I-Los amabhere, ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-ursids noma ama-ursidae, ziyizilwane ezibabazekayo nezinamandla kakhulu ebeziyingxenye yezindaba, izinganekwane namamuvi ahlukahlukene iminyaka eminingi. Besatshwa ngenxa yamandla abo kanye nonya, nokho, bayathandwa futhi bayahlonishwa njengoba bemele isici esihle kakhulu semvelo.
Ake sifunde ngamabhere
Amabhere angaphakathi kwesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo, okungukuthi, ayizilwane ezincelisayo. Bayacatshangelwa Izilwane ezi-omnivorous ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana okukhulu kokudla okungase kudliwe. Amabhere abhekwa njengezilwane ezinkulu, ukudla kwawo, nakuba ikakhulukazi edla inyama, kubuye kube nezithelo, izimpande, izinambuzane nokunye ukudla okungadliwa yizo.
Nakuba kukhona okuhlukile, njengebhere elimhlophe, lesi silwane sinokudla okusekelwe enyameni, ikakhulukazi inyama yezimvu zamanzi endaweni yaso, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi endaweni yaso, ngokuvamile, azikho izinhlobo eziningi zezinye. izinhlobo zokudla ezingadliwa ngokufanayo futhi ezinikeza inani lezakhamzimba namafutha azidingayo.
Amabhere anemizimba emikhulu, enamandla futhi esindayo kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokhu, anemilenze noma izidladla ezinamandla ngokwedlulele kanye nemihlathi yawo, zonke lezi zici zenza lezi zilwane zibe enye yezilwane ezidla inyama ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingatholakala emhlabeni wethu.
Ibhere eliduna elimhlophe lingaba nesisindo esingaba uhhafu wethani, okungukuthi, amakhilogremu angu-500. Ubukhulu bayo bungafinyelela ku-130 centimeters uma kulinganiswa kusuka ekubuneni. Lapho zihamba, lezi zilwane zihamba kanzima, lapho kufanele zisekele sonke isisindo sazo ematheni emilenze yazo, yingakho zibizwa ngokuthi "izilwane ze-plantigrade" ngoba izilwane eziningi azinayo leyo mfanelo uma zihamba. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, zombili izindlebe nomsila wayo kuncane kakhulu kunezinye izilwane.
Izici eziyinhloko zamabhere
Lezi Izilwane ze-Vertebrate Zinezici ezizenza zihluke kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu:
- Banekhanda elikhulu.
- Zinezindlebe ezincane, eziyindilinga ekugcineni futhi ziqondile, okungukuthi, aziwi ngamandla adonsela phansi.
- Amehlo akhe mancane futhi ayindilinga.
- Zinomzimba omkhulu futhi osindayo kakhulu.
- Banesakhiwo esiqinile.
- Umsila wayo mfishane, mfishane kangangokuthi awubonakali noboya bayo.
- Nakuba zinemilenze emifushane, zinamandla ngokwedlulele, zineminwe emihlanu emilenzeni yazo emine lapho kukhona khona izinzipho ezicijile nezinde.
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, amabhere abhekwa njenge-plantigrade, okungukuthi, ahlanganyela nabantu isici sokuthi asekela sonke isisindo sawo ematheni onyawo lwawo lapho ehamba, ngaphezu kwalokho, ayakwazi ukuhamba ngemilenze yawo emibili yangemuva futhi hamba ibanga elincane ngale ndlela. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu nesisindo, amabhere ayakwazi ukushesha kakhulu lapho edingeka futhi abe nokunyakaza okubushelelezi nokuqaphelayo.
Nakuba bengenazo izinzwa ezinhle zokubona nokuzwa, bavuzwa ngomuzwa wokuhogela okhethekile, abawusebenzisa isikhathi eside sokuphila kwabo ukuze babone ukuthi kukhona yini inyamazane, izilwane ezidla ezinye, noma okuthile okuthakazelisayo eduze.
Amabhere ayakwazi ukulala ubuthongo. I-Hibernation kwaziwa njengekhono lezilwane ezithile ezinamandla okuhlala zilele kancane ngezikhathi zokulala lapho izimo zokuphila zingezinhle ngokuphelele kuzo, njengoba nje isimo sezulu sivame ukuba sibi futhi sibi kakhulu. Leli khono liphethwe yizilwane eziningi ezincelisayo nezingezona ezincelisayo, noma kunjalo, zonke izinhlobo zamabhere zizalwa nalesi sici.
Njengamanje, amabhere athambekele ekulinganiseni phakathi kwemitha eli-1 kanye namamitha angu-2.8 esewonke, ngaphezu kwalokhu, angaba nesisindo esiphakathi kwamakhilogremu angama-27 no-780, nakuba kukhona amarekhodi lapho amabhere abesilisa abonakala enesisindo esiseduze kakhulu nethoni. , 1.000 kilograms.
Ngokuvamile, abesilisa balolu hlobo ngokuvamile bakhulu ngo-20% futhi basinda kunezinsikazi. Zinoboya obuningi futhi obude, okuthi, ezimweni eziningi, ngokuvamile bube yi-unicolor. Ama-hues avame ukubonakala phakathi kwalezi zilwane ama-palettes anombala onsundu, omnyama, nomhlophe. Yiqiniso, kulawa, kumelwe ngaphandle kwamabhere abukwayo, aneziyingi ezimhlophe ebusweni bawo namabhere ama-panda anoboya obumnyama nobumhlophe.
Amazinyo alezi zilwane ngokuvamile akhethekile kakhulu, anama-incisors angakhethekile, izinja zalezi zilwane ziphumela ngaphandle, ama-premolars amathathu ayinhloko awakho noma mancane kakhulu, kanti ama-molar abanzi futhi amafushane, aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile izilwane ukudla omnivorous.
Iningi lamabhere akhona namuhla ayizilwane omnivorous, okungukuthi, bangadla izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla, ezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ezincane, amaqanda, izithelo zezinhlobo ezahlukene, imifino ehlukahlukene, izilwane ezingenamgogodla nokunye. Okuhlukile kulo mthetho kungaba amabhere angamabheja aseNdiya, ngokuvamile adla izintuthwane nomuhlwa, kanye nebhere elimhlophe, elinokudla okusekelwe enyameni yezimvu zamanzi noma ama-walrus atholakala endaweni yawo.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamabhere kusuka eYurophu, e-Asia, eNyakatho Melika, e-Atlas Mountains of Africa kanye nase-Andes yaseNingizimu Melika, ekugcineni, kutholakala kuphela amabhere abukwayo. Ukwazi lokhu, singasho ukuthi lezi zilwane zingatholakala ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zendawo yokuhlala, kusukela ezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu ezindaweni zase-arctic, kuya kwezifudumele kakhulu emahlathini ashisayo.
Njengamanje, kunamabhere ambalwa kakhulu kunakudala, njengoba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezaziphila enkathini edlule sezishabalele. Kungakho, namuhla, kunezinhlobonhlobo zososayensi abafunda lezi zilwane, ukudla kwazo, izindawo ezihlala kuzo, igeography, izakhi zofuzo kanye nokusebenzelana ezinakho nabantu. Lolu phenyo lwenziwa ngenhloso ebalulekile yokwazi ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinhlobo zezilwane futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwazi ukuzinakekela nokuzilondoloza.
Ake sazi izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhere
Kwamasiko amaningana omhlaba, amabhere abhalwe njengezilwane ezimele amandla nokuxhumana okuhlanganisa umuntu nomhlaba wasendle. Nokho, singakuqinisekisa ukuthi ezinhlotsheni ezingu-8 ezisele zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo, eziyisi-6 zisengozini enkulu. Lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu isandla somuntu esikhohlakele nesibhubhisayo.
Yingakho, okwamanje, kunezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezikhethekile ekuvikelweni, ukunakekelwa kanye nokongiwa kwezinhlobo eziye zanikezelwa ekugcineni izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamabhere ezisele ziphila namuhla, ikakhulukazi lezo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezisengozini kakhulu.
Ake sithole ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamabhere ezihlala emhlabeni wethu namuhla:
Ibhere elikhulu le-panda
Leli ibhere elaziwa kakhulu nelinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni, yingakho okwamanje kuyisilwane sesizwe saseShayina. Lezi zilwane zinofuzo olusondelene namabhere abukwayo, yingakho kwaziwa ngokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezincane zalezi ezinejazi eliyingqayizivele, zinsundu ngokumhlophe, nokho-ke, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-300 kuphela zalezi zinhlobo zama-pandas amakhulu. .
AmaPanda ngokuvamile ahlala emahlathini oqalo atholakala ngaphakathi kweChina, njengoba kukulezi zindawo lapho ukudla kwawo kutholakala khona ngobuningi. Kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2.000 XNUMX zalolu hlobo lwamabhere, iningi lazo elitholakala ehlala endle.
Njengamanje, inani lalezi zibhere ze-panda liye landa ngenxa yomsebenzi owenziwe ama-ejenti kahulumeni, ososayensi nezinhlangano ezizinikele ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ezizinikele ekugcineni lolu hlobo lwezilwane. Nokho, kusewuhlobo olusengozini. Ukuba sengozini kwazo ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukulahleka okuqhubekayo nokusheshayo kwendawo yazo yemvelo, ukuzingela okungekho emthethweni umuntu ayelokhu ekwenza ngokumelene nazo, kanye nokungakwazi kwalezi zilwane ukuzalana lapho zithunjiwe.
ibhere elibukwayo
Eyaziwa nangokuthi "umlimi wamahlathi", lezi yizona kuphela izinhlobo zamabhere ezingatholakala ngaphakathi kwendawo yaseNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezintaba zase-Andean ezisuka ezweni laseVenezuela kuya eBolivia.
Amachashaza lezi zilwane ezinawo emizimbeni yazo, ikakhulukazi ebusweni, esifubeni nasempumulweni, ayizici ezihlukile zomuntu ngamunye, okungukuthi, asikho isifanekiso esinephethini efanayo yala mabala njengenye isampula. Kuyinto efana nalokho thina bantu esinakho ngezigxivizo zeminwe yethu.
Lawa, kanye nebhere le-panda kanye nebhere lelanga, angelinye lamabhere ambalwa ezinhlobo ze-ursid angangeni ebusika. Esinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi bangabagibeli abahle kakhulu, ngoba izinzipho zabo zakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi zibasize ukuba babambe futhi baphathe amagatsha ezihlahla abazikhuphukayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, baphinde bakhonze ukukwazi ukuthatha. iziqu zezinye izitshalo kanye nokumba emhlabathini.
Nakuba la mabhere abhekwa njengama-omnivores, ngokuvamile, ukudla kwawo kusekelwe ezithelweni nakwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokhu kudla kanye nokuthi ziyizilwane ezikwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade ngosuku olulodwa, ziyakwazi ukusabalalisa imbewu ezidlayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
ilanga bear
Lawa amabhere amancane kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo futhi atholakala ngaphakathi kwezwekazi lase-Asia. Baphinde babe ngabaqwali abahle kakhulu, baqwala amagatsha ezihlahla befuna ukudla kwabo, okuhlanganisa kakhulu ukhukhunathi, njengoba lokhu kuwukudla abakuthandayo. Zibuye zibhekwe njengezilwane ze-omnivorous, zingadla izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane, imbewu kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lolu hlobo lwebhere alungeni ebusika, ngakho luhlala lusebenza unyaka wonke. Ezinsikazi zalolu hlobo lwamabhere zingazala amawundlu amabili ngonyaka. Njengamanje, azikho eziningi zalezi zilwane ezisele, lokhu kungenxa yokulahlekelwa izindawo zazo zokuhlala, njengoba umuntu ethathe ingxenye yalezi zindawo ukuze enze izindawo zabo zezitshalo nezolimo, ngaphezu kwalokhu, ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa, ukugawulwa kwemithi. izihlahla nokuzingela ngokungemthetho kwalezi zilwane kuye kwaholela ekubeni zibe uhlobo olusengozini yokushabalala.
ibhere lebhere
Lolu ngolunye lwezinhlobo zamabhere ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yomlingisi olidlalayo, u-Baloo, ibhere elinobungane elaliphethe ukufundisa uMowgli izinto eziningi endabeni edumile ethi "The Jungle Book". Amabhere e-Sloth ngokuvamile angatholakala ehlala ezindaweni ezinotshani nasezindaweni ezinamahlathi eNdiya, eNepal, eSri Lanka naseBangladesh.
Lezi zilwane zibonakala ngokuba nejazi elide kakhulu futhi bushelelezi kunezinye izinhlobo zamabhere. Imilenze yazo ingahlukaniswa ngenxa yokugoba kwangaphakathi ezinakho, ngaphezu kwalokhu, zinekhala eliphawuleka kancane kunalelo lazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukudla lezi zilwane ezinakho kuhluke kakhulu, zingadla emaqandeni ezinye izilwane, imifino, izimbali, uju nokunye, nokho, ukudla ezikuthanda kakhulu izintuthwane kanye nomuhlwa, njengoba kungumthombo wazo omkhulu wamaprotheni.
Lezi zilwane zizalana ngonyaka futhi zigcina ukumithisa ibhere cishe izinyanga eziyishumi nanye. Njengamanje, inani lalezi zilwane liyancipha, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eziningi zazo zizingelwa ngenhloso yokuthola izikhumba zazo noma ukukhipha i-bile acid yazo, edume kakhulu eChina njengomuthi wemvelo. .
ibhere elimnyama lase-asia
Lesi silwane sase-Asia singatholakala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi kusukela e-Iran kuya ezweni lelanga eliphumayo, eJapane. Nakuba ziye zabonwa ngaphakathi kwensimu yaseTaiwan. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu salolu hlobo lwebhere kungaba ibhere elimnyama laseMelika, ngaphezu kwalokhu, zombili lezi zinhlobo zihlanganyela izakhi zofuzo ezivela kumadlozi azo asezindaweni ezimaphakathi kanye nabansundu.
Izilwane ezinomsoco omnivorous, ngokuvamile, zithanda ukudla zonke izinhlobo zamajikijolo, ezinye izinhlobo zezithelo, amantongomane anjengama-walnuts, uju, inhlanzi kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kudla, lezi zilwane, uma zidingekile, zingaba futhi abadla ukudla.
Namuhla, izindawo zalo ezihlukahlukene zihlaselwe abantu. Kukholakala ukuthi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lezi zilwane ziye zaba nolaka kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zazo futhi ziye zaholela ekuhlaselweni okuningi kwabantu. Okungenani ama-subspecies ayisikhombisa amabhere amnyama ase-Asia ayaziwa njengamanje, nokho, asevele anyamalala ezindaweni eziningi lapho ake ahlala khona. Lokhu kungenxa yokulahlekelwa kwayo i-ecosystem kanye nokuzingela okungemthetho okuhlukumezayo nokudabukisayo okuqhubekayo.
amabhere amnyama aseMelika
Lolu uhlobo lwamabhere anensada enkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika, ngaphezu kwalokho, abhalwe njengenye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu emhlabeni. Kungakho abantu abaningi abasebenza emasekisini bebelokhu befuna ukuba nesinye salezi zilwane njengesizinda sokuheha.
Kuze kube manje, sekubaliwe okungenani izinhlobonhlobo ezingu-16 zala mabhere, asakazwa kuwo wonke amahlathi nezintaba zaseNyakatho Melika. Okuthile okugqamayo ngalezi zinhlobo ukuthi, naphezu kwamagama azo, lezi zilwane zinemibala ehlukahlukene emajazini azo, engasukela kokumnyama kakhulu kuye kokumhlophe qwa, futhi ngaphezu kwalokhu, imithunzi yazo ingahluka. umbala oyisisekelo woboya babo.
Izibonelo zesilisa zalolu hlobo lwamabhere zingafinyelela ukuphakama okumangazayo okungafika kumamitha angu-2.8, kanti ezinsikazi zingafinyelela kumamitha angu-2.5. Ezikhathini eziningi, imvelo isibonisile ukuthi, naphezu kokuhluka kwabo ngobukhulu, abesifazane, uma kudingekile, bangaba namandla kakhulu futhi banqobe owesilisa, ikakhulukazi uma bevikela amawundlu abo.
Ngokuphikisana nalokho okungase kukholakale, lezi zilwane, nakuba zisindwa kakhulu, zingashesha kakhulu futhi zibhekwe njengabaqwali abahle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokujaha noma njengendlela yokuphunyuka, la mabhere angashesha kakhulu. , ngoba ayashesha kakhulu. ingafinyelela ijubane elimangalisayo elifinyelela ku-60 km / h.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zilwane zihlala zodwa, noma kunjalo, uma kunendawo egcwele ukudla okuningi, isibonelo esicacile sisezinkathini zonyaka lapho i-salmon ibhukuda ngokumelene nomsinga ukuze iveze, amabhere amaningana angabonakala ngokuthula ehlala ndawonye endaweni efanayo.
I-grizzly
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zala mabhere ansundu, nokho, aziwa kakhulu i-Kodiak Bear kanye ne-Grissly Bear. Lezi zilwane zingatholakala ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezipholile, ikakhulukazi emahlathini, eNyakatho Melika kanye namazwekazi aseYurophu nase-Asia. Umlando walolu hlobo lwezilwane uqinisekisa ukuthi, cishe eminyakeni eyi-150.000 edlule, ingxenye encane yalezi zilwane ezincelisayo yahamba futhi yafuna izindawo ezintsha zokuhlala, zakwazi ukufinyelela emazweni ase-arctic futhi yilapho kwaqala khona ukuvela kwamabhere ase-polar.
Lamabhere, njengamabhere ase-Andean, asekela sonke isisindo sawo ematheni emilenze yawo lapho ehamba, yingakho aziwa ngokuthi ama-plantigrade. Le mininingwane ingase imangaze abantu abaningi, ngoba lezi zilwane zinkulu ngempela futhi zisinda, zingafinyelela kumamitha angu-2.9 kanti ezinye zingadlula ngisho namamitha angu-XNUMX ubude.
Njengamabhere amaningi, lawa nawo angama-omnivores, noma kunjalo, anobuthakathaka obukhulu kuju kanye nezinhlanzi ze-salmon. Lolu hlobo lwebhere lunamandla okugcina okungenani u-75% wamandla abawathola ekudleni kwabo ngaphakathi koqweqwe lwawo lwamafutha, la mandla azosetshenziswa ngenkathi yokulala.
Lapho isikhathi sokulala siphela, eziningi zezinsikazi zalolu hlobo zizala amazinyane azo, nokho-ke, lokhu akubunciphisi ubungozi kanye nobunzima okufanele zidlule kubo ukuze ziphile futhi zibe amabhere amadala.
Ezinye zezindawo ebezihlalwa yilolu hlobo lwamabhere, namuhla azinawo, ngenxa yokuthi asebeshabalala ngenxa yokungenelela kwabantu, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kanye nokulahlekelwa indawo yawo yemvelo.
Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa
Lolu ngolunye uhlobo lwamabhere aziwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngenxa yobuhle balo obungajwayelekile njengoba limhlophe ngombala kanye nobukhosi obudluliswa yilezi zilwane ngokwemvelo. Babhekwa njengezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke e-Arctic, ngaphezu kwalokhu, nakuba abaningi bengakholelwa, ibhere elimhlophe alihlukaniswa njengesilwane esincelisayo sasemhlabeni, empeleni, sitholakala njengesilwane esincelisayo sasemanzini, ngenxa yekhono laso elimangalisayo. ukubhukuda kanye nendlela ephumelelayo elizingela ngayo emanzini.
Indawo yemvelo yalezi zilwane isendaweni esenyakatho yeplanethi, okuwukuphela kwendawo emhlabeni lapho ikhampasi izohlala ikhomba eningizimu, lokhu kusho ukuthi zingenye yezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze North Pole Izilwane. Indawo yazo izungezwe yiqhwa, nokho, womabili amabhere asezindaweni ezimaphakathi nendawo asengozini enkulu ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Uma sibheka iphrofayili yalolu hlobo lwamabhere, singabona ukuthi yinde kancane kunamanye, imilenze futhi ikakhulukazi ama-pads awo, ashintshwe ngokuphelele ukuze lezi zilwane zikwazi ukuhamba kahle kakhulu emhlabathini. Iqhwa, indawo lapho ngokuvamile egxuma khona ukuze azingele izimvu zamanzi ezicwiliswe ngaphansi kongqimba oluntekenteke.
Njengezinhlobo zamabhere abukwayo, amabhere angama-female polar, ngemva kokuzala kwawo, agcina iqanda elivundisiwe futhi alinde kuze kufike isikhathi esifanele sokulivumela ukuba ligxiliswe, ngale ndlela, aqinisekisa ukuthi angakwazi ukulungiselela ngaphambi kokuthola amaphuphu awo, ngoba ikusasa omama baqala ukugcina inani elikhulu lamafutha, nakuba lezi zinhlobo azihlali nazo, zilungiselela ngale ndlela kusukela isikhathi sasebusika sendawo yabo yokuhlala sinzima kakhulu futhi sinzima, ngakho-ke bazodinga wonke amandla abangawagcina. Ngemva kokulungiswa kwazo, ezinsikazi zizozala iwundlu elilodwa noma amabili.
