Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi i-Elm Pests iyini, ama-ejenti amabili ayinhloko angagqanyiswa: ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhungane ahlala futhi adle izinto eziphilayo zesihlahla futhi, ngokulandelayo, isikhunta, okuyizilokazane ezisebenzisa lezi zinambuzane. njengabathwali bezinhlamvu zabo ezingcoliswe izifo. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe, sikumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.
Amabhungane Izinambuzane Zesihlahla Se-Elm
Amabhungane e-Elm bark, acishe abe ingxenye yesentimitha ubude, abonwa njengayingozi kakhulu kulesi sitshalo, njengoba adala umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu, obulalayo kulezi zihlahla ngesikhathi esifushane. Lezi zinambuzane ngokuyinhloko zibonakala ngokuvula izimbobo ezihlahleni ukuze zizalele amaqanda azo ngaphansi kongqimba olungaphandle lweziqu futhi lapho zichanyuselwa, izibungu ezimhlophe eziwugqinsi ziqala ukudla kuzo zonke izakhamzimba ngokushesha njengoba zihamba phakathi kokuhlasela, zenze imihubhe eminingi ngaphakathi. isiqu.
Nokho, ukuwohloka okukhulu kwenzeka lapho lolu hlobo lwezilwane luba umkhunta obangela isifo se-Dutch elm, esibizwa nangokuthi i-graphiosis, ngoba ngezinga ezitheleleka ngalo lapho ludla lezi zitshalo ezinokhuni bese ziluhlakaza ukuze lusuke esihlahleni esisodwa. komunye, umphumela wokuphindaphinda womonakalo onjalo uyakhiqizwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekiselwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi amabhungane amaqabunga e-elm, lapho athatha khona umsoco wawo esigabeni sawo sezibungu nalapho esekhulile, abangele ukuwohloka kwamaqabunga ngokuphelele nokuba buthaka kwezihlahla, ikakhulukazi uma zichayeka ekuhlaselweni. izinambuzane ezine-rhytidome.
Lesi silwane esingafuneki esilimaza lesi sihlahla siluhlaza okotshani, esingaba isentimitha ubude, sinemicu emibili enombala omnyama ekunwetshweni kwamaphiko angaphandle kanye nebhande elincane eligijima phakathi naso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanelekile ukwazi ukuthi ukuba khona kwalolu hlobo ezihlahleni ezishiwo kungaqinisekiswa ngokubheka ukuthi amaqanda azo abekwe ngendlela yemigqa endaweni engezansi yamaqabunga esitshalo, kamuva isigaba sezibungu sizoba nokubukeka kwesibungu esimnyama.
Isihlahla se-Elm singenwe yibhungane lamagxolo
Ezinye zezici ezibonisa ukuba khona kwalesi sifo, inani lezinsalela emigodini noma phansi kwezihlahla ze-elm, uma lokhu kwenzeka, kuwuphawu olucacile lokuthi ngaphansi koqweqwe lwangaphandle lwesiqu kukhona amabhungane avuthiwe ane Iziqu zazo zidla ngaphansi kwawo. Uma, ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlamvu esitshalo ebonakala ephuzi futhi ebunile, ehambisana nokuwohloka okukhulu kwesihlahla nge-canopy yesihlahla, isifo se-Dutch elm singase siqale ngakho-ke amabhungane azothuthela kwesinye isihlahla.
Isihlahla se-Elm esingenwe yibhungane leqabunga
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, mayelana nomonakalo abawubangelayo, kungavezwa ukuthi abanye ochwepheshe baqokomisa ukufana okuthile nesifo se-Dutch elm, kodwa babonisa ukuthi lesi zinambuzane lapho sesikhulile, lapho siluma amahlamvu, sishiya amamaki aphela kancane kancane isakhiwo. kanye nokusebenza kwamaqabunga, okwenza kubonakale kakhulu izimbobo abazenzayo lapho bedla kule ngxenye yehlathi, okubangela ukuba siwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Isikhunta esithinta i-Elm
Esinye sezilokazane ezihlasela lezi zihlahla izinhlobo zesikhunta, okuyi-Ophiostoma ulmi kanye ne-Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, ezihlanganiswe neqembu le-Ascomycota futhi zibe ne-morphology evumayo ukunamathela emzimbeni we-arthropods ehlukene. Umjikelezo wokuphila wesikhunta unezigaba ezimbili zokuzala, i-asexual noma engaphelele kanye nezocansi, eqala ngezinhlamvu ezithwalwa amabhungane, isigaba se-asexual siqala, lapho i-mycelium ikhiqizwa khona, yona eyakhiwe yi-hyphae.
Le mycelium idala i-conidia engenambala. Lezi conidia zikhuphukela phezulu esihlahleni ngokusebenzisa ubisi. Kulesi sigaba, ama-synema abuye akhiwe aqukethe ama-synemiospores (leli yigama lezinhlamvu ezikhiqizwa ku-synema), okuzokwenza kube ne-hyphae yocansi ngesikhathi sokuhluma, okuthi, lapho kuhlangana nezinye i-hyphae, kwenzeke ocansini. isigaba. Isiteji se-ophiostome sikhiqiza i-perithecia ekhiqiza ama-ascospores ayisishiyagalombili.
Kukholelwa ukuthi ngemva kokuzinza esihlahleni, isikhunta sisakazeka nge-xylem, ephumelela kakhulu lapho isihlahla sakha izitsha zasentwasahlobo, njengoba lezi zakhiwe ngamaseli amakhulu, isikhunta sihamba ngokushesha. I-pathogen ikhipha ubuthi obugcina buphazamise imigudu ye-xylem, okwenza amagatsha aphezulu esihlahla alambele amanzi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, abune. Khona-ke ukhunta ludla i-phloem yesihlahla esifile, lukhiqize izinhlamvu ezinamathela emzimbeni wamabhungane, njengoba lapho zivela zingaphinde zithuthwe.
Kuye ngenkathi isihlahla esitholakala ngaso, uma singenwe yisifo se-elm entwasahlobo, lesi sibonelo sizofa ngalelo hlobo noma ngonyaka olandelayo, kodwa uma singenwe yilesi sifo phakathi nonyaka sizobonisa ukumelana okukhulu, ngenxa yokhuni lwawo olunemigudu emincane eyenza kube nzima ukuba ukhunta lusabalale. Ngokulandelayo, bangasabela ku-pathogen ngokukhiqiza izithiyo ze-parenchymal zokuhlukanisa ukhunta, ukuvimbela i-Ophiostoma ekufinyeleleni ukushintshaniswa kwe-vascular.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungaphawulwa ukuthi, ngenxa yocwaningo lochwepheshe emkhakheni wezinambuzane ze-elm, babonisa ukuthi isihlahla singaphinde sivimbele imigudu lapho umsoco waso ugeleza usebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo zama-gel kanye ne-linden (thickeners), ukuvimbela ukusakazeka okuqondile kwesifo. Ukunqwabelana ku-xylem yama-mansonones, okuyizinto ezibulala isikhunta, nakho kuchazwe ezihlotsheni ezithintekile.
Izifo ezibangelwa Elm Pests
Phakathi kwezifo ezivame kakhulu ezivezwa i-elm, ngokuyisisekelo isifo esibizwa ngokuthi isifo saseDutch, esikhiqizwa i-graphium ulmi Schwarz, esidala ukubola okusobala kwesihlahla kanye nezimpawu eziphawulekayo ezibonisa ukungathi sína kwesimo futhi ngokuvamile ezibangela ukufa. zezihlahla.izihlahla ezinegciwane. Kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-agaric rot, ekhiqizwa ngu-Armilaria mellea fvalh, ex Fr. Kummer; i-spongy caries emhlophe ebangelwa i-Ungulina ulmaria (Sow) Pat, kanye nokubola kwesiqu okubangelwa i-Pholiota aegerita Quél.
Izindlela zokulwa nezinambuzane ze-Elm
Ukulawula amakhemikhali ngokwesiko kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuqeda izinambuzane nezifo zazo zonke izitshalo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyabiza, kuyingozi emvelweni, futhi ngokuvamile akuphumelelanga uma kubhekwa ubunzima bezinye isikhunta. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zofuzo kuye kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zemvelo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibangelwa yizinambuzane, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlobene nesifo se-elm, ukuze kwandiswe ukuzala kwezihlahla eziqine kakhulu ezizotshalwa.
Naphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, uma izimila sezivele zithintekile yilezi zinambuzane ze-elm, kungcono ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo ukuze uziqede, usebenzisa ama-insecticide noma ama-fungicides phansi kwesitshalo, ukulawula zonke izimbungulu eziveziwe kanye nalezo ezingabonakali. futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukuvela kwezinambuzane ezintsha. Ngalo mqondo, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesihlahla, ngenxa yokuba sengozini enkulu ekuhlaselweni kwalezi zinambuzane, kubalulekile ukuzigcina ngaphansi kwesimiso sokunisela esihle, ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqinisekisa ezinye izimo ezivumela i-elm enempilo. .
Uma uthanda lesi sihloko mayelana nezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu ze-Elm futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabuyekeza izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: