Ingabe bewazi ukuthi ukuphila kwezitshalo empeleni kwavela olwandle? Namuhla sizokwazi konke mayelana ne- izitshalo zasolwandle, umsuka wayo kanye nezinye zezinhlobo ezikhona zalezi zidalwa eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu emvelweni ngokujwayelekile. Nakuba lezi zitshalo zingehlukene njengalezo zasezweni, zinhle futhi.
Ziyini izitshalo zasolwandle?
Njengoba igama layo libonisa, izitshalo zasolwandle yilezo ezitholakala ezihlala phakathi kolwandle, olwandle kanye nasogwini. Kukhona ezinye zazo ezinobukhulu obuncane, zingakwazi ukukala amasentimitha ambalwa kuphela, noma kunjalo, kukhona ezinye ezingalinganisa amamitha ambalwa ukuphakama, ezinye zazo zize zakhe amahlathi asolwandle aminyene.
I-anecdote enelukuluku ukuthi lezi zitshalo zaqala ukuziphendukela kwemvelo eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400 edlule, njengoba iplanethi enguMhlaba yayiseyiplanethi egcwele amanzi.
Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, izitshalo zasolwandle zafika eMhlabeni ngokusebenzisa i-asteroid eyawela emhlabeni futhi yaba nomthelela olwandle, okwenza lesi sitshalo sibe yingxenye ye-ecosystem ngaleso sikhathi.
Uphuma kuphi?
Isitshalo ngasinye sasolwandle esaziyo kuze kube manje, siphuma kulwelwe oluluhlaza. Lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo zinekhono lokufeza inqubo yazo ye-photosynthetic futhi zingaba unicellular noma ama-multicellular, noma kunjalo, azinayo izimpande njengezitshalo zomhlaba, futhi azinazo iziqu noma amaqabunga.
Nokho, njengoba izitshalo ezine-chlorophyll, zimunca isikhutha nokukhanya kwelanga ukuze zikuguqule kube ukudla kwazo okungokwemvelo. Lapho seziyifezile inqubo ye-photosynthetic, lezi zitshalo zikhipha umoya-mpilo, onenzuzo kwezinye izitshalo nasezilwaneni ezihlala olwandle, okungukuthi, ziyinzuzo ecacile kuso sonke isimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo zasolwandle
Besesazi kakade ukuthi uyini umsuka wezitshalo zasolwandle nokuthi zavela kanjani kusukela ekuqaleni kwazo, manje, sekuyisikhathi sokwazi yiziphi izitshalo olwandle futhi yiziphi ezinye zalezi ezibizwa, yebo, eziningi zazo Izitshalo zasemanzini ezintantayo, yingakho, namuhla sizokwazi igama nolwazi oluncane olubaluleke kakhulu:
Ama-Avicennia germinans
Lona isitshalo sasolwandle empeleni isihlahla noma kwesinye isikhathi isihlahla esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi umhlume omhlophe, umhlume omnyama noma umhlume we-prieto. Ingatholakala ikhula ngokwemvelo ogwini lwezindawo ezishisayo ngaphakathi kwePacific noma i-Atlantic.
I-Avicennia germinans ingafinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha angu-3 kuya kwangu-10, amaqabunga alesi sitshalo angaba amasentimitha angu-6 noma angu-10 ubude no-3 ububanzi. Endabeni yezimbali zayo, zivame ukuqoqwa ngendlela ye-inflorescence futhi zingaba phakathi kwamamilimitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-4 lilinye.
Izithelo zalesi sihlahla noma isihlahlana zincane, azikho ngamasentimitha amabili ubude, futhi zinembewu ngaphakathi kwazo eqhuma nangaphambi kokuba igobolondo livule futhi liveze lezi zinhlamvu.
ICymodocea nodosa
Lesi sitshalo saziwa kakhulu ngaphansi kwegama elithi nguSebha, okufanayo, ingatholakala kulezo zindawo eziphakathi kwamagagasi ezitholakala eMedithera nasogwini lwe-Atlantic.
Bangafinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-60. Ngamaqabunga amancane futhi amade anombala oluhlaza kakhulu. Izimbali zaso ziwuhlobo lwe-terminal, zikhula zodwa futhi zinobulili obubodwa.
Isithelo salesi sitshalo siyi-drupe esinezimbambo ezi-3 ngemuva kwaso, umbala waso ungaba phuzi ekuqaleni futhi ube nsundu uma siqala ukuvuthwa. Imbewu yayo incane impela, njengoba ilinganiselwa kumamilimitha ayi-8 kuphela.
UHalodule wrightii
Lesi isitshalo sasolwandle esiqukethe ama-rhizomes futhi sitholakala phakathi kolwandle lwesimo sezulu esishisayo emhlabeni wonke. Amaqabunga awo aluhlaza afana neribhoni futhi angaba amasentimitha angama-20 ubude.
Endabeni yezithelo, zinesimo se-ovate, futhi usayizi wazo ungamamilimitha angu-2 kuphela ububanzi. Incane impela uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izitshalo.
I-Oceanic posidonia
Waziwa ngegama elilula elithi iposidonia odabuka eMedithera. Amaqabunga alesi sitshalo anjenge-lace futhi anombala omuhle oluhlaza okotshani, angakala ubude obuyimitha elingu-1. I-Posidonia ijwayele ukwakha izigaxa olwandle.
Ukuqhakaza kwalesi sitshalo kwenzeka ekwindla, futhi izithelo zaso zivela lapho kuqala intwasahlobo. Izithelo zikhishwa esitshalweni futhi zihlale zintanta phezu kwamanzi, yingakho zaziwa ngokuthi ama-olives olwandle.
I-Spartina alterniflora
Waziwa nangamagama ka inkalankala espartillo noma boraza, ingeyeqembu lotshani obuvela ezwenikazi laseMelika futhi obumila phakathi kwamaxhaphozi anosawoti.
Ziyizitshalo ezingaphila iminyaka eminingana, nokho-ke, zingahlala namaqabunga azo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sokuphila kwazo, ikakhulukazi ekwindla nasebusika, eziyingxenye yeqembu lama-deciduous.
Ikhula ibe phakathi kwemitha eli-1 ukuya ku-1,5 ubude. Isiqu salezi zitshalo sibushelelezi futhi siyigobongo, ngaphakathi lapho amaqabunga akhula ngendlela ecishe ibe umugqa, phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-20 kuya kwangu-60 ubude namamilimitha angu-15 ububanzi phansi.
Izimbali zalesi sitshalo ziluhlaza ngokuphuzi noma ziphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani, futhi zikhula ngesikhathi sasebusika.
Zostera marina
Lesi isitshalo esikhula phakathi kwamachweba, ulwandle namaxhaphozi aphakathi kuka-36º kanye no-60º enyakatho nobubanzi. Angafinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angu-150 futhi amaqabunga awo aluhlaza futhi amise okweribhoni awenza abukeke emuhle ngempela.
Izimbali zayo zikhula ngendlela ye-inflorescence kuyilapho izithelo zayo zibomvu futhi zinesimo se-ellipse noma i-ovoid.
Lithini igama lezitshalo zasogwini?
Nakuba sesifunde okuncane ngezinye zezitshalo ezihlala olwandle, manje sizokhuluma ngalezo ezihlala ogwini, okungukuthi, ezitholakala esihlabathini samabhishi.
Lezi zitshalo zivame ukudideka nezitshalo ezivamile, noma kunjalo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi nazo zibhekwa njengezinhlobo zezitshalo zasolwandle, kuphela ukuthi azihlali olwandle.
Ake sazi ezinye zalezi zitshalo ezinhle zasogwini ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-halophile:
I-Alyssum loiseleurii
Eyaziwa ngaphambilini ngaphansi kwegama lesayensi elithi I-Alyssum arenarium, iyisitshalo esingapheli esitholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFrance nasenyakatho yeSpain.
I-Alyssum loiseleurii isitshalo esingafinyelela cishe kumasentimitha angama-20 ubude futhi umbala wamaqabunga awo unomlotha oluhlaza omuhle ohehayo uma usibuka nje. Lesi sitshalo siqala ukuhluma kusuka esisekelweni saso, okungukuthi, isiqu saso sinamagatsha ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amaqabunga alesi sitshalo esihle ambozwe ungqimba oluhle lwezinwele.
Ukuqhakaza kwalesi sitshalo kuvezwa ngendlela yamagatsha futhi aphuzi ngokumangalisayo ngokungafani nombala oluhlaza wamaqabunga aso.
Ama-Armenian pungens
Lona Flora Ikhula yakhe izihlahla ezincane ezifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-40 no-80. Amaqabunga angabonwa kuwo aziwa ngokuthi umugqa-lanceolate futhi zilinganisa cishe amasentimitha angu-14 ubude namamilimitha angu-6 ububanzi, ngakho mancane kakhulu kodwa abude.
Izimbali zalesi sitshalo zinombala obomvana omuhle futhi omangalisa kakhulu okwenza sigqame noma kuphi lapho sitholakala khona.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbali zaso zaziwa ngokuba izahluko ezinhle ezinikeza ukuthinta okumibalabala ogwini lomhlaba.
I-Asparagus macrorrhizus
Lesi sitshalo ngaphambili besaziwa ngegama lika I-Asparagus maritimus. Kuyisitshalo esingapheli esimila ngokwemvelo eSpain, ikakhulukazi eMurcia.
I-Pasparagus ingakhula futhi ifinyelele ubude obungamasentimitha angu-30, ayilokothi idlule lobo bukhulu, ngoba empeleni, kukhona abambalwa abafinyelela kulokhu kuphakama okuphezulu. Amaqabunga aluhlaza amahle futhi ahlaba umxhwele, ahlaba umxhwele, akhula eziqwini zalesi sitshalo.
Ngeshwa, lesi sitshalo okwamanje sisengozini yokushabalala, ngakho-ke asisabonwa kaningi njengakuqala.
I-Crithmum maritimum
Okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi fennel noma i-parsley yolwandle. Lesi sitshalo saseYurophu singeseqembu lezitshalo ezingapheli, singafinyelela phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-20 kuya kwangu-30 ubude futhi sineziqu ezinamagatsha aqinile okumila kuzo amaqabunga amahle aluhlaza.
Izimbali zalezi zitshalo zikhula zibe izambulela futhi zinemibala ephuzi egqamile eyenza zigqame lapho ziqhakaza.
I-Eryngium maritimum
Yaziwa nangokuthi ulwandle noma ukhula lwasolwandle. Itholakala emabhishi ezwekazi laseYurophu. Ingafinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angu-50, yingakho yaziwa njengenye yezinkulu kakhulu.
Kumele usiqaphe kakhulu lesi sitshalo, ngoba sinameva abukhali kakhulu okuthi uma unganakile, angalimaza isikhumba salabo abasithintayo.
Amaqabunga e-sea thistle ayisiliva noma umbala omuhle oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi izimbali zawo ezimangalisayo ziyaphakama zibonisa i-lilac emangalisa kakhulu eyenza ibukeke njengesitshalo esikhethekile kakhulu.
I-Pinus halepensis
Waziwa ngokuthi Iphayini le-Aleppo, ingenye yezihlahla zikaphayini ezimbalwa ezikhona emhlabeni ezikwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezisogwini, i I-Pinus pinea Ingenye yamaphayini nayo enalesi sici esikhethekile.
Nakuba lesi sitshalo esidabuka eMedithera, singatholakala siyingxenye yomugqa ongaphambili wasolwandle e-Spanish Balearic Islands.
Ingafinyelela ku-25 amasentimitha ukuphakama. Isiqu salesi sitshalo sinamandla impela naphezu kokuhlukumezeka, ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqabunga awo ayizinaliti zombala omuhle oluhlaza ongafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-10 ubude.
Okumele siyazi ukuthi amaphayinaphu alesi sitshalo mancane, awafani nawamanye amaphayini esiwaziyo.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo kwezitshalo zasolwandle
Lezi zitshalo zasolwandle noma ulwelwe lwasolwandle zitholakala esinyathelweni sokuqala sochungechunge lokudla olwandle, njengoba zikwazi ukondla ngisho neqembu elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezihlala olwandle.
Lezi zitshalo zinesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngokukhiqiza okuningi kwalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi ulwelwe oluncane oluhlala luntanta phezu kwamanzi, lezi zinambuzane ezincane zakha i-phytoplankton eningi, okuwumthombo wokudla oyinhloko wezinto eziningi eziphilayo. hlala emanzini.
Uma usenkathini lapho ukukhanya kwemvelo kuphakeme kakhulu kanye nosawoti wamaminerali (izakhamzimba) lezi zitshalo ezimuncayo maningi kakhulu, ama-phytoplankton aningi kakhulu futhi enza ungqimba oluminyene phezu kolwandle olunikeza umbala oluhlaza okotshani. .
Kufanele futhi sikhumbule ukuthi lezi zitshalo nazo zibaluleke kakhulu izixhobo zamakhorali. Lawa makhorali anenani elikhulu nezinhlobonhlobo zolwelwe ngaphakathi kwezicubu zawo, lezi zaziwa ngokuthi i-zooxanthellae kanye ne-zoochlorellae, enesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngokudla kulawa makhorali ngenqubo ye-photosynthetic.
Kwezinye izindawo ezisogwini, ama-macro algae, noma izitshalo ezinkulu zasolwandle, ziye zaba isiphephelo sezilwane eziningi zasolwandle futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zisebenza njengemithombo yokudla kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezihlala olwandle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYjOqPlSnL8
Ukusetshenziswa kanye nezakhiwo zezitshalo zasolwandle
Ziningi izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni asogwini namazwe asebenzisa ukhula lwasolwandle, phakathi kwamazwe agqame kakhulu amazwe ase-Asia (China, Japan kanye neNingizimu Korea), awagcini nje ngokuwusebenzisa njenge izitshalo zokuhlobisa, kodwa futhi nokudla.
Endabeni yaseJapane, izimila zasolwandle ziyingxenye yokudla okuyisisekelo kwamaJapane. Enye yezitshalo zasolwandle ezaziwa kakhulu kuleli zwe yi-Nori, ukhula lwasolwandle olunsundu olubizwa ngokuthi i-Porphyra, futhi lusetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni i-sushi, noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwalo akugcini nje kuphela ekulungiseleleni lesi sidlo sendabuko, kodwa futhi sengezwe esobho, amasaladi. , ukudla, ama-appetizers nokunye.
I-Nori iwukhula lwasolwandle oluqukethe inani eliphezulu likavithamini C, kangangokuthi liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo lezithelo ezisawolintshi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, badliwa yilabo abanomkhuhlane, ikakhulukazi lapho belungiselela isobho le-algae okufanele baliphuze ukuze bavuselele impilo namandla abo.
Olunye ulwelwe olusetshenziswa kakhulu eJapan iLaminaria noma iLaminaria digitata kanye ne-Ulva lactuca. Entshonalanga yezwe, laba bantu bomdabu babengabudli ulwelwe nsuku zonke, kodwa babekwenza lokhu ngezikhathi zendlala, lapho okwakuwukuphela kwento yamahhala eyayitholakala.
I-algae iqukethe amafutha aphansi, noma kunjalo, acebile kakhulu kumaminerali, phakathi kwawo kukhona i-calcium ne-iodine, ebalulekile emzimbeni womuntu, ngaphezu kwalokho, iqukethe nezinhlobo ezithile zamavithamini.
Ulwelwe lwasolwandle lusetshenziselwa ukuhweba ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphuma kulo, i-agar, i-algin, i-carrageenan namanye ama-phycocolloid abaluleke kakhulu embonini yokudla.
Lezi zisetshenziswa njenge-emulsifier kanye nesiqinisi ngaphakathi kwezemithi, izimonyo, ezokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nezinye izimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, zisebenza njengokudla kwezinye izilwane nanjengomanyolo wemvelo wezitshalo.
I-agar itholakala ku-algae obomvu futhi isetshenziswa ekudaleni ushizi nemayonnaise, ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde isetshenziselwe ukulungisa imidiya yesiko le-microbiology. Ibuye isetshenziswe njenge-laxative yemvelo enamandla.
Endabeni ye-carrageenan, isetshenziswa njengengxenye yokulungiswa kwamasoso, iziphuzo zeshokoledi, njenge-stabilizer yepende futhi njengengxenye yezinye izimonyo. Ekugcineni, endabeni ye-algin, ikhishwa ku-algae ensundu, inokusetshenziswa okuvamile ku-confectionery nasekwakheni amaswidi ahlukene.
Ulwelwe noma izitshalo zasolwandle, uma zilungiswe kahle, ziyi-appetizer emnandi noma zihambisana nokudla, into kuphela okufanele uyiqaphele usawoti oweqile ezingaba nazo. Uma ufuna ukukufaka ekudleni kwakho, qiniseka ukuthi uzothola inani elikhulu lezinzuzo ezizokwenza impilo yakho ibe nempilo kakhulu.
