Imvelo Engokwemvelo Namasiko, Zitholele

Umehluko weNdawo yeNdalo yiNdawo Yamasiko. Imvelo Yemvelo yenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-abiotic ezixhumene ngokwemvelo. Ihlukile kuNdawo Yezamasiko, lapho umuntu eye washintsha indawo yemvelo ukuze ivumelane nesimo sakhe. Ngiyakumema kulokhu okuthunyelwe ukuthi wazi futhi uthole Imvelo Yemvelo Namasiko ngenhloso yokufunda ukuyithanda nokuyinakekela.

Imvelo Engokwemvelo Namasiko

Emvelweni noma Emvelweni Yemvelo, zonke izinto eziphilayo, izilwane nezitshalo, zihlobana namaminerali kanye nezimo zezulu ngendlela yemvelo ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. Uma ingxenye ye-anthropic noma abantu bengenelela ngisho nangesilinganiso esincane, kuthiwa i-Cultural Environment, eyakhiwe noma yokwenziwa.

Imvelo noma Imvelo Yemvelo ihlanganisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwayo yonke ingxenye ye-biotic (zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo) kanye nengxenye ye-abiotic (isimo sezulu nemithombo yemvelo) okunomthelela emisebenzini nokuphila kwengxenye ye-anthropic (umuntu) kanye nomsebenzi wayo wezomnotho. Emvelweni weNdalo kungenzeka ukuhlonza izingxenye ezahlukene, okuyilezi:

• I-ecosystem yemvelo noma ukulandelana kwemvelo okusebenza ngokulingana noma umvuthwandaba, lapho izitshalo, izilwane, ama-microorganisms, nezinsiza ezingaphili ezifana nomhlabathi, amanzi, amaminerali, umkhathi, kanye nezici zesimo sezulu ezisebenzisana nazo emkhathini nesikhathi.
• Imithombo yemvelo yizinto eziphilayo noma izinsiza ezingaphili ezingalinganiselwe emkhathini nesikhathi, njengesimo sezulu, ugesi, kazibuthe, amandla akhipha imisebe asuka endalweni.

Umphikisi wayo i-Cultural Environment, indawo eyakhiwe noma i-ecosystem yokwenziwa. Okusho ukuthi, imvelo lapho isintu siye sayijwayela ukuze sizuze, sishintsha isimo sezwe noma Imvelo Yemvelo iziguqule zibe ezolimo, ezamahlathi, inani labantu noma ezinye izimiso zemvelo lapho umuntu engenela khona. I-Cultural Environment ingaba ukungenelela okuncane njengokwakhiwa kwe-bahareque noma indlu yodaka, ukufakwa kwesistimu ye-photovoltaic, noma noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okuncane kwe-ecosystem yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi ku-ecosystem yokwenziwa eyenziwe lula.

Nakuba izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlukene zisebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo ukuze zakhe izindawo zokukhosela noma amakhaya lapho zikhosela khona esimweni sezulu noma ezitheni zemvelo noma zinikeze izimo ezingcono ngesikhathi somjikelezo wazo wokuphila, njengoba abantu bengangeneleli, kubhekwa njengengxenye. yokusebenzelana kwemvelo kweNdawo Yemvelo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu amadamu akhiwa ama- beaver nezindunduma zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane kubhekwa njengemvelo.

Isintu ngaso sonke isikhathi sihlala endaweni eguquliwe, kuyinto engajwayelekile ukuthi sitholakale sihlala endaweni yemvelo ngokuphelele. Imvelo ye-ecosystem ingahluka ukusuka kokunye kuya kokunye, okungukuthi, ukusuka ku-100% wemvelo kuya ku-0% wemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho ukuxilongwa kwenziwa ngezici ezihlanganayo ku-ecosystem, kuqashelwa ukuthi izinga labo lemvelo alifani. Okungukuthi, ohlelweni lwezemvelo lwezolimo ukwakheka kwe-mineralogical kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kufana nenhlabathi yehlathi lemvelo, kodwa kuyahluka ngesakhiwo sayo.

Igama elithi Imvelo, indawo yokuhlala noma i-ecosystem yizimqondofana ezichaza indawo lapho izinto eziphilayo zihlala khona emvelweni, ngakho-ke uma ufuna ukukhombisa indawo lapho izindlulamithi zihlala khona, sebenzisa igama elithi savannah ecosystem noma savannah habitat. Ngokusho kwe-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) igama elithi Imvelo lisetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhombisa Imvelo "yemvelo", noma isamba sezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-abiotic ezizungeze into ephilayo noma iqembu lezinto eziphilayo.

Imvelo Yemvelo yakhiwe izingxenye ezingaphili njengamanzi, inhlabathi, impumuzo, umoya, isimo sezulu kanye nezingxenye ze-biotic noma izinto eziphilayo ezifana nezitshalo nezilwane. Ngenkathi iNdawo Yamasiko noma Eyakhiwe yenziwe ngezinsiza, izinqubo zobuchwepheshe kanye nemisebenzi eyakhiwe ngumuntu.

Ukwakhiwa Kwemvelo Yemvelo

Ngokusho kongoti besayensi yomhlaba noma isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, Imvelo Yemvelo yakhiwe izinhlaka ezine, lezi: i-lithosphere, i-hydrosphere, umkhathi kanye ne-biosphere. Iqembu lalaba sosayensi libonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, bahlanganisa ne-cryosphere, ebhekisela eqhweni, elihlukanisa ne-hydrosphere futhi i-pedosphere (umhlabathi) iyindilinga esebenzayo futhi ihlobene nezimbulunga ezine ezikhonjisiwe.

umsebenzi wokwakheka komhlaba

I-lithosphere sphere iwuqweqwe lomhlaba ngokwawo. Yindawo eqinile ngaphandle koMhlaba, ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali kanye nemishini yehlukile kunesembatho esingaphansi. I-lithosphere yilapho zonke izinto eziphilayo zikhula futhi zikhule. I-lithosphere, ungqimba lwamatshe oMhlaba, lwakhiwe ikakhulukazi ngezinqubo ezivuthayo okuthi, lapho i-magma ipholile, iqine futhi iguquke ibe yidwala eliqinile.

Phansi kwe-lithosphere kunengubo eshisayo ebangelwa ukubola kwezakhi zomsakazo. Nakuba isimo sayo siqinile, sisesimweni sokuguquguquka kwe-rheological. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwe-rheological yikho okunomthelela futhi kubangela ukuthi amapuleti e-lithospheric ahambe kancane. Okuholela kumapuleti e-tectonic. Izintaba-mlilo zakha kulesi sigqoko ngenxa yokuncibilika kwe-crustal material encibilikisiwe, okube yingubo ekhuphukayo yamagquma aphakathi nolwandle kanye namapulangwe e-mantle.

Amanzi

Amanzi emhlabeni atholakala emanzini ahlukene, njengolwandle, ulwandle, imifula, amachibi. Iphesenti elikhulu lamanzi 97% anosawoti futhi atholakala olwandle nasezilwandle. U-3% osele amanzi ahlanzekile, atholakala endaweni eqinile ezigxotsheni futhi esimweni esiwuketshezi emifuleni, emachibini, nasemachibini.

Izilwandle

Izilwandle ziyingxenye yendilinga ebizwa ngokuthi i-hydrosphere. Kuyindikimba yamanzi anosawoti abumba cishe amaphesenti angama-97 obuso bomhlaba, okube indawo engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-362. Ulwandle luwumthombo wamanzi oqhubekayo ahlukaniswe amazwekazi okuthi, ukuze abonakale, ahlonzwa olwandle oluningana lwePacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic kanye ne-Antarctic, ulwandle ngalunye lunombuso walo wokuguquguquka kwemisinga nemisinga yalo. Ukujula okungaphezu kwengxenye yolwandle kungaphezulu kwamamitha angu-3000 ukushona.

Usawoti wezilwandle eziningi usebangeni lezingxenye ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-38 enkulungwaneni, okungaba yizingxenye ezingaba ngu-35 ngenkulungwane. Indawo engaphansi kolwandle yakha ngaphezu kwengxenye yobuso bomhlaba, ingenye yeNdawo Yemvelo engenelele kancane kule planethi. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zolwandle zihlukaniswa amazwekazi, iziqhingi nezinye izimo, kusukela endaweni enkulu kunazo zonke kuya endaweni encane kunazo zonke izilwandle: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Antarctic Ocean kanye ne-Arctic Ocean.

Los ríos

Imifula iyimithombo yamanzi emvelo, ngokuvamile amanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi awo agelezela olwandle, echibini, ezilwandle noma eminye imifula. Kanjalo, endaweni yemvelo kunemifula egeleza ibheke phansi igcine yomile ingakafiki komunye umfula noma olwandle. Imifula ibizwa ngokuthi: umfula owandulelayo, ugcina umzila wawo naphezu kokunyakaza kwe-tectonic okuthinte isifunda okukhiphayo.

Umfula olandelanayo: Lo mfula ubonakala ngokulandela inkambo ewumphumela oqondile wesakhiwo sokuqala sesifunda owukhiphayo. Rambling river: Lo mfula udlula endaweni eyisicaba, ogeleza kancane bese wenza ama-meders. Imifula engaphansi komhlaba iyimifudlana yamanzi egeleza phakathi nendawo enkulu kakhulu enjengomhume, noma uchungechunge lweziphambano ezixhumene.

Imifula idonsa amanzi emvula phakathi nomjikelezo wamanzi, ngokugeleza kwamanzi, emanzini angaphezulu, iziphethu, kanye nezinguzunga zeqhwa nokuncibilika kweqhwa. Imifudlana yindlela abayibiza ngayo imifula emincane. Ukugeleza kwemifula kukhawulelwe ngaphakathi komsele nosebe. Imifula icwaningwa nge-surface hydrology futhi iyingxenye yokuxhumana kwezindawo zokuhlala ezihlukene kanye nokuvikelwa kokuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji.

ILos Lagos

Imizimba yamanzi ekhula phakathi kwamazwekazi futhi engeyona ingxenye yolwandle; uma engashoni futhi emancane ngosayizi abizwa ngokuthi amachibi. Emvelweni, amachibi angakha ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, ezindaweni ezibizwa ngokuthi izifunda eziqhekekile, kanye nasezifundeni zeqhwa zamuva noma eziqhubekayo. Amachibi angabuye akheke ezitsheni ze-endorheic noma eduze nemisele yamanzi emifula emikhulu.

Kwezinye izifunda zeplanethi kunenqwaba yamachibi futhi, ngokwephethini yokugeleza okungahlelekile, asekhona kusukela nge-Ice Age yokugcina. Ngokwesikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe, amachibi anomjikelezo wokuphila omfushane, njengoba kuwo wonke umjikelezo wawo umthamo wawo wamanzi ungase uchitheke uphume endishini ewagcinayo noma ugcwale inzika futhi ngenxa yalokho ehle umthamo wawo wamanzi.

Amachibi

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amachibi ayimizimba yamanzi aqoqwe endaweni yemvelo (nayo yokwenziwa), anendawo encane kunamachibi. Lawa manzi namachibi ahluka emifudlaneni ngokugeleza kwawo kwamanje. Emachibini nasemachibini ukugeleza kukhona ama-microcurrents ashisayo kanye nomoya-moderated. Ngokungafani nokugeleza kwemifudlana, ibonwa kalula.

Izidumbu zamanzi zingakhiwa ngokwenziwa futhi lezi zibizwa ngokuthi amachibi, phakathi kwala machibi okwenziwa kukhona izingadi zamanzi, ezakhiwe futhi zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwemihlobiso nokutshalwa kwezitshalo okuhlala kuzo amanzi ahlanzekile, amachibi amachibi akhelwe ukufuya izinhlanzi, amachibi okufuya izinhlanzi. ukulima ulwelwe namachibi aklanyelwe ukugcina amandla ashisayo, aziwa ngokuthi amachibi elanga.

Umthelela Womuntu Emthonjeni Wamanzi

Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi ahlukene okulungisa umhlaba ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo yabantu, lezi zibe nomthelela endleleni yemvelo yamanzi emvelo, ngenhloso yokwakha amadamu, imifula, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuze kwandiswe ezolimo kanye nezindawo zasemadolobheni. umngcele. Ukuthinta imvelo ngendlela engalungile, ngokuthinta amazinga amanzi emachibini, izimo zenhlabathi engaphansi noma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okubangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile nasolwandle.

Ngamaphrojekthi enziwe abantu njengamadamu namathangi amanzi kanye nokuguqula amandla kagesi abe ngugesi, amadoda ashintsha imigudu yemvelo yomfula ngokuqondisa kabusha imifula nezindlela zamanzi. Nokho, le miklamo inenzuzo kubantu ekuhlinzekeni ngamanzi nogesi futhi, ngokulandelayo, ibe nomthelela omubi emvelweni ngoba ukuze kwakhiwe, izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi zigawulwa futhi izindawo ezibanzi zomhlaba zigcwele izikhukhula.

Ngokunjalo, okubangela ukufa kwezilwane zasendle ezincane zasemhlabeni ezingakwazanga ukufuduka kanye nezimila ezikhona endaweni egcwele izikhukhula. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nakho kushintsha ukufuduka kwezinhlanzi futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhamba kwezinto eziphilayo zehle nomfula. Imvelo Yemvelo iphinde ibe nomthelela omubi lapho umkhakha wenziwa emadolobheni, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukugeleza kwamachibi, imifula kanye nezici zokushintsha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Kanye nalokhu okungenhla, ukwakhiwa kwe-urbanism kubangela umthelela omubi ngenxa yokulahlekelwa uhlaza futhi kunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ukushintsha kwezimila ogwini lwemithombo yamanzi, kwenzeka lapho izihlahla zingasenawo amanzi adingekayo bese ziqala ukugula nokufa, umphumela walokhu ukuncipha kokunikezwa kokudla okutholakalayo ukuze kube nokulingana. ochungechungeni lokudla endaweni.

Umkhathi kanye Nesimo Sezulu

Umkhathi yindilinga yomhlaba esebenza njengesivikelo se-ecosystem noma imvelo yeplanethi. Umkhathi ozungeza umhlaba ugcinwa amandla adonsela phansi, le mbulunga iyingqimba encane yomoya owomile, eyakhiwe nge-nitrogen engu-78%, i-oksijeni engu-21%, i-argon engu-1% namanye amagesi angenayo, njenge-carbon dioxide. Amanye amagesi akha umkhathi futhi awuhlonze njengamagesi alandela umkhondo, phakathi kwala magesi kukhona umphumela we-greenhouse, umhwamuko wamanzi, isikhutha, i-methane, i-nitrous oxide ne-ozone.

Ngaphezu kwala magesi, umoya ohlungiwe unomhwamuko wamanzi namaconsi amanzi alengayo namakristalu eqhwa akha amafu. Futhi emoyeni ongahlungiwe kungatholakala enanini elincane lezinye izakhi ezivela Emvelweni Yemvelo yomhlaba nendawo, njengalezi: uthuli, impova, isifutho sasolwandle, ama-spores, ama-meteoroids (imizimba emincane evela esimisweni sonozungezilanga) kanye nomlotha wentaba-mlilo. . Kanye nezinto ezingcolisayo ezivela ezimbonini, ezifana ne-chlorine, i-fluorine, i-mercury nesibabule (i-sulfur dioxide).

Emkhathini, ungqimba lwe-ozone luhlose ukuvikela izinto eziphilayo emisebeni ye-ultraviolet (UV) efika emhlabeni ivela elangeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuzwela kwe-DNA yezinto eziphilayo emisebeni ye-UV. Umkhathi ubuye ugcwalise, njengesilawuli sezinga lokushisa ebusuku, le sphere igcina ukushisa ebusuku futhi ivimbele amazinga okushisa adlulele ukuthi anyuke nsuku zonke.

Izendlalelo ezakha i-Atmosphere

Umkhathi wakhiwe izingqimba ezinhlanu eziyinhloko, lezi zingqimba zisiza ukulawula ukuguquka kwezinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo noma elinciphayo ngokuya ngobude. Izendlalelo ukusuka ngaphandle kuya eduze kakhulu ne-lithosphere yilezi: I-Exosphere, i-Thermosphere, i-Mesosphere, i-Stratosphere, ne-Troposphere. Phakathi kwalezi zingqimba kukhona ezinye izingqimba, ezinqunywa izakhiwo zazo, yilezi: ungqimba lwe-ozone, i-ionosphere, i-homosphere kanye ne-heterosphere kanye nongqimba lomngcele weplanethi.

• I-Exosphere. Iwungqimba olungaphandle kakhulu lomkhathi womhlaba futhi lusuka exobase luye ngaphandle komhlaba bese lwakha amagesi e-hydrogen ne-helium.
• I-Thermosphere iyingqimba ekhawulela ingxenye engezansi ye-Exosphere, ingxenye engaphezulu yalolu ungqimba ibizwa ngokuthi "i-exobase". Ukuphakama kwalolu ungqimba kuncike emsebenzini welanga futhi ubude bawo buyahlukahluka, kusukela ku-350 kuya ku-800 km, okulingana phakathi kuka-220 kuya ku-500 mi kanye ne-1.150.000 kuya ku-2 izinyawo. Njengamanje izungeza lolu ungqimba endaweni ephakeme phakathi kuka-620.000 no-320 km (380 kuya ku-200 mi), i-International Space Station.
• I-Stratosphere. Lolu ungqimba olubizwa ngokuthi i-Stratosphere lusuka ku-stratopause luye kumakhilomitha angaba ngu-80 kuya kwangu-85, lolu ungqimba oluhlukanisa iStratosphere neMesosphere, ubude balo obujwayelekile ngamakhilomitha angu-50 kuya ku-55, okungukuthi, 31 kuya ku-34 mi noma 164.000 kuya ku-80.000 amafidi.
• Iwungqimba oluseduze kakhulu ne-lithosphere, ubukhulu bayo buyahlukahluka ukusuka phezulu futhi ihlanganisa amakhilomitha angu-7, okungukuthi, amafidi angu-22.965,9 ukusuka ezigxotsheni namakhilomitha angu-17 noma amafidi angu-55.774,3 eNkabazwe, ngokuhlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isimo sezulu sinjani. Izinga lokushisa le-troposphere liyashintsha ngokuya ngokushintshana kwamandla avela phezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinga lokushisa le-troposphere liseduze ne-lithosphere futhi lipholile ezindaweni eziphakeme. I-tropopause ihlukanisa i-troposphere kusukela ku-stratosphere.

Ezinye izendlalelo

I-ozone layer itholakala engxenyeni engezansi ye-stratosphere, endaweni ephakeme phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-15 no-35, okuphakathi kuka-9,3 no-21,7 mi noma amafidi angu-49.000 kuya kwangu-115.000. Ugqinsi lwesendlalelo luyahlukahluka ngokwendawo nangezikhathi zonyaka. Cishe i-90% ye-ozone emkhathini itholakala ku-stratosphere.

ungqimba lwe-ionosphere. Lolu ungqimba lufakwe i-ionized ngemisebe yelanga futhi lutholakala phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-50 kuya kwangu-1000, okungukuthi, amamitha angu-31 kuya kwangu-621 noma amafidi angu-160.000 kuya kwangu-3.280.000. Lokhu kudlula i-exosphere kanye ne-thermosphere. Yakha ingxenye yomkhawulo wangaphakathi we-magnetosphere.

Izingqimba ze-homosphere ne-heterosphere. Ngaphakathi kwe-homosphere kukhona i-troposphere, i-stratosphere, ne-mesosphere. I-heterosphere yakhiwe ngamagesi e-hydrogen, okuyigesi ekhanyayo futhi etholakala ehlala engxenyeni engenhla ye-heterosphere.

ungqimba lomngcele weplanethi. Lolu ngqimba lomngcele ungqimba oluseduze kakhulu nomhlabathi futhi luthintwa ngokuqondile yilesi sendlalelo, ikakhulukazi ukusabalalisa okuneziyaluyalu.

Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nomphumela wako

Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kungenye yezimo zemvelo ezithinta imvelo kancane kancane futhi nsuku zonke ososayensi baqaphela kakhulu umphumela wako wesikhathi eside walokhu kufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuNdawo Yemvelo kanye neplanethi yonke. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemiphumela esimweni sezulu esidalwe ukukhishwa kwe-anthropogenic (okubangelwa abantu) namagesi abamba ukushisa, njenge-carbon dioxide. Ukuthi ngokwenza ngokuhlanganyela kungaba nemiphumela emibi emhlabeni kanye neNdawo yawo Yemvelo Namasiko.

Muva nje, izinga lokushisa emhlabeni liye lenyuka ngokushesha. Lokhu kuwumphumela wamagesi abamba ukushisa, avimbela ukushisa emkhathini womhlaba ukuba kukhuphukele phezulu futhi ehlise izinga lokushisa kwawo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa anesakhiwo samangqamuzana esiyinkimbinkimbi esiwavumela ukuba abambe ukushisa futhi akukhulule abheke phezu komhlaba.

Lokhu kwanda kwezinga lokushisa kubangela umthelela omubi kwezemvelo, kuholela ekulahlekeni kwezindawo zemvelo futhi ngenxa yalokho nokuncipha kwenani lezimila kanye nalokhu kwezilwane zasendle. Ngokophenyo olwenziwa ososayensi abazinikele ekuhlaziyeni izinguquko zesimo sezulu emhlabeni, umbiko wakamuva we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change wethulwa, lapho bethula khona isiphetho esilandelayo.

Ngokwalolu cwaningo, izinga lokushisa lomhlaba lizokwenyuka libe phakathi kuka-2,7 futhi lizungeze ama-degree Fahrenheit angu-11, okungukuthi, phakathi kuka-1,5 no-6 °C, phakathi neminyaka ka-1990 kuya kwezi-2.100 XNUMX. Ngenxa yalolu cwaningo, ukunakekelwa sekuqondiswe kakhulu ekunciphiseni amagesi abamba ukushisa abangela izinguquko esimweni sezulu futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, ukuthuthukisa amasu avumelana nokwanda kwezinga lokushisa okubangela ukushisa komhlaba kanye, ngenhloso yokusiza. zivumelane nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo (abantu, izimila, izilwane kanye nemvelo), kuwo wonke umhlaba. Amanye amasu ahlongozwayo yilawa:

• ISivumelwano SeNgqungquthela Yohlaka LweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye Nesivumelwano Sokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, sokulungisa ukugxiliswa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini ngenani elingakuvumeli ukuvinjelwa okubangelwa isenzo sezidalwa ezithinta isimo sezulu sohlelo.
• ISivumelwano sase-Kyoto, lesi sivumelwano sasayinwa kuNgqungquthela Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, inhloso yalesi Sivumelwano ukuvimbela ukwanda okwengeziwe kwamagesi abamba ukushisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okubangwa izenzo zamaphrojekthi ezenziwa abantu.
• I-Western Climate Initiative. Lolu hlelo lwahlongozwa ukuba lucacise, luxilonge futhi lwenziwe amafomu eqoqo nawokubambisana ngenhloso yokunciphisa umphumela wamagesi abamba ukushisa ngamazwe aseNtshonalanga ahilelekile, ngokulungisa uhlelo lokuhweba lufinyelele imikhawulo ephezulu esekelwe emakethe.

Isimo sezulu

Amazinga okushisa, umswakama, umfutho womkhathi, umoya, imvula, kanye nezinye izici zesimo sezulu kuhlanganiswe egameni lesimo sezulu. Ngoba isimo sezulu sibonisa isimo sezulu esijwayelekile sesifunda esithile, ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene zesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, isimo sezulu sibonakala ngokuya ngezilinganiso zalezi zici kanye namanani ajwayelekile wokuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene, ngokuvamile izinga lokushisa nemvula.

Uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu olusetshenziswa kakhulu yilolo olwakhiwe ngu-Wladimir Köppen, kanti uhlelo lwe-Thornthwaite, olwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1948, lusekelwe ezintweni eziphefumulayo, kanye namazinga okushisa kanye nemvula ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuhlukahluka kwezilwane kanye umthelela abangase bawuthole ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Isimo sezulu

Isimo sezulu, imvula, umswakama, umoya, imvula, nezinye izici zesimo sezulu esikhathini esingamaviki amabili. Ngamanye amazwi, isimo sezulu siwukuhlobana kwazo zonke izici zemeteorological endaweni yomoya ngesikhathi esinikeziwe. Izikhathi eziningi izenzakalo zesimo sezulu zenzeka ku-troposphere, ungqimba olungaphansi kwe-stratosphere.

Uma kukhulunywa ngesimo sezulu, ngokuvamile kumayelana nezinga lokushisa lansuku zonke, futhi imvula, nokho, isimo sezulu yigama elihlanganisa izimo zezulu ezivamile phakathi nenkathi yesikhathi eside. Uma igama elithi "climate" lisetshenziswa ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi i-qualifier, "isimo sezulu" sithathwa njengesimo sezulu soMhlaba.

Umehluko wokuminyana phakathi kwezinto zemeteorological ezifana nezinga lokushisa nomswakama ezindaweni ezahlukene, unquma isimo sezulu sendawo. Izimo ezingafani zingavela ngenxa ye-engeli yelanga kanye nokuthambekela komhlaba, okunomphumela wokuthi liyashintshashintsha ngenxa ye-latitude evela ezindaweni ezishisayo.

Amazinga okushisa ahluke kakhulu phakathi komoya we-polar nomoya we-tropical abangela ukuthi i-jet stream yenzeke. Izivunguvungu ezengeziwe zasezindaweni ezishisayo zibhekwa njengezinhlelo zemeteorological ezenzeka ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo, ezenzeka ngenxa yokungaqini kokugeleza kwejethi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-axis yomhlaba inyakaziswa ngokuvumelana nokuzungeza komhlaba, lokhu kubangela ukukhanya kwelanga kufike ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka ezihlukahlukene.

Izinga lokushisa liyahlukahluka njalo ngonyaka plus noma susa 40°C (100°F-40°F), ebusweni bomhlaba, Izigidi zeminyaka, izinguquko emzileni womhlaba zibe nomthelela enanini nasekusabalaleni kwamandla elanga asefinyelele. umhlaba futhi ngenxa yalokho kube nomthelela esimweni sezulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izingcindezi ezihlukene zikhiqizwa ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa phezu komhlaba.

Ukuphila Emvelweni Yemvelo

Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo zavela emhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.700 edlule. Izinhlobo zokuphila zihambisana nezinqubo eziyisisekelo zamangqamuzana futhi kucatshangelwa lokhu okubonwayo, imibono ephathelene nemvelaphi yokuphila efuna ukuthola indlela engachaza ukwakheka kwento eyinhloko ye-unicellular organism, kusukela lapho imvelaphi iye ekuphileni.

Kunemibono eyahlukene mayelana nendlela okungenzeka ukuthi yayithatha kuma-molecule ezinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa impilo yangaphambi kwamangqamuzana ukuya kuma-protocell kanye ne-metabolism. Ososayensi bayavumelana ngencazelo yebhayoloji yokuphila ichazwa yinhlangano, i-metabolism, ukukhula, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, izisusa zayo kanye nokuzala. Kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukuphila yisimo esihlukanisa izinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingezona izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nekhono lokukhula, umsebenzi osebenzayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo ngaphambi kokufa.

Ezindaweni Ezihlukene Zemvelo, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo zingatholakala: izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta, amagciwane kanye ne-archaea, konke okunesici esifanayo, ingqamuzana elenziwe ngekhabhoni namanzi, elinenhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi nolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo.

Zonke lezi zidalwa eziphilayo zine-metabolism, zigcina ukuzilawula (i-homeostasis), zingakhula, zizalane futhi zife. Banamandla okuzishintsha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Izidalwa eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zingaxhumana ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Ama-Ecosystems ahlukene

I-ecosystems amayunithi emvelo lapho izici ze-biotic (izitshalo, izilwane, nama-microorganisms) zihlobana futhi zihlanganyele zodwa kanye nezici ze-abiotic (ezingaphili) endaweni ethile ngesikhathi esifanayo. Nakuba i-ecosystem yomuntu isekelwe ekwakhiweni komehluko phakathi komuntu/imvelo, kanye nesimo sokuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyaphelelisana ngokwemvelo, kanye nezingxenye ze-abiotic ze-biotope yazo.

Njengoba izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo noma izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-ecosystem inkulu, ukutholwa kwe-ecosystem kungenzeka kakhudlwana, lokhu kwenzeka ngoba njengoba kunezinhlobo eziningi ezihlukene endaweni, zisabela ngokushesha ezinguqukweni futhi zinciphisa nemithelela yazo. Le mithelela ingancishiswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ushintsho esakhiweni se-ecosystem futhi iguqulele esimweni esihlukile.

Nakuba emhlabeni wonke akunjalo futhi abukho ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe bobudlelwane phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane ezihlala endaweni ezungezile kanye nekhono lazo lokuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo namasevisi ngomthamo osimeme. Itemu elithi i-ecosystem lingaphinda libhekisele kokuthi Imvelo Yamasiko noma Yokwenziwa.

Lezi zindawo zemvelo zabantu noma zokwenziwa, eziphinde zibizwe ngokuthi Imvelo Yamasiko, yokwenziwa noma eyakhelwe, okuyizindawo ezidalwe noma ezithintwe abantu. Lapho izinto eziphilayo zihlobana nendawo yazo. Ngenxa yokwanda kwezindawo zamasiko, umuntu uye wangenela ezindaweni eziningi zemvelo futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, zimbalwa izindawo emhlabeni lapho abantu bengatholakali khona. Zimbalwa izindawo noma izifunda Zendawo Yemvelo ezisekhona ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.

Ama-Biomes

Umqondo we "biome" ufana nomqondo we-ecosystem. Ngokusho kwe-climatology, ziyizindawo zezwe ezinezimo zezulu ezifana nemvelo endaweni yomhlaba, njengemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo, izilwane kanye nezilwanyana ezincane, ezikhonjwa njengezinto eziphilayo.

Ama-Biomes acacisiwe ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lokukhula noma ukwakheka kwezitshalo (izihlahla, izihlahlana kanye ne-herbaceous), izinhlobo nokubunjwa kwamaqabunga (amaqabunga aphikisanayo namanye, aphelele nahlanganisiwe), ukwakheka kwezitshalo, izimbali zazo nesimo sezulu. Ngokuhlukile kuma-ecozones, umqondo we-biome awubonakali ngokufana kofuzo, izigaba ze-taxonomic noma zomlando. Ama-Biome awalinganisa nezici zokulandelana kwemvelo kanye nezimila ezifinyelela umvuthwandaba.

Umjikelezo we-Biogeochemical

Imijikelezo ye-biogeochemical iwukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhi zamakhemikhali ezihlukene i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, isibabule, ikhabhoni nezinye izakhi phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingaphili, ngokubola nezinqubo zokukhiqiza.

• Umjikelezo we-nitrogen. Yizigaba ezihlukene okudlula kuzo i-nitrogen kanye nezinhlanganisela ezinalesi sakhi ngokwemvelo. Lo mjikelezo uqukethe izinhlanganisela zegesi.
• Umjikelezo wamanzi. Ukuguquka nokuhamba kwamanzi njalo, ukusuka emkhathini kuya emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Amanzi adlula ezimeni ezahlukene: uketshezi, okuqinile kanye negesi (umhwamuko wamanzi), kuwo wonke umjikelezo wamanzi.
• Umjikelezo wekhabhoni. Kulo mjikelezo i-carbon iguqulwa ngokusebenzisa i-biosphere, i-geosphere, i-hydrosphere kanye nomkhathi womhlaba.
• Umjikelezo we-oksijini. Kulo mjikelezo, umoya-mpilo uhamba ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba: umkhathi, i-biosphere, ne-lithosphere. Inqubo eyinhloko yomjikelezo womoya-mpilo i-photosynthesis ezitshalweni, inqubo ebhekele ukwakheka komkhathi womhlaba.
• Umjikelezo we-Phosphorus. Umjikelezo we-phosphorus wenziwa ngezingqimba ze-lithosphere, hydrosphere kanye ne-biosphere. Phakathi nalo mjikelezo we-phosphorus, lesi sakhi siguqulwa sibe izinhlanganisela eziqinile ezihlukene, ngenxa yezinga lokushisa kanye nezici zokucindezela komhlaba.

Impilo yasendle

Igama elithi izilwane zasendle noma imvelo yasendle, lisetshenziselwa ukuhlonza iNdalo yeNdalo ukuthi kuthiwa yiNdalo yeNdalo engazange ingenelwe yimisebenzi yabantu. Ngokwe-Wild Foundation, izilwane zasendle noma imvelo yasendle yizindawo lapho kusenezindawo lapho umuntu engakangeneleli khona futhi okwamanje kunezindawo ezimbalwa zomhlaba ezilondolozwe zinjalo,... lapho zingakhiwanga khona izindlela zokuxhumana, inethiwekhi. yamapayipi noma ukufakwa kwezimboni.

Izilwane zasendle noma imvelo ngezinye izikhathi ivikelwe yizikhala ezibuswa inani lamapaki kazwelonke noma emvelo, adalelwe ukulondoloza izindawo ezibalulekile ngokwemvelo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo zemvelo, ama-biomes, izindawo zokungcebeleka kwemvelo, imvelo noma amasiko. izikhumbuzo, phakathi kokunye.

Incazelo yezilwane zasendle ihlanganisa izilwane nezitshalo ezikhula emvelweni ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu futhi ezingakaze zifuywe. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye bafuywa ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane futhi bahlakulela izitshalo ezithile ukuze bazuze, lokhu kufuywa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuye kwadala umthelela omkhulu wendawo. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni nezasemanzini ziyizikhala lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle noma zasendle eziwuhlobo ngalunye lwe-ecosystem noma Imvelo kanye Nemvelo Yamasiko ikhula.

Izinsongo Zemvelo

Ukunyakaza kwezemvelo njengomgomo wabo kunolwazi nokuqwashisa ngeMvelo, kunezinhlangano zezombusazwe, ezemvelo, ezenhlalakahle nezefilosofi ezivikela amasu nezinqubomgomo ngenhloso yokunakekela izilwane zasendle noma imvelo yasendle, ukubuyisela noma ukubuyisela izinhlobo zezilwane endaweni yazo yemvelo. . Njengamanje zimbalwa izindawo lapho izilwane zasendle noma imvelo yasendle imsulwa futhi ingashintshiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhloso zokunyakaza kwemvelo, kanye nososayensi bezemvelo kanye nezazi zemvelo, zimi kanje:

• Yehlisa izinkinga ngenxa yokungcoliswa kanye nezingxenye ezinobuthi, emhlabathini, emanzini, emoyeni, ezakhiweni zomlando, phakathi kwezinye
• Ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokongiwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala.
• Ukuphatha okuphusile kanye nokusetshenziswa okusimeme kwamanzi, inhlabathi, umoya, amandla, kanye nemithombo yemvelo evuselelekayo
• Misa imithelela yemvelo ekhiqizwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke okubangelwa umuntu, okuwusongo kukho kokubili ukuhlukahluka Kwendawo Yemvelo Namasiko.
• Gqugquzela ukushintshwa kokusetshenziswa kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla avuselelekayo okukhiqiza ugesi, ezokuthutha, ukunciphisa ukungcola, imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nokusimama.
• Yenza ushintsho ekusetshenzisweni kwenyama ekudleni kwabantu, ukukhuthaza ukudliwa kwemifino ngenhloso yokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
• Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezivikelekile ngenhloso yokuthi zisetshenziselwe ukuzijabulisa kwemvelo kanye nokuvikela imvelo ekhona.
• Ukulawulwa nokulawulwa kokungcolisa okuncane kwemfucuza eqinile newuketshezi, ngokusebenzisa indlela engu-3 R (ukunciphisa, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe futhi kugaywe kabusha), ngokunciphisa noma ukuncishiswa kwemfucuza ukuze ingabi namfucumfucu, kanye nokufaka umquba, ukuguqulwa imfucuza ibe amandla kanye nokugaya kwe-anaerobic odongeni lwendle.
• Ukuzinzisa nokulawula izinga labantu

Umgubho Wosuku Lwezemvelo

Umhla zi-5 kuNhlangulana ubugujwa emhlabeni wonke ngokuthi “Usuku Lomhlaba Lwezemvelo” kusukela ngo-1974, njengoba kuwusuku okwabanjwa ngalo iNgqungquthela yaseStockholm ngo-1972 futhi indikimba yayo enkulu kwakuwukuthi Imvelo. Ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemva koSuku Lwezemvelo, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke weNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene wasungula i-UNEP (Uhlelo Lwezemvelo LweZizwe Ezihlangene). Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene yasungula esinqumweni sayo ngoDisemba 15, 1977 Juni 5 njengoSuku Lomhlaba Lwezemvelo.

Ngalolo suku, i-UN ihlela imicimbi yokuqwashisa umhlaba wonke ngezinkinga zemvelo, iqondise ukunakwa nokuphathwa kwenqubomgomo. Izinjongo eziyinhloko zoSuku Lwezemvelo Lomhlaba ukugqugquzela abantu ukuba babe abagqugquzeli abakhuthele bentuthuko esimeme. Gqugquzela ukubaluleka kwemiphakathi ekushintsheni isimo sengqondo esivuna izindaba zezemvelo futhi ukhuthaze nokusebenza ngokubambisana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi Imvelo iyasimama.

imvelo yamasiko

Igama elithi Cultural Environment lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izindawo noma izindawo ezishintshwe abantu, lapho kwenziwa khona imisebenzi yansuku zonke efana nalokhu: amadolobha, izakhiwo, amapaki, izikwele, izindawo eziluhlaza kanye nengqalasizinda ehambisanayo njengamanethiwekhi amapayipi esevisi yamanzi okuphuza, ukusatshalaliswa kukagesi, izinsiza zokuxhumana, phakathi kokunye.

Ngokwencazelo yayo, yindawo eyakhiwe abantu ukuze bahlale kuyo, basebenze futhi baphinde bayidale nsuku zonke. Le Nhlalo Yezamasiko ihlanganisa izindawo ezakhiwe noma ezilungiswe abantu njengezakhiwo zokuhlala, ezempilo, izimboni, amapaki, izindawo zokuzijabulisa, imizila yokuxhumana, phakathi kwezinye ezithuthukisa izinga lempilo yabantu. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ngezempilo yomphakathi, ukufinyelela kokudla okunempilo, izitshalo zasemadolobheni, izindlela zabahamba ngezinyawo namabhayisikili zifakiwe, umgomo owengezwe ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhula okuhlakaniphile.

Emvelweni Yamasiko, eyakhiwe noma yokwenziwa, izinqubo ezibalulekile zengxenye yezinto eziphilayo ziyahlobana. Kule ndawo ezinye izakhi zezinto eziphilayo zabelana ngendawo njengezindawo zokuhlala zasemadolobheni kanye nalezo ezihlala ezindaweni eziphilayo. Lolu hlobo lwendawo noma yisiphi isimo noma inqubo yale ndawo yokwenziwa ingalungiswa ngentando nomsebenzi womuntu. Njengesibonelo endaweni ezungezile noma esimisweni semvelo sezolimo (okuyindawo ezungezile eshintshiwe ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo ngenjongo yokudla ikakhulukazi), umuntu ulungisa inhlabathi ukuze iwuvundise futhi ikhulise izitshalo ezimzuzisayo.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko Zezindawo Zamasiko noma Zokwenziwa ukuthi abantu kufanele banikeze imithombo yamandla okwenziwa, kanye naleyo enikezwa inkosi inkanyezi, ilanga. Ngale mithombo yamandla okwenziwa, imishini ehlukene eklanywe futhi eyenziwe nguye ingafakwa emsebenzini ukuze kutholwe ukushisa, ugesi, amanzi nezinye izinkonzo.

Njengoba nje kuNdawo Yemvelo Emvelweni Yamasiko, izici ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic nazo ziyangenelela kule ndawo, nakuba kulokhu ziphinde zihlanganyele nabantu kanye nemisebenzi yabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngenxa yalesi simo bahlukaniswa ngokuhlangana kwabo ngamaqembu amathathu. Izici ze-biotic zasekhaya, izici zemvelo ze-abiotic kanye nezici zokwenziwa ze-abiotic.

Izici ze-biotic zasekhaya. Lapha kuqoqwa izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala eCultural Environment, kufakwe isiphawulo esithi domesticated, ngoba izilwane eziphilayo ezixhumene nazo zifuywa kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala ndawonye nomuntu futhi, ngokufanayo, kwenzeka nezitshalo, iningi lezilwane. izitshalo ezitshalwa abantu ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla, izinkuni, imithi, imihlobiso, odayi nezinye izinkonzo; zingama-cultivars ezitshalo zasendle zohlobo olufanayo.

Izici zemvelo ze-abiotic. Ezindaweni Zamasiko, abantu basebenzisane nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nesimo sezulu (imisebe yelanga, izinga lokushisa, imimoya, imvula nokunye), inhlabathi, imifula kanye nalokho okungokwemvelo. Izici zokwenziwa ze-abiotic. Lapha kwengezwa zonke izakhiwo ezakhiwe, imishini, izinqubo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokunye okudaliwe kwabantu ukunyakaza, ukuxhumana, ukukhosela ezintweni, ukondla, ukuphulukisa, njll.

Ngokunjalo, ukuguqulwa okuncane Kwendawo Engokwemvelo ngamadoda kungakha futhi Imvelo Yamasiko noma Yokwenziwa. Lokhu, ngenxa yokuthi indawo engokwemvelo ethintwa ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokushintsha uchungechunge lokudla, isivele iyindawo engasenayo yasendle, ngakho iba Imvelo Eguquliwe Yamasiko noma Imvelo Yemvelo. Lokhu kuguqulwa Kwemvelo Yemvelo kungaholela ekubukeni kwesilwane esiphenduka isifo ngenxa yokuthi inani laso liyanda ngenxa yokuthi isitha saso semvelo siye sancishiswa noma saqedwa futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, nezinye izinkinga zemvelo.

Umehluko phakathi Kwendawo Yamasiko Nemvelo

Njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambili, umehluko omkhulu ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-abiotic kanye nokuguqulwa kwazo ukuze kuhambisane nenzuzo yazo. Ngenxa yokulawula kwayo izimo zemvelo ezifana nokunikezwa kwamanzi, ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokunisela noma amapayipi amapayipi ukuze amanzi asetshenziswe abantu aphuzwe, isibonelo. Eminye umehluko uchazwe ngezansi.

Imvelo Yemvelo	Izindawo Zamasiko
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo.	ukuhlukahluka okuncane kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo okuphezulu	umehluko ophansi wofuzo
Ilanga linikeza okuwukuphela komthombo wokukhanya namandla okushisa ezinto eziphilayo, futhi lihileleke emijikelezweni yezinto eziphilayo	Ilanga linikeza ukukhanya kwemvelo namandla okushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuneminye imithombo kagesi, i-hydraulic, i-fossil, amandla e-radioactive, phakathi kwabanye.
Uchungechunge lokudla luyinkimbinkimbi futhi lude.	Uchungechunge lokudla olulula futhi olucishe luhlale lungaphelele
Kukhona ukulandelana kwemvelo	Akukho ukulandelana kwemvelo
Ukudla kuvela emithonjeni yemvelo	Ukudla kuvela emithonjeni yemvelo neyokwenziwa

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo zombili i-Environment ukuthi ilanga alisewona umthombo oyinhloko wamandla endaweni yeSiko, ngoba umuntu usezakhele le mithombo yamandla okwenziwa ukuze azihlinzeke ngogesi, ukudla, uphethiloli, amanzi okuphuza nezinye izinzuzo, ezifanele indlela yokuphila yabantu, ngaphakathi kweNdawo Yamasiko.

historia

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amadolobha ahlelwe kahle ayelokhu ethuthuka, uHippodamus waseMiletus, ubizwa ngokuthi nguyise wokuhlela amadolobha, wayengumdali wamadolobha aseGreece phakathi neminyaka engu-498 BC kanye no-408 BC, ephakamisa igridi yesikwele eyayisebenzela umphakathi. ukuklanywa kwamadolobha. Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zedolobha zakuqala zaziyiziqalo zenhlangano yeDolobha Elihle ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1800 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1900, eyayiholwa nguDaniel Hudson B, owakhuthaza "ukuguqulwa kwezwe kuhambisana noshintsho lwezepolitiki"

Isici Sezempilo

Ohlangothini lwezempilo, Imvelo Yamasiko ichazwa njengezakhiwo ezilungisiwe noma izindawo ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yomphakathi, ngobuhle obungcono, impilo ethuthukisiwe, kanye maqondana nemvelo, indawo engcono kanye nokuhleleka kwempilo. . Njengesibonelo seqembu labasebenzisi bamahlathi asemadolobheni e-Nepal sichaza, kuyibhizinisi elinezinhlangothi eziningi elinikela ngemikhiqizo namasevisi emiphakathini etholwe ekuphathweni kwemithombo yemvelo.

Ngokunjalo, kulesi sici iNdawo Yezamasiko isho izindawo ezibonakalayo ezithuthukiswayo futhi ezakhiwe kucatshangelwa isici sezempilo kanye nenhlalakahle njengento ebalulekile kubantu. Kulokhu, ngokusho kocwaningo, kuye kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi izakhiwo kanye nomklamo wendawo kunomthelela empilweni engokomzimba nengokwengqondo yabakhileyo kuyo. Ukuqaphela ukuthi lezo zindawo ezakhiwe kucatshangelwa ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi womzimba, zihlobene nomsebenzi omkhulu womzimba wezakhamuzi ezifanayo kanye nokwenza ngcono impilo yabo.

Ukuya emadolobheni okuhanjwa kakhulu, izindawo ezingomakhelwane noma okuhlalwa kuzo yizindawo lapho amazinga okukhuluphala ephansi futhi izakhamuzi zakhona zivame ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi yomzimba. Ngokunjalo, bahlupheka kancane ngenxa yokucindezeleka, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala nezinye izinto ezinobuthi empilweni, ngaphezu kokwanda kwezimali zabo zomphakathi.

Imvelo Ehlukene Yamasiko

Ukungenelela kwabantu emvelweni kubanzi kakhulu, nokho-ke, kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zeNdawo Yezamasiko, okuyilezi: Emadolobheni, EzoLimo kanye namaReservoirs noma amadamu.

Urban

Kuwukwakhiwa kwamadolobha noma izindawo zokuhlala zasemadolobheni. Ziyizindawo zokwenziwa ezizuzayo ekuxhashazweni kwemithombo yemvelo evuselelekayo nengavuseleleki, okunomthelela emvelweni isikhathi esiningi ngendlela engeyinhle. Ukuthola ukudla, amanzi, amandla, izinkuni, insimbi, phakathi kokunye. Ukuzokwakha izinto ezingcolisa umoya, udoti owuketshezi noqinile, kanye namagesi abamba ukushisa.

Ezolimo

Lolu hlobo lweNdawo Yezamasiko lubizwa nangokuthi i-ecosystems yezolimo, kulezi zindawo umuntu uyangenelela Emvelweni Yemvelo ukuze aguqule uhlaza, umhlabathi futhi uvumelane nezinto eziphilayo, ukuthola ukudla ngendlela ehlelekile, ukudle ngendlela eqondile noma yezimboni.

Lezi zindawo zezolimo zigxile kakhulu ekufuyeni izinkomo, lo msebenzi ugxile ekwaluseni nasekufuyelweni kwemfuyo efana nezinkukhu, izinkomo, izinkomo nokunye. Ukuziphilisa ngokulima noma i-conuco njengoba kubizwa kanjalo eVenezuela, ukutshalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemifino nezinye izithelo ezihlahleni. I-Monoculture, ukutshala nokutshalwa kwento eyodwa kwenziwa futhi izandiso zayo ezinkulu zitshalwe.

Amadamu

Lapha ukungenelela komuntu kwenzelwa ukuhambisa inkambo yemvelo yamanzi omfula, ngenhloso yokuhlinzeka ngamanzi okunisela izitshalo zezolimo, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphuza ukuze asetshenziswe abantu, kanye nezinqubo zezimboni. Ekwakhiweni kwamadamu, izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ziyathinteka futhi izici ze-biotic ziyathinteka, futhi uma indawo yokugcina amanzi seyakhiwe, kusungulwa izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila ezizungezile.

Ukuqhathanisa phakathi Kwendawo Yezamasiko Nemvelo

Umhlaba uhluke kakhulu ezicini eziningi kubandakanya nezindawo. Ukwakheka kwezwe kubonisa izinguquko ezibonwa ezandisweni zomhlaba ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi eziyimikhiqizo yezinto ezibonakalayo zemvelo, okuthi ngenxa yezimpawu zazo zidonse ukunaka futhi ngenxa yokuthi zibonisa ukuvezwa kwendawo yendawo ethile. Ngokuvamile kuqashelwa ukuthi izici ezinquma ukubukeka kwezwe uhlaza nokukhululeka, ngoba yizici ezigqamayo.

Kungashiwo ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukukhululeka kuhlobene ngokuqondile nezimo zezulu zamazinga okushisa nemvula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimila ziwumthombo wemvelo obonakala kangcono kakhulu endaweni. Nokho, kusukela emakhulwini eminyaka akude isenzo somuntu siye saba nesandla ekwakhiweni nasekushintsheni kwezindawo.

Lokhu kuholela ekucaciseni ukuthi lapho kubukwa indawo, kungenzeka ukucacisa umehluko wesimo sezulu, i-topography kanye nezindlela zokuphila zamasiko abantu ahlukene, ezifundeni ezahlukene zomhlaba kanye nakuwo wonke umlando. Yingakho kubonwa izindawo zemvelo kanye nezamasiko.

Ukuma Kwendawo Yemvelo

Imvelo ehlukene Yemvelo Namasiko inikezela ngezindawo ezihlukene.Kuhluke kakhulu ukubuka indawo usuka kubhilidi ophakeme eDolobheni laseNew York, kunokujabulela ukubukeka kwezwe ogwadule lwase-Sahara. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinto ezingenelele ekudalweni kwalezi zindawo zombili zihluke kakhulu, kwenye kube nokungenelela komuntu owangenela iNdalo yeNdalo wakha eyamasiko omunye egcina ubuhle bendalo. Ngakho-ke, umehluko phakathi kwezwe lemvelo nendawo yamasiko noma yokwenziwa uyabonakala.

Njengamanje, izindawo zemvelo zingabonakala ezindaweni ezinezibalo zokuvikela imvelo ezivikela imvelo engokwemvelo njengezintaba, izigxobo zomhlaba, imvelo yasogwini nolwandle, amahlathi ashisayo, izingwadule, nezinye izindawo lapho umuntu engazange angenele futhi efuna ukuvikela abantu bomdabu. izinhlobo. Ezinye izici ziyangenelela ekwakhekeni kwendawo yemvelo, njenge:

Indawo engaphezulu, okusho ukwelulwa komhlaba ongaphakathi kwemingcele yemvelo noma eyenziwe umuntu.

Ukukhululwa, okuyizici zejografi ezibonwa ebusweni bomhlaba, njengamathafa, izintaba, izigodi nokunye.

Amanzi, okuyingxenye eyinhloko yeplanethi futhi, enomthelela omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwemvelo yemvelo.

Isimo Sendawo Yezamasiko

Abantu ekwandiseni kwabo umngcele wasemadolobheni, ukunqotshwa kwezindawo ezintsha zemvelo kuye kwashintsha i-Natural Environment, ukuze bazivumelanise nezimfuneko zabo zokuphila nokunethezeka, ngale ndlela i-Cultural Environment iphakama ngakho-ke indawo yamasiko . Indawo yamasiko inezingxenye ezilandelayo.

Inani labantu. Noma yimuphi umuntu ohlala endaweni ethile emhlabeni uyangenelela lapha, kanye nasezindaweni ezihlala abantu lapho kuhlanganiswe khona abantu. Izibalo zabantu ziyehluka ngokuminyana, njengoba zihambisana nezinto ezifana nezindlu, ukukhiqiza, ukukhululeka, isimo sezulu. Ukuthola ukuminyana okuphezulu kwabantu emadolobheni anezinsizakalo ezifanele kakhulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yabantu, ngokungafani nezindawo eziningi zemvelo lapho inani labantu liyindlala.

Indlu. Njengoba umuntu egcwele umhlaba, wafuna ukuhlala emihumeni ukuze aphephele emvelweni wabe eseqala ukwakha indlu ngamatshe, izinkuni, udaka, izitini futhi isikhathi ngasinye zakhiwa ngemininingwane eyengeziwe nangezitayela ezahlukene. Izindlu ziyahlukahluka kuye ngamasiko amasiko abantu, isimo sezulu, impumuzo, phakathi kwabanye. Imikhiqizo. Ziyizici ezakhiwe umuntu ukuze zihlangabezane nezimfuneko zazo zokudla, okokugqoka, indawo yokuhlala, uphethiloli, phakathi kokunye.

Abantu kuwo wonke umlando wabo bebezibona bephakeme futhi baziqhelelanisa neMvelo yeNdalo ukuze baxazulule izinkinga zabo ngobuchwepheshe futhi, ngalesi sikhathi, ukuzibophezela kwabo kulo mhlaba kufanele kube ukwakha kabusha lokho okwachithwa futhi babuyele emvelweni njengesidalwa esiphilayo esincike komunye nomunye. ezinhlelweni zemvelo zeplanethi.

Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi izimangaliso zemvelo futhi ufunde ukuthi ungayinakekela kanjani, ngokufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo:

• Izimbali ezingavamile
• Izinhlobo zamafu
• Izinkomba zemvelo