Isithwathwa igama elinikezwa amanzi ayiqhwa awela emafwini ngenxa yesimo sezulu, bewazi ukuthi ama-flakes akheka lapho amakristalu eqhwa ehlangana? Sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana neqhwa khona lapha.
Yini Iqhwa?
Ngesikhathi esifanayo aziwa ngokuthi amanzi ayiqhwa awela ngendlela yemvula, i Isithwathwa esikubonayo kuwa kusuka esibhakabhakeni kuya phansi futhi kwenziwa amakristalu eqhwa amancane, lokhu kwenzeka lapho indawo inezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-0 ° C, okuthi uma ifika ebusweni bomhlaba imboze yonke indawo lapho ehla khona ayiphendulele. ungqimba olumhlophe oluphelele futhi lokho emehlweni omuntu kuyamangalisa.
Njengemvula nesichotho, iqhwa livela emhwamukeni wamanzi owakha amafu, ngokusobala ukwakheka kwalo kuhlukile.
Umsuka we-etymological wegama elithi iqhwa ulula kakhulu futhi uvela kwisiLatini, lisuselwa ku-"nix" nelithi "nivis", okuthe ngesikhathi esifanayo livela kwelesiGreki elithi "nifas" elingase libe nenguqulo efanayo enencazelo ehluke kakhulu, njengalelo qhwa lakhiwe amakristalu aneqhwa aqoqwe ngendlela yama-flakes.
Isenzakalo esikhiqizwa ukuwa kweqhwa sibizwa ngokuthi ukuwa kweqhwa, kuvame kakhulu emazweni amaningi anamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, noma okungenani enkathini yasebusika lapho ama-degree angaphansi kuka-0 ephikelela kanye nokuwa kweqhwa.
Uma iqhwa linamandla kakhulu, lingalimaza ingqalasizinda yezakhiwo kuwo wonke amadolobha futhi kubangele ukuba imisebenzi yokuphila kwansuku zonke idilike futhi lezi zingaphazanyiswa, noma kunjalo nieve Kuyindlela yokuheha abavakashi kanye nabasebenzi bezemidlalo.
Enye yezinto ezingavamile zamakristalu akha iqhwa ukuthi anokwakheka kwe-fractal, okuyifomethi yejometri eyakhiwe ngama-flakes kakotini angama-symmetrical hexagonal, afinyelela kithi ngendlela yemvula futhi akhiqize umphumela othakazelisayo kakhulu wokubona lapho ewa. .
Lapho amafu aqukethe wona ephulwa umhwamuko wamanzi ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-0° C ongalinganiswa ngosizo izinsimbi zesimo sezulu, yilokhu okwenza iqhwa likheke kancane kancane.
Amanye amazwe akhithika kuwo yiMoscow, inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, Berlin eJalimane, Vienna e-Austria, Oslo eNorway, Montreal eCanada, Paris eFrance, namanye.
Ezindaweni eziningi, ukuwa kwe nieve Isebenza njengokukhanga kwayo okuyinhloko futhi yini eyenza umthombo omuhle wemali yezivakashi, enye yalezi zindawo kungaba yiPico Bolívar, etholakala eSierra Nevada khona lapha eVenezuela. Ezindaweni lapho iqhwa liyinani elikhulu, zithathwa njengezindawo lapho ungenza khona imisebenzi yezemidlalo ehlukene, njengokushushuluza noma i-snowboarding.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, iqhwa lidala indawo ebukekayo nenhle lapho abantu bezenzela khona imibono yabo ekhohlisayo, iqhwa elikwazi ukuheha imindeni eminingi futhi likhiqiza inzuzo enkulu ezindaweni lapho ukuwa kwalo kubi kakhulu. Omunye wemisebenzi iqhwa elinayo ukuvikela izitshalo nokunikeza umswakama, okuholela ekuvuneni okuhle.
Nakuba i- nieve ingaveza izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ekwenzeni imisebenzi eminingi, futhi yenza izindawo ezinalesi simo sezulu zibe umthombo wezinsiza kanye nenzuzo yemali, ezandleni zezimboni ezikhethekile kanye nezinhlelo ezihleliwe ezinokuvuza okumbalwa lapho imali ibaleka, nakuba nazo kufanele inikeze imisebenzi ephephile njengoba izindawo ezineqhwa zingajabulisa njengoba ziyingozi.
Kulezi zindawo kuyinto evamile ukubona imikhaya ejabulisa izingane, izingane zizijabulisa zidlala nokukhithika, njengokujikijelana ngamaqatha noma ukwenza onodoli abaqoshwe phansi ngobuningi bezinhlayiya zeqhwa.
La nieve Kungase futhi kube nokubi okuningi, okufana nokuvala imigwaqo, imigwaqo emikhulu, noma kungase futhi kubangele ama-avalanche noma ukudilika kwenhlabathi, lapho izingqimba zeqhwa zingalingani noma ngenxa yesenzo sokunyakaza okuthile okuvumela ukususwa.
Kukhona futhi uhlobo lweqhwa olukhiqizwayo, oluhlanganisa ukufafaza umoya ocindezelweyo namanzi esixukwini somoya obandayo endaweni lapho sifuna ukumboza ama-flakes, le ngxube yomoya namanzi iqhwa futhi ukufakwa komoya ocindezelwe kusiza. ukudalwa kwamakristalu eqhwa amancane azovala indawo noma indawo lapho ufuna ukudala khona iqhwa.
Lolu hlobo lweqhwa lungowokwenziwa futhi ukuze lukwazi ukuliqhumisa ludinga amanzi amaningi namandla, ngakho-ke luyinqubo ebiza kakhulu futhi ludinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu.
Kwakhiwa kanjani?
Kungamakristalu amancane amanzi ayiqhwa akhula emkhathini ngokumunyiswa kwamaconsi amanzi, lapho eshayisana, ahlangana wodwa, enze ama-flakes, abe esewela ngaphansi kwesisindo sawo. Ukuze le nqubo yenzeke, izinga lokushisa okwakhiwa ngalo amahlule kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-zero °C. Ukwakheka kweqhwa nesichotho kuyafana, umehluko kuphela izinga lokushisa okwakhiwa ngalo.
Yakheka lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya liphansi futhi ngaphezu kwalokhu kufanele kube nomswakama endaweni, emoyeni, endaweni ebandayo kanye namafu amaningi, yingakho amanzi ebizwa ngokuthi iqhwa uma eqina noma eqina. Njengoba iqhwa liwa, linqwabelana phezulu futhi lenze isembozo ezindaweni lapho lehla khona, inqobo nje uma izinga lokushisa lemvelo lihlala lingaphansi kwamadigri angu-zero, lizohlala futhi liqhubeke nokunqwabelana.
Lapho ithempeli liphakama, i nieve izoqala inqubo yokuncibilika, ukuze ama-flakes akwazi ukudala ukufutheka, indawo ezungezile kufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-5 ° C. Kungenzeka ukuthi akhiwe ngezinga lokushisa eliphakeme, noma kunjalo, ekahle ihlala isuka ku-5 ° C. .
Abantu ngokuvamile bafanisa amakhaza amakhulu nokukhithika, futhi iqiniso liwukuthi isikhathi esiningi nieve iqala ukuwa lapho ukushisa kwenhlabathi kuku-9 ° C noma ngaphezulu, njengoba izakhi zenani elikhulu azicatshangelwa, njengendawo yomswakama endaweni, njengoba ukumanzisa kuyisici esinquma ukuwa kwamanzi aqinile. endaweni ethile.
Ezindaweni eziwugwadule, iqhwa ngeke libe khona, naphezu kokuthi intukuthelo iphansi kakhulu, njengesibonelo salokhu singabala iziGodi Ezomile zase-Antarctica, lapho yonke into iqhwa, kodwa akukho qhwa.
Ngezinye izikhathi iqhwa liyakoma, lokhu kwenzeka lapho ama-flakes ahlanganiswe nomswakama endaweni ezungezile ewela inqwaba yemimoya eyomile futhi eguqula iqhwa libe uhlobo lothuli olunganamatheli noma kuphi futhi lulungele ezemidlalo phansi. i-ice cap
Ama-flakes aqoqwe ngemuva kokuwa kweqhwa anezibalo ezahlukene, kuye ngokuthi ukunyakaza komkhathi kwenzeka kanjani, okungukuthi, lokhu kuzohluka kuye ngokuthi kukhona ukuncibilika kweqhwa, imimoya enamandla, phakathi kwabanye.
Ama-Snowflake Shapes
Amakhekheba eqhwa ngokuvamile anesilinganiso esingaphezudlwana kwesentimitha, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ivolumu nokwakheka kwawo kungaphansi kokushisa kwemvelo kanye nohlobo lweqhwa.
Ama-ice crystal flakes anezakhiwo ezingapheli: Amapuleti, ama-prism, ama-hexagonal, noma izinkanyezi ezivame kakhulu, lezi yizo ezivumela ikhekheba leqhwa ngalinye ukuba libe elikhethekile, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingqikithi yalo inezinhlangothi eziyisithupha. Ngokusho kwentukuthelo ephansi, elula i-crystal flake futhi encane ngevolumu.
Izinhlobo
Singathola ama-prototypes ahlukene eqhwa, kuye ngendlela eliwa ngayo noma indlela elinqwabelana ngayo, esingayithola phakathi kwazo:
- Isithwathwa: Kuwuhlobo lweqhwa elakhiwe ngokuqondile endaweni egandaywe ngamatshe, lokhu kwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa lendawo lingaphansi kukaziro futhi kunomswakama omningi, uma lokhu kwenzeka amanzi akhona ebusweni bomhlaba aba yiqhwa futhi anikeze indlela. ekubunjweni kweFrost.
Amanzi ahlanganayo kulezi zindawo cishe njalo lapho kunomoya onamandla, okwanele ukushayela amanzi ezihlahleni nasemadwaleni akhona endaweni, kukhona nama-flakes amakhulu anezimpaphe noma ama-encrustations aqinile asebenza kahle ukuze ifomu a i-polar landscape muhle futhi ofanele ukuthwetshulwa.
- Isithwathwa: Ngokungafani neyangaphambili, lena inakho amafomu achaziwe abonisa ngale, njengesibonelo semiqulu, izinkemba zenkemba nama-chalices, ukuthuthukiswa kwalokhu kuhlukile kusithwathwa esivamile, kwenzeka ngenqubo ye-sublimation.
- iqhwa eliyimpuphu: Yiyona evame kakhulu futhi ethandwa kakhulu ngenxa ye-spongy kanye nokuma kwayo okulula kakhulu. Yilona okuthi ngenxa yokufudumala phakathi kweziphetho ezihlukene kanye ne-eksisi yengilazi ilahlekelwa ukuhlangana, lolu hlobo luyisibonelo sokushushuluza njengoba lungasheleleka kalula kulo.
- iqhwa granulated: Lolu hlobo nieve Idalwa umjikelezo oqhubekayo wokuncibilika kanye nokuqhwanda kabusha ezindaweni lapho umoya uphansi kodwa libalele, iqhwa liyamila ngamakristalu aminyene, ayindilinga.
- iqhwa elibolile: Ivame kakhulu ezikhathini lapho izimbali ziqhakaza futhi isimo sezulu sinesimo sezulu esipholile, sinezingqimba eziswakeme nezithambile ezingaguquguquki kakhulu, zingadala ukudilika kweqhwa elimanzi noma ukugudluka kwepuleti futhi kwenzeka ezindaweni lapho imvula iyindlala khona.
- uqweqwe lweqhwa: Kwenzeka lapho amanzi aphuma ngaphandle eqina futhi futhi enza ungqimba oluqinile, umoya ofudumele ovumela lolu hlobo lokugxila luqale phezu kwamanzi, ukusabela kwemvula nelanga.
Ngokuvamile ingubo eyenziwe incane kakhulu futhi iyaphuka lapho amabhuzu noma i-ski idlula phezu kwayo, nokho-ke kunezikhathi lapho izingubo ezilala zishubile njengoqweqwe, isibonelo uma lina futhi amanzi edlula eqhweni futhi iqhwa, lolu qweqwe luyingozi kakhulu ngoba luyashelela futhi lwenzeka ezindaweni ezinemvula encane.
- amapuleti omoya: Kuwungqimba oluhlangene lweqhwa, ipuleti elakhiwe neqhwa elithuthwa umoya, elinikela ngenxa yokuguga, ukuphuka, ukugxila kanye nokuqiniswa kwazo zonke izihlahla endaweni yeqhwa.
I-Solidification ifaneleka kakhulu lapho umoya unikeza ukushisa okwengeziwe, nakuba ukushisa okunikezwa umoya kungenele ukuncibilikisa iqhwa, kodwa kungaliqinisa ngoguquko, lezi zingqimba zeqhwa zingase ziqhekeke uma izingqimba ezingezansi zintekenteke kakhulu futhi leso sikhathi lapho ama-avalanche akheka khona.
- I-Firnspiegel: Leli igama elinikezwe izingqimba ezincane zeqhwa elicwebezelayo elingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezineqhwa, lolu hlobo lweqhwa lubangela ukubonakaliswa lapho ilanga liwashaya ngokuqondile, ingubo yakheka lapho ilanga lincibilikisa iqhwa phezulu futhi bese liyaqina futhi. Le ngubo yeqhwa ibangela umphumela omncane we-greenhouse lapho izingqimba ezingezansi zincibilika.
- I-Verglas: Lolu ungqimba oluncane lweqhwa oluyikristalu oludalwa lapho amanzi eba yiqhwa phezu kwedwala, iqhwa elakhayo liyashelela kakhulu futhi lenze izintaba eziyingozi kakhulu.
- I-Fusion Hollows: Ziyizimbobo ezidalwe ngenxa yokuhlangana kweqhwa kwezinye izindawo futhi zingafinyelela ukujula okuhlukahlukene kakhulu, emaphethelweni omgodi ngamunye izinhlayiya zamanzi zifiphele futhi phakathi nendawo yomgodi, amanzi avalelwe, lokhu bese kwakheka ungqimba oluwuketshezi olubuye lubangele ukuthi iqhwa eliningi lincibilike.
- I-Penitentes: Ziyizakhiwo ezikhiqizwa lapho izikhala ze-fusion zikhula kakhulu, i-penitentes yizinsika ezakhiwe kusukela ekushintsheni izikhala eziningana, izinsika zakhiwe ezithatha isici semithambeka, lezi zihlukaniswa ezindaweni ezindaweni ezinobukhulu obukhulu. usayizi, ukuphakama okuphezulu kanye nezindawo eziphansi.
Lezi zithuthuke kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana ne-Andes ne-Himalaya, lapho zingafinyelela khona ngaphezu kwemitha, izinsika zivame ukuncika ngasemisebeni yelanga emini.
- imigudu yokukhipha amanzi: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho inkathi yokuncibilika iqala, amanethiwekhi okudonsa amanzi adalwe abangela ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi kwangempela kwakhiwa ngaphakathi kweqhwa leqhwa, amanzi e-slide ngaphakathi kweqhwa futhi agcine emiseleni.
- Izindunduma: Izindunduma zidalwe ukunyakaza komoya phezu kweqhwa, iqhwa liyakoma kanye nezimo ezigqwalayo ngokuhlehla kancane kanye nokungahambi kahle kuyadalwa.
- Cornice: Ama-cornices ama-storages eqhwa phezulu ahlanganisa ingozi ekhethekile, ngoba alenga ukwakha inqwaba engazinzile engakwazi ukukhipha lapho isisindo esithile sibekwe kuso, singamane siwiswe yimimoya enamandla futhi engabangela ama-avalanches. kuyingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni nakubantu abadlula endaweni.