Uyafuna ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi iplanethi enkulu kunazo zonke esimisweni sethu sonozungezilanga? yenzayini i-jupiter? Awu, kumayelana iplanethi iJupiter futhi inezici ezikhetheke kakhulu, njengokwakheka nokwakheka kwayo, ngakho-ke sikumema ukuthi ufunde lesi sihloko ukuze uqedele ulwazi lwakho ngale planethi enkulukazi.
Ukwakhiwa kweJupiter
I-Jupiter enkulu iyiplanethi yokwakheka kwegesi, okuvela ukuthi iyinhlanganisela ye-hydrogen ekugcwaleni okungama-93% kanye ne-helium ekugcwaleni okungama-7%. Yakhiwe ngamagesi futhi yenza u-71% wesisindo esiphelele sawo wonke amanye amaplanethi esimisweni sonozungezilanga, iplanethi iJupiter imele insanyana yayo yonke.
I-Jupiter iyiplanethi esendaweni yesihlanu ngokuphathelene neLanga, njengoba yandulelwa yiMercury, Venus, Earth kanye neMars, ngaleyo ndlela. Yathola lelo gama ngokuhlonipha unkulunkulu wezinganekwane zamaRoma uJupiter. Kungenzeka ukuyibona ngeso lenyama esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku, ngoba iyindikimba yesine ekhanyayo, ngaphambi kweLanga, iNyanga kanye neplanethi iVenus.
Kodwa isilinganiso sokukhanya phakathi kweplanethi iVenus ne iplanethi iJupiter Kuyahlukahluka kuye ngenyanga yonyaka esizithola sikuyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenyanga ka-March, iVenus ikhanya ngokucacile kune-Jupiter, kodwa kwezinye izinyanga okuphambene kuyiqiniso.
Izici ze-Jupiter
Njengamanye amaplanethi enziwe ngegesi, imimoya yawo icishe ibe amakhilomitha angama-600 ngehora, idlula endaweni engaphezulu yeplanethi. I-Jupiter ine-Great Red Spot eyaziwa kakhulu, ehlala ibonwa ngabashisekeli besayensi yezinkanyezi futhi iyindawo yokucindezela yomkhathi wayo enezici ezinhle neziyingqayizivele.
Kuye kwanqunywa ukuthi i iplanethi iJupiter ikhipha amandla amakhulu emkhathini kunalawo amuncwa yiLanga.Olunye uhlangothi oluvelele lweJupiter futhi okufanele sibonge kakhulu ngalo ukuthi ngenxa yendawo ekuyo uye wasebenza njengomzila wokuzivikela wezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukube iJupiter yayingekho kulokho I-Orbit kanye nendawo, iplanethi yethu izosongelwa izikhathi eziyi-1000 ngokushaywa kwesibhakabhaka.
Imvula yama-asteroid nama-meteorite emkhakheni wethu wendawo yonke ijikeleza futhi yenzeka cishe njalo eminyakeni engu-60.000, futhi ukuze impilo ibambe iqhaza eMhlabeni, i-Jupiter ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile.
Ukuba khona kwale planethi enkulukazi esimisweni sethu sonozungezilanga bekubalulekile, ngoba ubukhulu bayo obukhulu bubangela amandla adonsayo aheha izinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezihlanganisa izinsongo zokubhujiswa okukhulu.
Iziphuphutheki zeJupiter
Uyafuna ukwazi ukuthi bangaki Iziphuphutheki zeJupiter? Nokho, ziningi, okokuqala, singakutshela ukuthi le planethi izungezwe izinyanga ezingaphezu kuka-60. Amasathelayithi okuqala eJupiter atholakala ngonyaka ka-1610. UGalileo Galilei wakwazi ukuthola ngesibonakude esingavamile izinyanga ezine ezinkulu zesistimu yeJovian okuyizi: Io, Europa, Ganymede kanye neCallisto.
Kamuva futhi ngenxa yokuthunyelwa kwabahloli basemkhathini, sikwazile ukubona isithombe esifingqiwe senombolo yezinyanga zaseJovian. Ohambweni lophenyo lweVoyager ngo-1979, kwatholakala iMetis, Adrastea kanye neThebe. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwendawo, izazi ezihlukahlukene zezulu zase zithole u-Amalthea (1892), u-Himalia (1904), u-Elara (1905), uPasifae (1908), uSinope (1914), uLysithea noCarmi (1938), u-Ananké (1951) , Leda (1974), Themisto (1975), Callírroe (1999).
Ngonyaka ka-2000, kwanezelwa amasathelayithi amasha ayishumi ohlelweni lwe-Jovian, okwakhuphula inani lezinyanga zeJupiter lafinyelela ku-28. Ngonyaka ka-2001, izinyanga eziyishumi nanye zajoyina amasathelayithi ayo. Kwathi ngo-2003, kwatholakala amanye amasathelayithi angama-23, kwaze kwaba ngo-2006 uhlu lwafinyelela inani lezinyanga zeJovian ezaziwayo ezingama-63, kodwa inani elikhulu kunawo wonke linobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angu-9.
Lapho umhloli womkhathi i-New Horizons ikwazi ukusondela futhi indize phezu kwe- iplanethi iJupiter Ngo-2007, sakwazi ukubona umkhathi waso, sakwazi ukubona inqwaba yamafu ashintshana ngendlela esabalele futhi kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umdondoshiya uhlushwa iziphepho ezibonakala ngama-eddies amakhulu athatha isimo se-oval.
Siye sathi i-Jupiter iyiplanethi enkulukazi eye yasebenza uMhlaba njengesivikelo sokuvikela izinhlamvu, futhi lokhu kunjalo ngoba iplanethi iwumzimba osemkhathini ozungeza inkanyezi, esimweni sethu sonozungezilanga, iLanga. isisindo sayo esinamandla adonsela phansi adingekayo ukuze sihehe ezinye izindikimba zasemkhathini futhi zizisuse endleleni yazo. Yingakho i-Jupiter iye yamunca izixuku eziningi eziye zasongela iplanethi yethu.
I-Jupiter nezilinganiso zayo
Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ububanzi beJupiter bucishe buphindwe izikhathi ezingu-11,2 kunoMhlaba nokuthi le planethi yenza ukunyakaza kokuzungeza okungu-9 h 55 min 27,3, okwenza ubude bosuku ku-Jupiter. ngenxa yobukhulu bayo,umuntu kufanele aphethe ngokuthi ihamba ngesivinini esikhulu.
Ake sibheke ezinye izilinganiso ze-Jupiter:
- I-Aphelion (106 km): 816.62
- I-Perihelion (106 km): 740.52
- I-Eccentricity: 0.048775
- Inkathi yeSynodic (izinsuku): 398.88
- Isivinini esimaphakathi se-orbital (km/s): 13.07
- Ukuthambekela ku-ecliptic: 1.30530°
- I-axial angle: 3.13°
- Isilinganiso sobubanzi: 139 km
- Ivolumu (km3): 1.43128×1015
- Isisindo (kg): 1.8986 x 1027, okuyizikhathi ezingama-317,8 kunezoMhlaba
- Amandla adonsela phansi (m/s2): 24.7964249
- I-Escape Velocity (km/s): 59.5
- I-Equatorial Diameter (km): 142
- Ububanzi be-Polar (km): 133 708
- I-Albedo: 0,52
- Inani lamasathelayithi: 79 okwamanje
- Izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu: -121°C (152K)
- Isikhathi sokujikeleza esiseceleni: 9 h 55 m 27.3 s
- Ukubunjwa: cishe i-hydrogen: 89% i-helium: 10%
isakhiwo se-jupiter
Akuzange kwenzeke ukusungula ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukwakheka kwe- iplanethi Jupiter, Kodwa kuye kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi amaplanethi amakhulu aba umphumela wokunqwabelana kwamagesi e-hydrogen ne-helium azungeze isikhungo esakhiwe amadwala neqhwa.
I-Jupiter inesisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingama-318 kunoMhlaba, kucatshangwa ukuthi inomgogodla wamadwala, okuyi-agglomeration yensimbi nama-silicates anobukhulu boMhlaba futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi inobukhulu obuphindwe ka-10 kunomhlaba. Isikhungo sawo samadwala singatholwa sigcwele i-hydrogen ewuketshezi ne-helium emazingeni okushisa acishe abe ngu-16.000 ºK, nokucindezela okungaba yi-atmosphere eyizigidi ezingu-80.
Yiqiniso, ukwakheka kwayo kuhlolisiswe ngokusekelwe emaphethini aphakanyisiwe. Kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi isikhungo sayo samadwala sinosayizi olinganiselwa ku-7% wobukhulu bawo bebonke, obuncane kangangokuthi ososayensi abawukhulumi ngale nucleus uma bekhuluma ngayo. iplanethi iJupiter.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kucatshangwa ukuthi i-93% yomthamo we-Jupiter yenziwe ngamagesi, kodwa ngeke sicabange ukuthi amagesi aku-Jupiter abukeka ngendlela efanayo nomkhathi wethu, kodwa kunalokho amelwe ngokufana kakhulu nomoya ophezulu- i-density aqueous medium. , ecindezelwa kakhulu ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi eplanethi.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi phakathi nendawo yeJupiter, ama-athomu ama-athomu e-hydrogen enziwe ngensimbi aphulwa ukucindezela okukhulu futhi aguqulwa abe yi-hydrogen ionized. Kusendleleni eya phezulu lapho i-hydrogen kancane kancane iba uhlobo loketshezi oluyigesi. Ngenxa yalesi sici, ayikho imigqa yoshintsho phakathi kwamagobolondo e-hydrogen e-Jupiter.
Ukwakheka kanye Nezinga lokushisa
Uma singakwazi ukusika ukusuka ebusweni bayo sibheke phakathi nendawo, sizobona ukuthi kuba khona ukwehla kancane kancane kube inkungu ejiyile engacinana futhi ibonakale ingabonakali ize ifinyelele echibini le-hydrogen eliwuketshezi.
Leli chibi lizoba lukhuni nakakhulu futhi libe nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, lifinyelele umvuthwandaba nge-metallic hydrogen eminyene kakhulu futhi ishise kakhulu (16000 K) size sifike emnyombweni wedwala, ngezinga lokushisa elingaba ngu-25.000 K kanye nokucindezela okungaba yizigidi ezingu-80 zomkhathi.
Ucwaningo lwe-Spectroscopic oluye lwenziwa abahloli basemkhathini lukwazile ukuhlukanisa uhlaka lomkhathi we-Jupiter. Kuye kwaphetha ngokuthi i-Jupiter yakhiwe ngama-86% e-hydrogen (H) 14% e-helium (He), inani elincane le-methane (CH4), i-ammonia (NH3) kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi (H2O).
Indawo Enkulu Ebomvu
Sesikuvezile ukuthi i-Jupiter, eqanjwe ngonkulunkulu wamaRoma, iyiplanethi enkulu kunazo zonke esimisweni sonozungezilanga, inobukhulu obudlula uMhlaba izikhathi ezingaba ngu-317. Ingabonakala esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zonyaka lapho i-Jupiter neLanga zibhekene esibhakabhakeni, okubonakala eMhlabeni. Kukule ndawo lapho iJupiter iseduze kakhulu noMhlaba.
Lezo zikhundla eziphambene phakathi kweLanga neJupiter zenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile zezinyanga eziyi-13. Kukulesi sikhundla lapho ukubekeka okubucayi kwe-Jupiter kungabonwa kangcono. Kubonwe indawo enkulu ebomvu ebusweni bayo, maqondana nendawo yayo eseningizimu, isendaweni engu-35 °.
Nakuba uMhlaba namaplanethi asemhlabeni kuyizindikimba eziqinile ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-silicates nensimbi, azungezwe inani elincane lamagesi, i-Jupiter empeleni yenziwe i-hydrogen ne-helium encane, ngendlela efanayo isakhiwo ilanga.
Uhambo lwe-Galileo Space Probe
Umhloli wamazwe waseGalileo owakhiwa yi-NASA ukuze atadishe iplanethi iJupiter kanye neziphuphutheki zayo, zangena emkhathini wawo ngo-1995. Ihora lonke, ngokumelene nomoya ongamakhilomitha angu-320 ngehora, kwakungenzeka ukufakazela ukuthi i-hydrogen ihamba phambili nokuthi izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngokushesha libheke ekujuleni kweplanethi. I-Jupiter iphinde yaboniswa ukuthi inohlelo lwendandatho, njengokujwayelekile kuwo wonke amaplanethi amakhulu.
Uhlelo lwendandatho lwakhiwe izingcezu zamatshe amancane ahlangana ndawonye azungeze umfanekiso oyindilinga onyakazayo, omkhulu futhi mncane kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, iJupiter inesishingishane esikhulu phezu kwayo, esaziwa ngokuthi iGreat Red Spot. Yatholwa isazi sezinkanyezi esikhulu uCassini, eminyakeni engaba ngu-300 edlule.
Lesi sishingishane sinobukhulu bamakhilomitha angu-12 x 000, obuphindwe kabili ubukhulu boMhlaba. Kanye nobuningi bayo, ubude bayo nobukhona bayo kuhlala kungachazwa.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi isishingishane kufanele siguquke futhi ekugcineni sinyamalale ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa endabeni ye-Jupiter, ngemva kweminyaka engu-300 yokubhekwa nokucwaninga, kutholakale ukuthi i-Great Red Spot ayikashintshi nhlobo. Indlela yokuvela kwayo isalokhu iyimfihlakalo kwisayensi.
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, izazi zezinkanyezi zithi isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke esibonakalayo ku-Jupiter kwakuyi-Great Red Spot. Kodwa okwamanje, ngezithombe ezingathathwa yi-Cassini space probe, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi kukhona esinye isakhiwo esinobukhulu obufanayo futhi sabhapathizwa njenge-Great Dark Spot.
I-ballet yamaSatellite aseGalile
Phakathi nohambo lwe-Galileo probe, olwenziwa phakathi kuka-1989 no-1995, i-asteroids i-Gaspra ne-Ida yabhekwa eduze kakhulu, kutholakala ukuthi i-Ida inenyanga yayo, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Dactyl. Ngo-1995, uphenyo lwaseGalileo lwabuyisela imojuli eyakwazi ukucwiliswa emoyeni we-Jupiter ihora elingu-1.
Yacekelwa phansi ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini ngamakhilomitha angu-200, ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu umoya weJupiter owawungaphansi kwayo kanye nezinga lokushisa elifinyelele ku-460 ° C.
Kodwa leso sikhathi nendlela yokuhamba kwakwanele ukukwazi ukunquma izakhi ezakha umkhathi weJupiter. Ngonyaka odlule, ngo-1994, uphenyo lwaseGalileo lwazithola lusesimeni esikhethekile sokubona ukuthi iComet Shoemaker-Levy 9 yaba nomthelela kanjani kuJupiter.
Enye yezinto ezimangalisa kakhulu mayelana iplanethi iJupiter ukuthi endaweni yayo kunesimiso sangempela esincishisiwe sonozungezilanga. Olunye udaba osekukhulunywe ngalo kakhulu wumphakathi wesayensi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-nucleus ye-Jupiter ivutha futhi ibe ngomunye wemithombo yezindaba. Izinkanyezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasathelayithi ayo angaphezu kuka-60 azungeza imvelo yawo endaweni eseduze nomugqa ophakathi nendawo, njengoba nje namaplanethi azungeza iLanga esimisweni sethu sonozungezilanga.
Izinyanga ezine zaseGalile zikaJupiter
Amasathelayithi amane e-Jupiter atholwe uGalileo Galilei: Io, Europa, Ganymede kanye neCallisto benza i-ballet phakathi kwabo, engabonwa ngepheya elilula lama-binoculars angu-10 × 50 futhi uma sinomshini wokubona ububanzi obungu-60mm, sizokwazi ukubona amabhande amabili abanzi namnyama noma amasongo, ahlelwe ngendlela efanayo nenkabazwe yale planethi enkulukazi.
Uhambo lwe-Cassini space probe
Mayelana ne-"Io", kuye kwanqunywa ukuthi inokwakheka kwentaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke eplanethini sonozungezilanga, enobude obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-3600, okuyenza ibe nkulu kancane kuneNyanga yethu, enamakhilomitha angu-3 474,6. Amakhilomitha angu-.XNUMX.
Ukutholakala kusukela "Io" kwabaukubonga okungenzeka ezithombeni ezathwetshulwa umhloli wesikhala uCassini, nezivunguvungu zamafu zeJupiter njengesizinda, ezikwazi ukwenza iqiniso ukuqagela mayelana nobukhulu baleyo sathelayithi.
Kufinyelelwe esiphethweni sokuthi elithi "Io" lizungeza iJupiter, ngesivinini esikhulu futhi lisendaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angu-350.000 ngaphezu kwamafu eJupiter, elifana kakhulu nebanga eliphakathi koMhlaba neNyanga. Konke sekuphethwa ngolwazi olutholwe yi-Cassini probe, ekwazile ukuthatha izithombe ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-10 ukusuka kuJupiter.
I-Shoemaker-Levy 9
Ku-flyby yayo ehamba phambili, i-Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 idlule eduze kakhulu ne- iplanethi iJupiter ngo-1992 kanye nomkhathi weplanethi wabangela ukuba inkanyezi enomsila ihlukane ibe yizicucu ezingu-20, kodwa yahlala isendleleni. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, njengoba iphinda isondela ku-Jupiter, izingcezu zenkanyezi enomsila zaphahlazeka endaweni ye-Jupiter izinsuku ezingu-7.
Lesi sigameko singabonakala amasonto kuwo wonke amaza amaza akhona futhi cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokubuka izinkanyezi emhlabeni, kubhekwa ukuthi ifu lezinto ezibonakalayo lakhiqizwa phezu kwesayithi lapho imithelela eminingi yenzeke khona.
Sithemba ukuthi ukujabulele okuqukethwe yilesi sihloko futhi sikugqugquzela ukuthi uqhubeke uphenya futhi uthole ulwazi mayelana nezimfihlakalo ezinkulu zesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
Ungaba nentshisekelo yokwazi I-Jupiter inamasongo amangaki?