Ukungcola kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke, izizwe eziningi ziye zathinteka ngezinga eliphezulu lokuwohloka kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi ongqimbeni lwe-ozone, lokhu kungenxa yokukhishwa okuphezulu kwamagesi anobuthi emkhathini, ngoba Sizobe sesifunda Izinyathelo Zokugwema Ukungcoliswa Komoya
Ukungcola komkhathi
Ukungcola kwaziwa njengazo zonke lezo zinto ezishintsha indawo ezungezile, ziguqule kabi indawo ezungezile futhi zithinte nezimo zokuphila emhlabeni. Kuwumphumela wemikhuba eyenziwa umuntu, njengokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo, ukugcwala ngokweqile emazweni athuthukile, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo, ukunqwabelana kwemfucumfucu enobuthi; kodwa okunye okugqame kakhulu ngomthelela wawo omkhulu emoyeni ukushiswa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, okuyimbangela eyinhloko yokuwohloka kongqimba lwe-ozone.
Njengamanje kukhona ubukhona bezinto, izinto ezingamagesi noma amandla azungeza emoyeni, ehlisa izinga lawo futhi abe yingozi empilweni yezidalwa eziphilayo, lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukungcoliswa komoya. Kuyiqiniso elicashile emhlabeni wonke futhi elidala imiphumela engathi sína emhlabeni, njengoba la ma-ejenti ashintsha umoya angahamba ngokuzihambisa esuka endaweni ethile aye kwenye, ehlanganisa ithonya elibanzi endaweni ezungezile.
Ukungcola komkhathi kuqaliswa yimisebenzi yezimboni, izinkampani, izimoto kanye nezinye izici ezikhipha amagesi amaningi angcolisayo, njenge-carbon dioxide, i-nitrous oxides, i-hydrides, phakathi kwabanye; Ayaziwa nangokuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa, ngalinye lithonya ukugxila okuhlukahlukene futhi linesikhathi eside sokuphila, ngakho-ke afakwa emkhathini futhi ahudulwa yimimoya yomoya.
Kuyiqiniso eliqhubekayo emhlabeni wethu, amadolobha amaningi athintekile ngokwethula izinga eliphezulu lokungcoliswa komoya, ikakhulukazi kulawo mazwe anentuthuko yezimboni, okubangela izinga eliphansi lomoya futhi kuthinte impilo yabo bonke abantu abahlala eduze kwawo; ukuvusa isithakazelo sezinhlaka eziningi zikahulumeni ekuthatheni izinyathelo zokunakekela izakhamuzi kanye nokunciphisa amathuba okuba nezifo ezibangelwa amagesi ayingozi emkhathini.
Ukubaluleka Kokongiwa Komkhathi
Kunezindawo ezingazange zilinyazwe amazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa komoya njengezintaba, zinomoya ohlanzekile onomoya-mpilo omningi, kuyilapho lezo zindawo eziseduze nezindawo zasemadolobheni noma zezimboni, lapho inani le-oxygen liyancipha bese lishintshwa carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide nabanye. Lolu hlobo lwendawo ezungezile, olushintshwa amagesi abamba ukushisa, luthonya impilo yabantu, luwohloka kancane kancane futhi lubangele ukuhluleka kokuphefumula, isifuba somoya esingalapheki, izinkinga zenhliziyo, phakathi kokunye, futhi siba sibi nakakhulu njengoba izinga lomoya lincipha.
Izimbangela zokungcoliswa komoya ikakhulukazi emadolobheni, emiphakathini nasezindaweni ezinkulu, lapho inqwaba yezinto zokuhamba njengezimoto, amabhasi, izithuthuthu, phakathi kokunye, izungeza; ukusebenza kwawo kuphehla ukushiswa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, okubhekwa njengomthombo wamandla asetshenziswa umuntu kanye nembangela yokukhiphela amagesi ayingozi emkhathini.
Inqubo yokuguqula uphethiloli we-fossil ube amandla isetshenziselwa ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezifana nezitshalo zamandla ezishisayo, ezikhanyayo kanye ne-hydraulic; zibhekwa njengezimboni ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi, ngakho-ke umnikelo wazo ekulimazeni ungqimba lomkhathi uvelele. Ngokufanayo, ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingaba nomthelela kulokhu okufana ne-air conditioning, i-aerosol, iziqandisi, phakathi kokunye, zikhipha inani elincane lamagesi abamba ukushisa kodwa zibe nomthelela ekubhujisweni kongqimba lwe-ozone.
Konke lokhu kukhishwa okuncane kushintsha imijikelezo yebhayoloji yeplanethi, njengomjikelezo wamanzi oncishisiwe, ngakho-ke okudala ukushoda kwemvula nokwandisa isikhathi sasehlobo, ngaphezu kokubangela ukunqwabelana kwamagesi emkhathini okuholela ekuguqulweni kwemvelo. amanzi, adala imvula engcolile ngisho nemvula ene-asidi. Ukuba khona kwamanzi ahlanzekile emvelweni kuyadingeka, ngaphezu kokuba omunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokuphila, futhi unesibopho sokuhlanza nokuhlanza umoya, ngoba udonsa izinhlayiya eziyingozi futhi unciphisa izinga lokungcola.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kuphakama isidingo sokusebenzisa izimoto zemvelo, ezaziwa ngokuba amandla avuselelekayo noma ahlanzekile angakhiphi amagesi ayingozi emkhathini; ukuba njengesimiso ukongiwa kwemvelo nokunakekelwa kongqimba lomkhathi, naphezu kwalokhu azikakasetshenziswa emphakathini ngenxa yobunzima bazo bokufinyelela futhi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuncika ekushisweni kukaphethiloli.
Izinyathelo Zokugwema Ukungcoliswa Komoya
Ukunukubezeka komkhathi kuyinkinga okuxoxwa ngayo kakhulu namuhla, kuphawuleka ukuthi maningi amazwe athinteke ngezinga eliphezulu lokunukubezeka okufana ne-China ne-India, okuphikelela kakhulu emadolobheni afana ne-New York, i-Beijing, i-Tokyo, i-Madrid, phakathi kwamanye. Lezi zindawo zaziwa ngomsebenzi wazo wezomnotho ophezulu, ngokuba yisizinda semithombo eminingi yomsebenzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle; ngakho-ke, zimelela umthombo wokungcola okuqhubekayo namuhla.
Phakathi kwezimbangela ezibaluliwe zokungcoliswa komoya kulawa mazwe namadolobha, ukwanda kwezimoto ezizungeza ezindaweni zawo, ukwanda kwezinqubo zezimboni, ukuntuleka kwemvula, phakathi kokunye, kugqame. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zifuna izixazululo zokunciphisa izinga lokunukubezeka emoyeni, zisebenzisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ukugqamisa:
Ukusebenzisa kabusha
Ukugaywa kabusha wuhlobo lwenqubo esetshenziswa ukuguqula udoti ube yimikhiqizo emisha noma uwenze uhlobo oluthile lwempahla eluhlaza; Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa ukusizakala ngemfucuza futhi sinciphise izinqubo zezimboni ezikhipha amagesi anobuthi emkhathini.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithuthi zomphakathi
Izimoto zingenye yezindlela zokuthutha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, ngakho-ke ukukhishwa kwegesi enobuthi kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Phakathi kwezinye zezinyathelo ezinconyiwe ukusebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithuthi ezizimele kuphela kulokho okudingekayo, kube nesandla ekubuyiselweni kongqimba lwe-ozone.
ukwabelana ngemoto
Abantu basebenzisa izinto zokuhamba ezizimele ukuze bathole ukunethezeka, ukufinyelela kalula futhi bahambe amabanga amade ngesikhathi esincane. Kulokhu, kunconywa ukwabelana ngemoto nabangane noma izihlobo ukunciphisa umthamo wezimoto nokukhishwa kwegesi kusuka kuphethiloli ovuthayo.
Izimoto ezisetshenziswa kancane (ezikagesi)
Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, indlela yezimoto zikagesi yazalwa, ngokusekelwe kumamotho asebenza ngamandla kagesi agcinwe kumabhethri avuselelwe, ukukhishwa kwayo kwegesi kuncane, kubhekwa njengohlobo lwamandla ahlanzekile futhi avuselelwe; ngakho-ke, limelela intuthuko enkulu yokunciphisa umthelela ongqimbeni lomkhathi.
Izibuyekezo zemoto ngezikhathi ezithile
Kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni kuphoqelekile ukuthi kuhlolwe ukukhishwa kwamagesi angcolisayo, kube nomthwalo wemfanelo wokunquma ukuthi imoto iyahambisana yini nobubanzi bamagesi akhishelwa emkhathini. Ukuhlola ukungcola okuyinhloko okufana ne-carbon monoxide, ama-hydrocarbon, ama-nitrogen oxides nokulawula ukukhishwa kwesitimu.
Ukuhamba ngezinyawo nokuhamba ngebhayisikili
Ohambweni olufushane kuyalulekwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe amabhayisikili, imele indlela yokuthutha esebenzisana nempilo yabantu futhi enciphisa ukuhamba kwezimoto.
Izifutho ezikhipha amagesi angcolisayo ambalwa
Amagesi abamba ukushisa akhuthazwa yimikhiqizo ye-aerosol, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukusebenzisa iziqukathi ezibonisa okuqukethwe okuphansi kwamagesi ayingozi, lokhu kuqinisekiswa kusitifiketi esibonwa ekukhangiseni kwabo.
Nakekela izindawo eziluhlaza
Njengoba inani labantu emadolobheni likhula, isidingo semithombo yemvelo kanye nokukhula kwentuthuko yasemadolobheni kuyanda, okubangela ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo eziningi eziluhlaza futhi kubeka izindawo ekucindezelekeni kwasemaphandleni; ngaphezu komthelela omkhulu emkhathini ngenxa yokukhishwa kwegesi ngesikhathi sokwakha. Isici esiyinhloko sokunciphisa ukungcola ukugcina izindawo eziluhlaza ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni ezizungezile, njengoba zisebenzisana nokugcinwa komoya ngaphakathi kuzo.
Izinyathelo Zokugwema Ukungcoliswa komoya Ekhaya
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuhlotshaniswa nomthelela omkhulu wamagesi aphuma ezimotweni, ezindaweni zezimboni, phakathi kokunye. Kodwa kukhona nephesenti elivela ezindlini ezifana nokusetshenziswa kweziqandisi kanye ne-air conditioning; Ukwengeza, njengabantu ngabanye singathonya lesi sici ngokubhema nokubhema ugwayi. Ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuwumsebenzi wawo wonke umuntu, kusukela ekhaya, nazi ezinye iziphakamiso:
Sebenzisa amalambu anamandla aphansi
Amalambu okukhanya asetshenziswa kancane, awaziwa nangokuthi ama-LED, abhekwa njengenketho ephumelelayo yokusebenzisa amandla kagesi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhiqiza kwawo okunezinto ezincane ezingcolisayo kanye nezinqubo ezithinta imvelo; ukonga imali kanye nokunciphisa umthelela emoyeni.
Ungawachithi amanzi
Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu wukumosha kwamanzi ezindlini, emahhovisi nakwezinye izindawo zasemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi uma kushawa, kusetshenziswa ompompi noma izinhlelo zokugcwalisa amathangi kabili. Zonke zimelela izindleko zamandla ngokweqile futhi zisebenzisana nokungcoliswa komkhathi, okutuswa ukuthi kugcinwe ukulawula okuqinile kompompi bamanzi futhi kugwenywe ukuchithwa koketshezi olubalulekile.
Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo esimeme
Ezitshalweni, kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali evumela ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kokudla okuthile, okuthinta isimo sakho semvelo futhi kungcolise imvelo kule nqubo. Kunconywa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwale mikhiqizo ukuze uthole ukudla okunempilo futhi wandise impilo yomhlabathi.
Gwema ukusebenzisa umshini wokuwasha izitsha
Kuwuhlelo lokuzigeza lwempahla yasekhaya, okubangela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamandla namanzi; ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinto zokusika noma ezingaboli.
Gwema ukusebenzisa isiphephetha-moya
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwesiphephetha-moya ikakhulukazi ehlobo noma enkathini yesomiso, ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu izifunda ezihlukahlukene ezingaphansi kwawo, kuye kwabangela ukwanda kokuwohloka kongqimba lwe-ozone; Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukusebenzisa abalandeli abagcina ikhaya lipholile kakhulu phakathi nosuku futhi banciphise umthelela walo emkhathini.
Gcina izitshalo endlini
Izitshalo zinesibopho sokwenza enye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-biochemical emhlabeni, isizukulwane somoya-mpilo ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis, futhi zingakwazi ukumunca isikhutha esizizungezile, sisebenze njengesihlanzi somoya futhi sivumele ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yayo.
Sebenzisa ama-extractors
Ama-extractors anesibopho sokugcina ukujikeleza komoya futhi avumele ukungena komoya kulezo zindawo ezivaliwe njengekhishi, amagumbi okulala, amagumbi okugeza, phakathi kokunye. Ukubangela ukuthi amagesi angase agxiliswe ukuthi ahlakazeke futhi angathinti impilo yabantu abakhona.
Ungabhemi ezindaweni ezivaliwe
Gwema ukubhema ezindaweni ezivaliwe, njengoba amagesi nobuthi obuphuma kugwayi noma ugwayi bunqwabelana, futhi kuyatuseka ukwenzenjalo emasimuni noma ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya.
Sebenzisa izinto zokuhlanza umoya
Izihlanzi zomoya zinesibopho sokuhlanza yonke indawo ezungezile, zivumela umoya onempilo kubantu abaseduze; Lolu hlobo lwedivayisi lusetshenziswa kakhulu yilabo abanenkinga yokuphefumula noma ukungezwani komzimba nezinto ezithile.
Ithonya Lokungcoliswa Komkhathi
Ukunukubezeka komoya kungezinye zezinto ezidala izifo kubantu, ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO) kubhekwe ukuthi babalelwa ku-1,3 million abantu ngonyaka abaguliswa yizinkinga zokuphefumula, eziba zimbi kakhulu futhi zibulale. U-50% walezi zibalo uhlala emazweni angathuthukile, okugqamisa ukuthi amazwe angenayo imithetho elawula lolu hlobo lokungcola. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ekungcolisweni komoya kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezempilo, ake sazi eminye yayo:
Ukwanda kwezigameko zokungezwani komzimba nezinto ezithile
I-Allergies iyindlela yokusabela kwamasosha omzimba, idala ukuzwela ezicini ezahlukene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhumba, ukudla noma ukuphefumula; eqokomisa lokhu kokugcina ekukhiqizeni i-rhinitis, isifuba somoya kanye ne-atopic eczema (izingane, abantu abadala kanye nabantu abadala), eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokwanda kwalolu hlobo lokungezwani komzimba okubangelwa amazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa komoya wendawo, okuba okungamahlalakhona nokubangela ukufa kwabantu. .
Ukwanda kwezifo zenhliziyo
Izifo zenhliziyo zihlobene nokuntuleka kwenhliziyo, okudala ubunzima ngohlelo lokujikeleza komzimba womuntu. Njengamanje kubhekwa ukuthi ukungcoliswa komoya endaweni yesishiyagalolunye ezifweni zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, lokhu kungenxa yokunqwabelana kwamagesi nezinto ezingabangela ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, ukuvuvukala kwesistimu, i-aerothrombosis kanye ne-arrhythmogenesis kubantu.
Ukwanda kwe-pathologies yokuphefumula
Ukwanda kwezifo ezingapheli zokuphefumula kuye kwabonwa emazweni ahlukahlukene, njengokuhluleka kokuphefumula, i-diphtheria, i-bronchitis eyingozi, ukukhwehlela, isifo se-pulmonary obstructive pulmonary kanye nabanye.
Ukwanda kwezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza kubantu
Ukuchayeka okuphezulu ezinhlayiyeni ezilengiswe emoyeni kanye namagesi ayingozi akhishwa imithombo ehlukahlukene (izindlela zokuthutha, izimboni, ama-aerosol) aveza ingozi enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wamaphaphu; ukugqama kulabo bantu abathuthukisa usuku nosuku emikhakheni yezimboni nakubantu abaningi, ngenxa yokuchayeka kakhulu ekungcolisweni kwemvelo.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Ukubaluleka Kwamanzi Ezidalwa Eziphilayo