilondoloze imvelo. Umgomo oyinhloko uwukwakha unembeza obambekayo esikhathini esifushane, esimaphakathi nesikhathi eside yizinkampani zikahulumeni nezizimele, kuhlanganisa nabantu abavamile. Lezi zinyathelo zithathwe ohulumeni abahlukene ngokubambisana nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, okuvumela ukusungulwa kwemithethonqubo esemthethweni ethi ngemithetho, izinqumo, iziqondiso nezinye izinto ezingokomthetho eziqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwazo okufanele ngokuvuna izici zemvelo.
Izimiso ezijwayelekile
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo ihlose ukuthuthukisa nokunakekela imvelo, ukuphakamisa izinga lempilo yabantu, ukulondoloza izilwane nezitshalo, ngaphezu kokugqugquzela isiko elisimeme ngokusebenzisa amasu achazwe kahle okubhekana nalesi sishayo esibi. Sekube nemizamo eminingi, nakuba ingenele, yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (UN), enekhomishini eyisipesheli ebizwa nge-UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) ebhekelela konke okuthinta imvelo kanye nokuHlola umonakalo emazingeni omhlaba, kuzwelonke nasezifundeni. .
Izimiso zenqubomgomo yezemvelo yimithetho esungulwe ngokusekelwe ekuzibophezeleni, ekuziphatheni nasekuqapheleni okuvumela intuthuko esimeme, okungukuthi, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo noma inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Phakathi kwezimiso ezivelele kakhulu umthwalo odingekayo ukuze ngokubambisana kwenziwe ngcono izimo zemvelo. Ukuvimbela ukugwema izinhlekelele zemvelo ezingase zibe khona.
Ukushintshwa kwezinto ezinobuthi kwezinye zemvelo ezingcolisa kancane noma ezingangcolisi nhlobo. Isibopho sokukhokhela umonakalo odaliwe. Ukuhambisana ezinkambisweni ezisungulwe ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izinhlangano ezivumela izenzo ezihlanganisayo. Ukufeza zonke lezi ziphakamiso, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nokubambisana okwenza kube nokwenzeka umsebenzi ngezinhloso ezifanayo. Yonke le migomo idinga ukuhlolwa njalo ukuze kuthathwe izinqumo.
Kufanele ibe kanjani iNqubomgomo Yezemvelo?
Izinqubomgomo zemvelo kumele zamukelwe njengengxenye yokuzibophezela emithonjeni yemvelo. Lokhu kufezwa ngemibhalo esungula ngokucacile nangokunembile imithethonqubo okuzobuswa ngayo izinkampani nama-ejensi kahulumeni. Lezi zinqubomgomo ngomqondo wazo ojwayelekile ziyimithetho neziqondiso zokulawulwa kwemvelo, okufanele zifune ukunciphisa umthelela wanoma yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwayo. Ukwelashwa kwemfucuza eqinile kanye nendle.
Thatha ukugaywa kabusha nokuphinda usebenzise njengephuzu elibalulekile lemodeli entsha esimeme, ukuze uyisebenzise ngendlela efanayo noma entsha, ngaleyo ndlela ugweme ukukhiqizwa kukadoti ngokweqile. Vimbela ubungozi bemvelo ngokusebenzisa izifundo ezikhethekile futhi ekugcineni uhlole ukuhambisana nalokho okumisiwe.
Amathuluzi Enqubomgomo Yemvelo
Ukuze kusetshenziswe inqubomgomo yezemvelo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nochungechunge lwamathuluzi asemthethweni afana nemithetho, izinqumo, neziqondiso ezihlobene nemvelo ezingeni lendawo, lesifunda, kazwelonke, namazwe ngamazwe. Ngokunjalo, kufanele kusungulwe imithethonqubo yokuphatha ukuze kuhlolwe, kulawuleke futhi kulawule ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubomgomo ezishiwo. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi:
Umthethonqubo
Lawa amazinga asetshenziselwa ukulawula imisebenzi engase ibe nomthelela omubi endaweni ezungezile. Ngayo, kuhloswe ngayo ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngendlela ephusile, ukuhlonipha imvelo kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo. Ngokunjalo, sungula izinyathelo ezilawula imisebenzi ebandakanya ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali nemikhiqizo ekhipha imisebe, ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwayo namazinga okungcola.
Izinzuzo Zezezimali
Ukugqugquzela kuwuhlobo lokukholisa olusetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza izinkampani noma abantu ukuthi bashintshe izindlela zokuziphatha futhi benze izinto ngobuqotho mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa uxhaso noma ezinye izinhlobo zemihlomulo njengezaphulelo zentela. Kodwa-ke, izinhlawulo, unswinyo noma amalevi angaphinda asetshenziswe ekwenzeni okubi, ukuqashwa noma ukukhishwa kwegesi okungqubuzana nezakhi zemvelo.
Imibiko Yezemvelo
Zonke izinqubomgomo zezemvelo kufanele zisungule izindlela zokuhlola ezenziwa ngochwepheshe endaweni. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kokwenza imibiko ecacisa izindleko-inzuzo ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo ezinhle. Lo mbhalo uyadingeka lapho kusungulwa izinkampani, ukwakha izindlu noma imigwaqo, ingqalasizinda emikhulu, phakathi kwezinye eziningi.
I-Ecolabelling
Kuyinqubomgomo yezemvelo equkethe ukulebula imikhiqizo ekhombisa ukusebenza kwayo kwemvelo, okuvamise ukwenziwa ngezithombe. Lawa mafomu asekelwe ku-ISO Norms (International Organization for Standardization) International Organization for Standardization, kuleli cala inombolo 14000, esetshenziselwa ukulawula umthelela wendawo.
Emazweni amaningi, amalebula asetshenziswa ukuze umthengi azi ulwazi olunembile mayelana nezingxenye kanye nemiphumela engaba khona endaweni ezungezile. Lawa malebula aphinde asetshenziswe njengengxenye yamasu okukhangisa, njengoba egqamisa izici ezihlobene nokuphepha nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Izimvume okungaxoxiswana ngazo
Izimboni ezihlobene nezimayini, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuxhashazwa kwe-hydrocarbon noma izimboni ezihlobene namakhemikhali nokudla zidinga izimvume ezikhethekile okufanele zilawulwe ngaphakathi kwenqubomgomo yemvelo. Njengoba lezi zinkampani zinesidingo esikhulu kodwa zibhekene ngqo nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Ngalezi zizathu, kumele kusungulwe izimvume lapho kuxoxiswana khona izindlela zokunxeshezelwa ngomonakalo odalekile. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinkampani eziningi ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokuzibophezela zisungula amazinga azo okuvikela nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ISO 14001 Standard
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo isetshenziswa ngezinga le-ISO 14000, okuyisethi yamazinga ehlanganisa izici zemvelo, imikhiqizo kanye nezinhlangano. Endabeni ye-ISO 14001, isungula izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe zokuphathwa kwemvelo, ezanyatheliswa ngo-1996. Lawa mazinga ahloselwe ukusebenzisa, ukugcina kanye nokuphoqelela yonke into ehlobene nemvelo, njengokuthi: ukusungula umongo wokusebenza kanye nomthelela wemvelo lokho ingase yenziwe umsebenzi wayo.
Ngokunjalo, lo mthetho usungula izinjongo zezemvelo njengendlela yesinxephezelo ngomonakalo ongase udalwe. Ukuzibophezela ekuvikeleni mayelana nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwezinsiza, ukuvikelwa kwe-ecosystem kanye ne-biodiversity. Futhi isungula izibopho zomthetho ezisekelwe ekuphathweni kwemvelo. Yonke le mithetho kumele yaziswe ngokujwayelekile kubo bonke abenza imisebenzi enkampanini.
Izibonelo Zenqubomgomo Yezemvelo
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo kumele isungulwe enkampanini ngayinye ekhona emhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi incane noma inkulu kangakanani, ngoba ngandlela thize imisebenzi yayo ingaba nomthelela emvelweni. Izinyathelo ezifana nalezi ezibalwe ngezansi zingasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze iplanethi elingenakho ukungcola.
- Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngokuwuguqulela ekusebenziseni amandla kagesi.
- Sebenzisa iphepha eligaywe kabusha njalo.
- Yenza ubuchwepheshe busebenziseke ukugwema ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukayinki nephepha.
- Fundisa, wazise futhi ugqugquzele abasebenzi ngamasu okuziphatha okuluhlaza.
- Zama ngangokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-air conditioning, ugesi, amanzi nokufudumala.
Izingqungquthela Zokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu zeZizwe Ezihlangene
Izizwe, ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo nokusheshayo kwezinga lokungcoliswa komhlaba, zibone isidingo sokulawula ngokuhlanganyela izinqubomgomo zemvelo ezisebenza ezinkampanini umsebenzi wazo ongase ube nomthelela omubi emvelweni. Kulokhu, amazwe angamalungu eNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (United Nations Organisation) abe nezingqungquthela mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, afinyelela izivumelwano zokulawula konke okuphathelene nezindaba zemvelo.
Lokhu kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwezinye izivumelwano ezifana ne "Kyoto Protocol" okwathi ngo-1997 kwasungula ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi ayisithupha abangela umphumela we-greenhouse njenge-carbon dioxide, i-methane, i-nitrous oxide, i-hydrofluorocarbon, i-perfluorocarbon ne-hexafluorocarbon sulphur, okuvele kube yimbangela enkulu yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Lesi sivumelwano sisayinwe ngamazwe angama-83 kanti esivumelwaneni sika-2001 kwafinyelelwa isivumelwano samazwe ayi-180.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "Isivumelwano saseParis" kuvunyelwene ngo-2015, esaqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 4, 2016, sisungula ukulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, sifuna ukugwema ukwanda kwe-2ºC ekushiseni okujwayelekile komhlaba wonke. Lesi sivumelwano sisekelwe ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme, okuzokwenziwa ngo-2020. Ngo-2019, kwabanjwa ingqungquthela yokubhekana nezindaba eziphathelene nesimo sezulu esiphuthumayo kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 (lesi sivumelwano besingakaqedwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesivumelwano. ).
I-ajenda yonyaka ka-2030
Ngonyaka wezi-2030, kuhloswe ngawo ukusungula izinjongo zomhlaba wonke ezisekelwe ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Izinjongo ezibekelwe lolu suku yilezi: ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamanzi kanye nokuphathwa kwawo ngendlela eqhubekayo. Ukuthi ukufinyelela kumandla kuyathengeka, kuphephile, kuyasimeme futhi kuyisimanjemanje. Ngokunjalo, izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni nasekukhiqizeni izindlela zizosungulwa, kanye nokusungula izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemiphumela yako.
Kuhloswe futhi ukusungula izindlela zokonga nokusebenzisa izilwandle, izilwandle kanye nemithombo yazo yasolwandle ukuze kuthuthukiswe intuthuko esimeme. Sebenzisa izindlela ezisiza ukuvikela, ukubuyisela kanye nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasemhlabeni. Ngokufanayo, kuhloswe ngayo ukusungula imithetho esimeme yamahlathi, ukugwema ukuphenduka ugwadule, ukuphazamisa futhi uhlehlise ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba nokumisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izingqinamba Zenqubomgomo Yezemvelo
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo iza nenani lezinkinga ezithinta ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngendlela efanele, njengoba kwenzeka umkhakha wezepolitiki ohlobene. Kulokhu, ingqalasizinda, umnotho, ipolitiki kanye nokuhleleka kwezindawo kuhlangana nezinqubomgomo zezemvelo kanye nezinhloso zazo. Ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo ngendlela egculisayo, umsebenzi wezinhlaka ezahlukene uyadingeka ngenkathi wazi ukuthi lezi zintshisekelo zingabekwa kanjani kweminye imikhakha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona pizinkinga zomkhakha wezepolitiki onemiphumela yesikhathi eside, njengoba izinqumo, izinhlelo namaphrojekthi zidinga isikhathi ukuze ukwazi ukukhombisa imiphumela. Lezi zinkinga ziyadamba uma lezi zinhlelo zisetshenziswa njengengxenye yemikhankaso yezepolitiki, osekuyinkinga yangempela emhlabeni jikelele. Ekugcineni, sithola pizinkinga zenqubomgomo yamazinga amaningi, njengoba kunezinkinga zemvelo endaweni, esifundeni kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele, ezidinga izixazululo nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, okwenza kube inkinga eyengeziwe, njengoba ukufinyelela ukuvumelana akuwona umsebenzi olula phakathi kwezizwe.
Inqubomgomo Yezemvelo e-Mexico
IMexico ibhekwa njengelinye lamadolobha angcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngeminyaka yawo-80, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubomgomo zezemvelo kwaqala, njengoba amazinga okucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, abesevele ephezulu ngaleso sikhathi, ayeseqala ukuba nentshisekelo yomphakathi kanye nezepolitiki. Le nqubo yayiyi-ethereal kakhulu ngokwemibandela yesicelo, eyayisekelwe ku-Federal Law to Prevent and Control Environmental Pollution owavunywa ngo-1971.
Lesi sinyathelo senzeke ngenxa yochungechunge lwezinhlekelele zemvelo izwe elihlangabezane nazo kanye nezinye zezimboni ezadala imiphumela yemvelo nezenhlalakahle, ngenxa yemodeli yokukhiqiza eyamukelwe. Ngo-1983, i-Secretariat for Urban Development and Ecology, i-SEDUE, yasungulwa ngenhloso yokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezintsha ezizosiza ukunciphisa imiphumela yentuthuko eyayiqaliswa.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo okwandayo lapho le ndawo ibe yisisulu sakho, kuye kwadingeka ukuba kusetshenziswe imithetho emisha yokubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi eMexico kunezinkinga eziningi ezinjengalezi: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawuleki, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile futhi ngenxa yalokho kungcolisa amanzi, izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala, ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kukadoti kanye nemfucumfucu enobuthi, ukwephulwa kwezindinganiso zezempilo kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. imvelo kanye nokubi kakhulu ukweqisa kokungcoliswa komoya.
Izinhlelo Zemvelo kanye Namathuluzi Ezomthetho
E-Mexico, kunenombolo enkulu yemithetho neziqondiso ezisebenza ukulawula imisebenzi yezimboni nokulondoloza indawo ezungezile, njengalezi: Umthetho Ovamile Wokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, Umthetho Wokulingana Kwemvelo Nokuvikelwa Kwemvelo, Umthetho Ovamile Wezilwane Zasendle kanye Nokusimama Umthetho Wokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemakhaya. Zonke zidalwe ngenhloso eyodwa yokulawula nokuzuza ukusatshalaliswa okwanele kwemithombo yemvelo. Lawa mathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukulawula izenzo nezinqubo ezingase zibe nomthelela omubi endaweni ezungezile, kunoma yiziphi izinhlobo nezindlela zayo.
Inqubomgomo Yezemvelo yaseMexico
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo eMexico isekelwe eminyakeni yamuva nje kulokho okuthiwa intuthuko esimeme, engakaze ifinyelelwe naphezu kwenani lezikhungo, imithetho nezinhlelo ezisetshenzisiwe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho noMthethosisekelo waseMexico ubeka esihlokweni sesi-4 ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi kufanele zijabulele indawo enempilo engenakho ukungcola.
Umthetho Ojwayelekile Webhalansi Yemvelo kanye Nokuvikelwa Kwemvelo
Iqoqo lemithetho, imithetho neziqondiso ezisungulwe njengengxenye yenqubomgomo yezemvelo yaseMexico, zisungula ngomqondo wazo ojwayelekile izici ezinjengokuvikela indawo yemvelo, ukulawulwa komonakalo ongadaleka ezintweni zemvelo (umoya, amanzi, inhlabathi), ukulahlwa nokulawulwa kwemfucuza enobuthi, ukuhlonzwa kwemithombo yokungcola, kanye nabephula imithethonqubo edala umonakalo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Kubuye kube nemithetho yezwe engama-31 kanye nemithethonqubo emihlanu eqalisa ukuhlolwa komthelela wemvelo, ukukhishwa kwegesi okubangelwa izimoto nezimboni, kanye nokuthuthwa kwemfucuza enobuthi.
Inqubomgomo Yezemvelo e-Colombia
I-Colombia yizwe elinezinga eliphezulu lokungcola, yingakho liye labonakala emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, ngesidingo sokudala nokusebenzisa imithetho elawula imisebenzi enomthelela omubi emvelweni. Ngo-1974, kwasungulwa iKhodi Kazwelonke Yezemvelo, yokuvikela imvelo, kwathi ngo-1989 kwasungulwa iNational Forest Service, eyanikeza indawo yoHlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwamahlathi Kazwelonke, kanye nezinye izinkambiso nemithethonqubo yokusetshenziswa. amasu okunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo.
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo kuleli lizwe isekelwe ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme, ngaphansi kwezinhlinzeko ezifana noMthetho 99 ka-1993. Ngokulandelayo, uMnyango Wezemvelo wasungulwa ukuze uwunikeze ukugqama okukhulu kanye nezinkampani ezizimele kanye nezikhungo ezinhlanu. Konke lokhu ukuze kulawulwe futhi kulawulwe izinga lemvelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yemvelo. Lolu chungechunge lwezimiso lwasungulwa ukuze luphendule esikhathini esifushane, esimaphakathi nesikhathi eside.
Phakathi kwezimiso ezijwayelekile zale mithetho neziqondiso, umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle kanye nemvelo wezinkampani nabantu bemvelo, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yemvelo ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kwemvelo.
Isisekelo Senqubomgomo Yezemvelo e-Colombia
Izinqubomgomo ezahlukene, imithetho kanye nemithethonqubo eyasungulwa e-Colombia ukulwa nokulimala kwemvelo inokuthuthukiswa okusimeme njengesisekelo sazo esiyinhloko futhi kulokhu, izinsiza ngakho-ke ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kufanele kuvikelwe futhi kusetshenziswe. Ilungelo lokujabulela impilo enempilo nekhiqizayo evumelana nezakhi zemvelo. Isivikelo esikhethekile sama-moors, iziphethu zamanzi nama-aquifers, okubeka phambili lokhu kwakamuva.
Ngokunjalo, kuye kwenziwa uphenyo olubalulekile ukuze kutholwe umthelela wemvelo kanye nezindleko eziye zaba khona eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lokhu kuye kwavumela ukuba kuthathwe izinqumo ezihloselwe ukongiwa kwemithombo yemvelo evuselelekayo kanye nokuvikelwa kwendawo, lapho uMbuso, umphakathi kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezihleliwe zibandakanywe khona.
Inqubomgomo Yezemvelo ePeru
Endabeni ethile yasePeru, inqubomgomo yezemvelo kuye kwadingeka isungulwe kusukela ezikhathini zamakholoni, njengoba umsebenzi wayo wezimayini nokulima ube nomphumela omubi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Phakathi kwezinyathelo zokuqala ezathathwa ngo-1925 kwaba isikhuthazo ezinkampanini ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ukuba zisebenzise amasu okunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiya eziyingozi emkhathini. Emashumini eminyaka angu-40 edlule, isigungu sikazwelonke siye saqonda ukuthi asikwazi ukuqhubeka singawunaki umthelela okhulayo wemisebenzi yabantu endaweni ezungezile ye-biophysical.
Ngalesi sizathu, izinqubomgomo zokugwema ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okwengeziwe zisetshenziswa ngoMthetho we-ONERN (Ihhovisi Likazwelonke Lokuhlola Imithombo Yemvelo), inhloso yawo enkulu ilele ekuhlolweni kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nendlela okufanele isetshenziswe ngayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yanele. ukusetshenziswa, ukuthuthukisa umnotho nenhlalakahle yezwe.
Izinsimbi Zomthetho
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo ePeru isetshenziswa ngemibhalo noma izimemezelo ezivela kuziphathimandla zikazwelonke ngaphansi kwesibalo sikaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi kanye noKhongolose. Endabeni yemikhakha, umthwalo wemfanelo usemahhovisi ongqongqoshe kanye nezikhungo ezizimele ezihlobene ngqo nomkhakha wezemvelo, njengoMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezemvelo (CONAM).
Ngalo mqondo, ngonyaka we-1990 kwasungulwa iKhodi Yendawo Ezungezile kanye Nezemvelo, eyasiza ekuqiniseni izenzo zezemvelo ezahlakazwa futhi lezi zinhloso ezibaluliwe ezingafezekanga. Ngawo-70, uMthetho Ojwayelekile Wamanzi wadalwa kanye ne-Sanitary Code, kodwa ngaphandle kwemihlahlandlela ecacile eyayivuna ukulawulwa nokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Ngokunjalo, uMthetho Jikelele Wezimayini kanye noMthetho Wezamahlathi Nezilwane Zasendle washaywa.
Ngenxa yale mithethonqubo, imithetho neziqondiso, kwaba nesidingo sokusungula uhlobo lokuhlola futhi ngenxa yalokhu kwasungulwa iHhovisi Likazwelonke Lokuhlola Imithombo Yemvelo, lapho kwathathwa khona izinqumo mayelana nokuba khona kwama-agent amakhemikhali endaweni. kuhlanganise nomsebenzi. Lokhu kuhlola kwakunezici zobubanzi, lapho kunqume khona ubukhulu nevolumu yemisebenzi ethintekile, ukumbozwa okubhekiselwe engxenyeni yomphumela, ukulingana njengoba umthelela uthinta wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa komthetho.
Ngo-1979 indaba yezemvelo yacatshangelwa ngokubaluleke kakhulu, yingakho kwakudingeka ukuyifaka ku-Magna Carta. Lo mthetho wamukela ilungelo laso sonke isakhamuzi sasePeru sokuhlala endaweni engenakho ukungcola, elagunyazwa kumthethosisekelo we-1993.
Ukudalwa koMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezemvelo - CONAM
Ngo-1994, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezemvelo (i-CONAM) wadalwa, okwathi ngohlaka olulawulayo lwasungula izimiso ezijwayelekile ezisekelwe ekuphathweni kwemvelo. Lezi zinqubomgomo zikwazile ukusungula amasu acacile ahambisana nemodeli esimeme, kanye nezinhlelo eziqondiswe embonini ezimele, evumela inqubo ukuthi yenziwe ngezinyathelo ezibambekayo, ezibekwe eqhulwini kanye nezichazwe kahle ukuze kusungulwe izisekelo esikhathini esifushane, esimaphakathi nesikhathi eside.
Ngalo mqondo, le nhlangano ihlongoze imodeli yezemvelo yamasu ukuze izwe likhuthaze futhi lithuthukise uhlelo oluzinzile futhi olulinganiselayo phakathi kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, kusetshenziswa imithombo yemvelo ngokunengqondo, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi ukongiwa kwemvelo. Le nhlangano ayinawo njengomgomo wokugxila esenzweni sokulondoloza isikhathi kuphela ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni. Umgomo wayo uwukusungula ulwazi oluyimpumelelo oluzofakwa emigomeni ngenkathi kuhlolwa ukusebenza kwemikhakha eyahlukene, ikakhulukazi umkhakha ozimele.
Ukudalwa koMnyango Wezemvelo
I-Ministry of Environmental and Renewable Natural Resources yahlongozwa ngo-1981, kodwa ayizange yenziwe. Esikhundleni salokho, Ikhodi yagunyazwa nochungechunge lwemithethonqubo yokulondoloza imvelo nezinsiza zayo. Ngo-1985 uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wokuvikela Imvelo Yezempilo I-CONAPMAS, okwamanje ebizwa ngokuthi i-NAPMAS. Yayihloselwe ukuhlanganisa izenzo ezizolandelwa yizo zombili izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezizimele ngokubambisana kwezobuchwepheshe, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuqinisa ukulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Ngonyaka wezi-2008, uMnyango wasungulwa ngesimemezelo esikhishwe amandla okushaya umthetho, ngenhloso yokuqondisa nokusebenzisa zonke izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke nezemboni ezihlobene nemvelo.
Izisekelo Zenqubomgomo Yezemvelo ePeru
Inqubomgomo yezemvelo yasePeru isekelwe kumagugu ayo emvelo amakhulu. Lokhu kuphakathi kwamazwe ayi-15 ahluke kakhulu ngokwebhayoloji emhlabeni. Ingeyesishiyagalolunye endaweni yokulondoloza amahlathi, njengoba inamahlathi angamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-66, futhi ikleliswe endaweni yesine emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, okusho ukuthi ilinganiselwa ku-13% amahlathi ase-Amazon. Kungakho ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yokukhiqiza, ekhiqizayo kanye nezinsiza kumele kulawulwe ngokuqinile ukuze kuphathwe ngendlela efanele imvelo.
Zonke lezi zici zenza kube nesidingo sokusungula izindinganiso ezivumela ukulondolozwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo, kuzuzwe ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kanye nekhwalithi ngempela. Kulokhu, imisebenzi yenhlalonhle-yomnotho kumele yenziwe ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokulondolozwa nokuhlonipha imvelo. Ngalokhu, kuhlongozwa ukukhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, ukukhuthaza intshisekelo ocwaningweni lokulondoloza izinsiza zofuzo zomdabu kanye nezemvelo. Ngokufanayo, ifuna ukukhuthaza i-biosafety, okungukuthi, ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguquliwe.
Okunye okubalulekile kwalezi zinqubomgomo ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezivuselelekayo nezingavuseleleki ngendlela ephusile neqhubekayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimbiwa. Ngokunjalo, kuphakanyiswa ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi, imvelo yasolwandle nesogwini. Londoloza izindawo ezinamanzi kanye nenhlabathi ngemithethonqubo ephathelene nokuphathwa kwemfucuza ewuketshezi neqinile. Lawula ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo ngaphansi kwendlela yokongiwa kwemvelo.
Amaqiniso amnandi
Ubuwazi yini ukuthi kule minyaka engu-35 edlule iplanethi ilahlekelwe ingxenye yesithathu yezilwane zayo zasendle. Ukuze kukhiqizwe ithani lephepha, izihlahla ezinkulu ezingu-17 kufanele zigawulwe. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izinga lokushisa embulungeni yonke nezinga lolwandle liye lenyuka ngaphezu kwalokho usheshisiwe kunanini emlandweni womhlaba. Amabhethri omakhalekhukhwini aqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo ezingcolisa kakhulu i-substrate uma engasetshenziswa kabusha noma engavikelekile. IGreat Barrier Reef etholakala e-Australia iyisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke esiphilayo emhlabeni futhi isengcupheni yokufudumala kwamanzi.
Ngale vidiyo uzokwazi ukwazi nokufunda kabanzi mayelana neNqubomgomo Yezemvelo:
Lezi zixhumanisi zingakuthakasela, ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda lezi zihloko ezingakuthakasela:
Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwemvelo