UJulius Robert Oppenheimer wayeyisazi sefiziksi esivelele owazalwa eNew York ngo-Ephreli 22, 1904 futhi owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "uyise webhomu le-athomu".. Kulungile, lesi sibalo singumklami womsebenzi ongashintsha inkambo yesintu: ibhomu le-athomu. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuzobonakala ku-Manhattan Project, lapho aba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezikhali zenuzi zokuqala emlandweni phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
I-halo yonke yezingxabano nezinselele yayizungeza usosayensi ukuze abambe iqhaza, okwakungamenza abe ngumuntu obonisa ukusabela okukhulu kwesayensi nezombusazwe zekhulu lama-XNUMX. Umlingiswa oyingqayizivele, ohlakaniphe njengoba enamahloni, enanela ehlala kuze kube namuhla ngenxa yobuhlakani bakhe besayensi negalelo lezepolitiki ngomsebenzi wakhe nocwaningo. uma uzibuza owayeyi-oppenheimer impilo yesayensi nezingxabano efakwe kusosayensi onombhalo ongangabazeki ongeke ukushiye ungenandaba.
Iminyaka yokuqala ka-Oppenheimer kanye nemfundo
U-Oppenheimer wazalelwa emndenini omi kahle futhi ofundile, okwamvumela ukuba athole imfundo ephakeme. Kusukela esemncane waba nothando olujulile lokufunda futhi abazali bakhe bakhuthaza ilukuluku lakhe. Ngale ndlela wazigxilisa ekufundeni imikhakha eyahlukene, waba umfundi osebenza ngezindlela eziningi, enekhono elihle kukho kokubili isayensi nobuciko.
Ngifunda e- Isikole se-Ethical Culture Society futhi ngemva kokuqeda imfundo yakhe yesibili, u-Oppenheimer wabhalisa e-Harvard University ngemva konyaka ngoba wagula nge-colitis. Ngalowo nyaka, wahamba noprofesa wezincwadi osewathatha umhlalaphansi ukuze alulame eNew Mexico. Lapho ebuya, eseluleme kakade, wawuvala unyaka wakhe wokulibala ukuphothula i-summa cum laude kwiChemistry eminyakeni emithathu nje kuphela.
Phakathi nezifundo zakhe e-Harvard, u-Oppenheimer waba nesithakazelo ku-physics yokuhlola ephefumulelwe amakilasi e-thermodynamics awathola kuProfesa Percy Bridgman. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabonisa ithalenta elikhulu lezibalo, okwamvumela ukuba aziphathe kalula ohlakeni lwesayensi. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, ukuthambekela kwakhe kwi-physics kwamholela ekubeni aqale izifundo zakhe ze-postgraduate e-University of Cambridge., eNgilandi. Lapho waqinisekisa ikhono lakhe elincane elabhorethri, okwamenza wathola ukuthi ubizo lwakhe lwangempela lwaluse- theory physics. Kuzo zonke izifundo zakhe ze-postgraduate, waba nethuba lokusebenza nabanye bososayensi abahamba phambili bangaleso sikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela akha indlela eqinile yezifundo.
Iminikelo kusayensi kanye ne-theoretical physics
Iminyaka yawo-30 nasekuqaleni kwawo-40 yabona iminikelo yesayensi evelele ka-Oppenheimer. Okwakhe sebenza ku-quantum mechanics kanye nethiyori ye-quantum field Wadonsa ukunaka komphakathi wesayensi, futhi waba umuntu onethonya kwezesayensi yezesayensi. Yabo ucwaningo emikhakheni efana nethiyori yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo kanye nemisebe ye-cosmic Bamenzela ukuqashelwa okukhulu nokuhlonishwa emphakathini wesayensi.
U-Oppenheimer wayaziwa ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe kanye nekhono lakhe lokubhekana nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokusungula nokujula, okwamenza waba namakhono amahle obuholi. Umqondo wakhe wokuhlaziya nokugxila kwakhe ekuqondeni okuyisisekelo kwemvelo kwamholela ekubambeni iqhaza entuthukweni ebalulekile eyayibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi yemvelo.
I-Manhattan Project kanye ne-Atomic Bomb
Kodwa-ke, ifa lika-Oppenheimer lizoxhunyaniswa ngokungenakuguqulelwa ku-Manhattan Project, uhlelo locwaningo nentuthuko phakathi neMpi Yezwe II olwaholela ekudalweni kwebhomu leathomu lokuqala, njengoba besilindele ekuqaleni kwalombhalo, ngaleyo ndlela simenze “uyise webhomu leathomu”. U-Oppenheimer wakhethwa ukuba ahole le phrojekthi, uma kubhekwa isizinda sakhe se-theoretical physics kanye nekhono lakhe lokuhola amaqembu esayensi.
Umsebenzi we-Manhattan Project wawushubile futhi uyinselele. U-Oppenheimer wahlanganisa iqembu lososayensi abahlakaniphile e-Los Alamos, eNew Mexico, ukuze basebenze ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwebhomu. Naphezu kwezinkinga zobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza, iphrojekthi yaba yimpumelelo, futhi amabhomu e-athomu aqhunyiswa eHiroshima naseNagasaki ngo-August 1945.
Unembeza ka-Oppenheimer:
U-Oppenheimer wayehlale ezwakalisa ukuzisola ngokufa kwezisulu ezingenacala lapho kudedelwa amabhomu enuzi kumaJapan I-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki futhi kamuva uzosho ukuthi amazwi ka Bhagavad-gita: "Manje ngibe ukufa, umchithi wezwe". Lokhu kuzindla kwamholela ekutheni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni mayelana nezimiso zokuziphatha nokuphepha, lapho ahlanganyela khona ngokuzimisela.
Ingxabano kanye Nokuphela Kwenkathi
Ngemva kwempi, u-Oppenheimer waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wesayensi futhi wahileleka ezindabeni zezombangazwe ezihlobene namandla enuzi nokuvikeleka. Kodwa-ke, impilo yakhe yayizoba nempikiswano ngeminyaka yawo-1950. Phakathi nenkathi ye-"McCarthyism" kanye nokuzingelwa kwabathakathi abamelene namakhomanisi, u-Oppenheimer waphenywa ngezinhlangano zakhe zezombusazwe ezedlule.
Ingxabano yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ukuhoxiswa kwemvume yakhe yezokuphepha ngo-1954, kwaqeda indima yakhe njengomeluleki kahulumeni wezesayensi. Nakuba lesi sinyathelo sachithwa kamuva, ingxabano yashiya uphawu emsebenzini nesithunzi sika-Oppenheimer.
Ifa lika-Oppenheimer: ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesayensi nezepolitiki
URobert Oppenheimer washona ngoFebhuwari 18, 1967 ePrinceton, eNew Jersey. Ifa lakhe liyinkimbinkimbi futhi libanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igalelo lakhe lesayensi ku-Manhattan Project kanye neqhaza lakhe ekwakhiweni kwebhomu le-athomu akunakuphikiswa. Kodwa-ke, ubuye akhunjulwe ngezindaba zokuziphatha nezombangazwe ezizungeze umsebenzi wakhe.
Impilo ka-Oppenheimer iyisikhumbuzo senkimbinkimbi yesayensi nezepolitiki ngezikhathi ezineziyaluyalu. Amandla akhe obuhlakani kanye nothando lwakhe lolwazi kwamholela ezimpumelelweni ezibalulekile zesayensi, kodwa futhi kwambeka esikhungweni sezinkulumo-mpikiswano ngokuziphatha nokuziphatha. Indaba yakhe iyaqhubeka nokuba yisihloko sezingxoxo kanye nokuzindla emkhakheni womlando wesayensi nezepolitiki.
Ngokungangabazeki, uJ.. URobert Oppenheimer wayeyindoda yesikhathi sakhe, usosayensi okhaliphile oweqa imingcele yolwazi futhi wabhekana nezinkinga ezijulile zokuziphatha ngesikhathi soshintsho nokungqubuzana. Ifa lakhe liyisikhumbuzo sokuthi isayensi nepolitiki kuxhumene ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi indaba yakhe ihlala ibalulekile ekuqondeni indima yesayensi emphakathini wanamuhla.
Kuyohlala kuze kube phakade enkumbulweni ehlangene ukuthi u-Openheimer wayengubani: impilo yesayensi nezingxabano. Kunjalo, lokho ifilimu ekhumbula impilo yakhe isanda kukhishwa, enesihloko esithi “Oppenheimer” (Julayi, 2023).