Funda kulesi sihloko mayelana nempilo nomsebenzi ka UMartin Luther, indoda eyakhuthaza isonto lobuKristu ukuba libuyele ezimfundisweni zalo zokuqala, okwaphawula ingqopha-mlando emlandweni ngokushiya ifa njengomgqugquzeli oyinhloko weNguquko YamaProthestani.
UMartin Luther
UMartin Luther wayeyindela yaseJalimane kanye nesazi sezenkolo senkathi ephakathi. Uhlelo lwezindela le nkosi eyayingaphansi kwalo kwakuyizindela ezingama-Augustinian ezingamaKatolika.
Igama likaMartin Luther lakwazi ukweqa umlando ngokuba ngomunye wabagqugquzeli abakhulu benguquko yezenkolo ezweni lakubo, eyasakazekela ngaphesheya kwemingcele yaseJalimane. Futhi omiyalo noma imibandela eyayikhuthaza izinguquko zobuProthestani; kanye nalokho kamuva okwakuzokwaziwa ngokuthi imfundiso yenkolo yobuLuthela.
Emibhalweni eyashiwo uLuther ekuguquleni kwakhe izinguquko, wanxusa iSonto LamaKatolika ukuba libuyele endleleni yokuqala yeziqondiso ezanikezwa uNkulunkulu, ezilotshwe eBhayibhelini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izimpikiswano ezakhishwa uMartin Luther zabangela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwamabandla obuKristu eYurophu.
Ngaphambi kwakho konke lokhu kuvukela kukaLuther, umbuso wamaKhatholika waseRoma awuthathanga isikhathi eside ukusabela, waqala ukuphikisa inguquko. Elinye lamafa ashiywa yile monki elwela izinguquko kwakungenye yezinguqulo ezingcono kakhulu zeBhayibheli ezisuka kusiLatini ziyiswa olimini lwesiJalimane.
Umlando kaMartin Luther
UMartin Luther, igama lakhe ngesiJalimane nowaziwa kangcono ngelikaMartin Luther, wazalelwa edolobheni laseJalimane i-Eisleben ngoNovemba 10, 1483. Abazali bakhe kwakunguHans Luther noMargarethe Luther, iminyaka yokuqala yomntwana uMartin wayehlala edolobheni laseJalimane laseJalimane. I-Mansfield.
Indawo umkhaya wakwaLuther owathuthela kuyo ngo-1484 lapho uHans ayesebenza khona njengenduna yezimayini zethusi eziningana. Efuna ukuthi indodana yakhe ifunde futhi ingagculiseki ngokuba ihlwempu njengoyise, uHans Luther wabhalisa uMartin ezikoleni ezihlukahlukene edolobheni nasemadolobheni aseduze.
Imfundo ephakeme
UMartín osemusha ungena eNyuvesi yase-Erfurt enhloko-dolobha yesifunda saseJalimane iThuringia ngonyaka we-1501, eneminyaka engu-18. ULuther oqanjwe ngokuthi "Isazi Sefilosofi" kule ndlu yezifundo, wathweswa iziqu ngonyaka we-1502.
Kamuva, ngo-1505, wathola iziqu ze-masters, waba ngowesibili ekukhushulweni kwezikhundla kwabafundi abangu-17. UMartin ngenhloso yokufeza izifiso zikayise uqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ngokungenela i-Faculty of Law yase-University of Erfurt.
Nokho, isenzakalo esinesenzakalo esingokwemvelo simenza ashintshe inkambo yakhe. NgoJulayi 2, 1505, esivunguvungwini sikagesi, umbani ushaya eduze kukaMartin, futhi uyababaza ethi Help Santa Ana! futhi ethembisa ukuba yindela, uLuther ungena endlini yezindela yama-Augustinian friars edolobheni lase-Erfurt ngo-July 17 walowo nyaka.
Impilo yakhe njengendela
Kusukela eneminyaka engu-22, uMartin waqala futhi wanikela ngesikhathi sakhe ukuze aphile ukuphila kwezindela, ezinikela ngokuphelele ukuze ajabulise uNkulunkulu. Ngalokhu, wenza imisebenzi yesisa futhi wazibeka enkonzweni yabaswele kakhulu ngemithandazo yakhe yansuku zonke.
ULuther wayezimisele kakhulu ukujabulisa uNkulunkulu kangangokuthi lapho ekwenza ngokwengeziwe, kulapho azithola enecala futhi enesono kakhulu phambi kwakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, wazitika ngokujulile ezikhathini ezinde zokuthandaza nokuzila ukudla, ngaphezu kokuzifaka engozini nokuvuma izono njalo kuNkulunkulu.
Indela kanye no-abbot wesigodlo sezindela saseVon Staupitz, ngokubona isimo sengqondo sikaLuther, yayenga lensizwa ukuba iqale umsebenzi wokufunda, ukuze iphazamiseke ekuziphatheni kwayo okweqile kwezenkolo. Ngakho, lapho uLuther esegcotshwe njengompristi, waqala ukufundisa imfundiso yenkolo eNyuvesi yaseWittenberg ngo-1508.
Ngawo lowo nyaka uklonyeliswa ngeziqu ze-bachelor's ezifundweni zeBhayibheli, kamuva wathola iziqu zobudokotela eBhayibhelini ngo-1512 futhi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu uqokwa ukuba ibamba lika-Augustinian order. Okwabela izindela eziyi-11 ngaphansi kokuphatha kwakhe, ngalesi sikhathi uLuther wazinikela ekufundeni izilimi ezinjengesiGreki nesiHeberu.
Izilimi ezingakusiza ufune incazelo engcono yemibhalo engcwele yeBhayibheli. Zonke lezi zifundo zavumela indela esikhathini esizayo ukuhumusha iTestamente Elidala lamaJuda.
Martin Luther kanye nemfundiso yomusa
UMartin Luther ukushisekela ukufunda ngokucophelela imibhalo engcwele yeBhayibheli kanye nokuhlolisisa ulwazi lwebandla lokuqala lobuKristu.
Ngokusekelwe kulesi sihloko, sikumema ngokufudumele ukuthi wazi lapha ¿owasungula ibandla Christian futhi kwenzeka nini?
Ngoba eqinisweni nakubantu abaningi lo mbuzo uphumela ekungaqiniseki, futhi kulokhu kwenezelwa ukuntula ulwazi lwezwi likaNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke landela lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo ukuze ufunde ngesisekelo sebandla lobuKristu.
Lapho uLuther ejula ekutadisheni iBhayibheli, wathola incazelo entsha uma kukhulunywa ngamagama afana nokubuyisana nokuziphatha komuntu. Indela yakwazi futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi iziphathimandla zesonto zaziphambukisile indlela eyinhloko yobuKristu ngokuvumelana nombono weqiniso ofundiswa emibhalweni engcwele yeBhayibheli.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lokho uLuther akuhlolisisa kwakuwumyalezo wokulungisiswa ngokholo hhayi ngemisebenzi, njengoba ibandla lalifundisa. Ukusuka lapho indela yaqala ukudlulisa imfundiso yokuthi insindiso iyisipho esivela kuNkulunkulu kuphela, ngoMusa kaJesu Kristu nokuthi yamukelwa umuntu ngokholo kuphela.
UMartin Luther waqinisa imfundiso yoMusa ngokusungula umehluko phakathi kwalokho okwakungumthetho kaMose nomyalezo wamavangeli. Ukuthi endelani lokhu kwakuyisizinda sokuqonda isigijimi sikaJesu nokuthi ukuntuleka kwalolo lwazi kwakubangele ibandla losuku lwakhe ukuba lenze amaphutha abalulekile emfundiso yenkolo.
Izihloko zikaLuther ezingama-95
Imibono kaLuther engama-95 yayiwumphumela wempikiswano eyavela ngezono ezazinikezwa iSonto LamaKatolika ngokuvumela abantu ukuba bathenge insindiso yabo. Lokhu kwayithukuthelisa indela futhi kwayiholela ekubeni ithuthukise imibhalo ebhalwe ngemibono engu-95 yabe isiyibethela emnyango wesonto laseWittenberg Palace ngo-October 31, 1517.
Ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyifomu noma imfuneko iNyuvesi eyayifuna ukuze kuqalwe inkulumo-mpikiswano noma ingxabano ngodaba oluthile noma ngesihloko.
ULuther wabonisa ukuthi kwakuwukusebenzisa kabi amandla kwesonto ngokuthengisa izono, ukuphamba abathembekile ngamanga. Okwathi ngokuthola izono zikapapa babalekela amasakramente okuvuma izono nokuphenduka kweqiniso.
UMartín waphelezela le mibono engama-95 ngokushumayela okuthathu kwezimfundiso ezenziwa ngendlela yezintshumayelo phakathi konyaka ka-1516 no-1517. Kwenye yalezi zintshumayelo wazinikela ekufundeni indinyana yeBhayibheli ethi:
KwabaseRoma 1:16-17 (KJV 1960): 16 Ngokuba anginamahloni ngevangeli, ngokuba lingamandla kaNkulunkulu insindiso kubo bonke abakholwayo; kumJuda kuqala, nakumGreki futhi. 17 Ngoba evangelini Ukulunga kukaNkulunkulu kwembulwa ngokukholwa nangokukholwa, njengoba kulotshiwe: Kodwa olungileyo uzaphila ngokukholwa.
ULuther wasungulwa kule ndima ukuze amise lokho okwakuzokwaziwa ngokuthi iNguquko YamaProthestani. Imibono kaMartin Luther engu-95 yakopishwa futhi yanyatheliswa kabanzi, yasakazwa ezweni lonke futhi kamuva kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ukusabela kukapapa ngaleso sikhathi ezimfundisweni ezingu-95 kwakuwukumemezela uLuther njengembuka futhi wabhala incwadi ephikisa inguquko ephikisa lokho okwakulotshwe indela yaseJalimane.
Ukuxoshwa kukaLuther esontweni
Ngo-1521 u-Martin Luther uxoshwa ngu-Leo X enkolweni yamaKatolika ngencwadi kapapa eyanyatheliswa ngo-January 3 walowo nyaka. Khona-ke emhlanganweni wezikhulu zoMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma owawuse-Worms, owaziwa ngokuthi i-Diet of Worms ngo-January 22, 1521, uLuther ubhekana nokuhoxa noma ukuqinisa imfundiso yakhe.
Ngemva kwemihlangano eminingana uLuther wayiqinisekisa imfundiso yakhe phambi kweziphathimandla, ephendula uMbusi uCharles V wabhala iSimemezelo Sezimpethu ngoMay 25, 1521. Kulo mthetho u-Marin Luther kwathiwa uyisihlubuki esibalekile futhi ukusakazwa kwemisebenzi yakhe kwenqatshelwe.
Ukudingiswa enqabeni yaseWartburg
Ngaphambi kokuba uCharles V akhiphe i-Decree of Worms, uMntwana uFrederick III waseSaxony wafihla uMartin Luther enqabeni yaseWartburg e-Eisenach, eThuringia, eJalimane. Wahlala lapho isikhathi esingangonyaka, esebenzisa lesi sikhathi sokuphoqeleka ukuba ahumushe iTestamente Elisha leBhayibheli, elinyathelisa ngo-September 1522.
Ngokufanayo, ukuhlala kwakhe enqabeni yaseWartburg kwasiza uLuther ekuqeqesheni kwakhe njengendoda emnene nomshisekeli wezinguquko. Phakathi kwemibhalo eminingana ngesikhathi se-cloister, wabhala umhlahlandlela wokuvuma izono lapho etshela abapristi ukuthi lokhu akufanele kube yimpoqo kodwa ngokuzithandela.
Ngalesi sikhathi waphinde wathuthukisa ukugxila kwakhe ebudlelwaneni phakathi komthetho kaMose nesivumelwano soMusa kaNkulunkulu ngoJesu sokusindiswa kwezono.
Umshado nomndeni kaMartin Luther
UMartin Luther ngo-April 1523 waqala ukusiza izindela eziyishumi nambili ezazifuna ukushiya impilo yesigodlo edolobheni laseNimbschen, eduze kwaseGrimma eSaxony. Uyakwazi ukubakhipha endlini yezindelakazi ngokubafihla emiphongolweni emikhulu.
Enye yalezi zindela eziyishumi nambili kwakuthiwa uCatherine waseBora, owagcina eshade noLuther ngo-June 13, 1525. Bobabili bathuthela endaweni yokuhlala kaLuther esigodlweni esidala sika-Augustinian eWittenberg, lo mbhangqwana wakhulelwa izingane eziyisithupha.
- UJohannes, (7/6/1526): wafundela ubumeli futhi eyisikhulu senkantolo, washona ngo-1575.
- U-Elizabeth, (10/12/1527): Le ntombazane yashona ngaphambi kwesikhathi zingama-3/08/1528.
- UMagdalena, (5/05/1529): Washona eneminyaka eyishumi nantathu futhi ukufa kwakhe kwaba igalelo elinzima kubazali bakhe.
- UMartín, (09/11/1531): Wakhetha umsebenzi wemfundiso yenkolo, wafa ngo-1565.
- UPaul, (28/01/1533): wafundela ubudokotela, wafa ngo-March 1593.
- UMargaretha, (17/12/1534): Lo wesifazane osemusha washada nesikhulu uGeorge von Kunheim, wafa eneminyaka engu-36. Ekuzalweni kwakhe kuvela okuwukuphela kozalo lukaLuther olukhona namuhla.
IBhayibheli lesiJalimane likaLuther
Ngo-1534 uLuther wenza enye yezinguqulo ezingcono kakhulu zeBhayibheli olimini lwesiJalimane. Ngaleso sikhathi iningi labantu baseJalimane lahlala lisezingeni lokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Abantu baseJalimane abafundile babengamalungu esonto.
Abantu abangafundile bathola ulwazi lwezenkolo ngomlomo, bebamba ngekhanda futhi bephindaphinda amavesi eBhayibheli. Ngenguqulo yeBhayibheli ehunyushwe ngesiJalimane futhi yanyatheliswa ngamakhophi amaningi, uLuther uyakwazi ukwenza imiBhalo engcwele itholakale kwabaningi ngolimi lwabo lwebele.
Ngalokhu okunyathelisiwe kweBhayibheli lesiJalimane, kuyasiza ekusakazeni imfundiso yeNguquko YamaProthestani, ikwazi ukuhlukanisa iSonto LamaKatolika eJalimane. Umgomo kaLuther oyinhloko ekuhumusheni iBhayibheli wawuwukuba abantu abavamile bakwazi ukufinyelela ngokuqondile imibhalo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulwazi kahle ulimi lwesiLatini.
Njengoba iBhayibheli elalikhona ngaleso sikhathi lalaziwa ngokuthi i-Vulgate yesiLatini, eyayihunyushwe nguSaint Jerome isusela esiHebheru, isi-Aramu nesiGreki iyiswa esiLatini. ULuther ube esethatha ingxenye yalo futhi alihumushele olimini lwesiJalimane ukuze alenze lifinyeleleke kubantu abavamile.
Okokuqala, wahumusha iTestamente Elisha kuphela futhi phakathi nalolu hlelo, uLuther wafinyelela emadolobheni nasezimakethe eziseduze. Ngenhloso yokusebenzisa i-jargon evamile yolimi lwesiJalimane futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwazi ukubhala ukuhunyushwa kwayo ngolimi olukhululekile.
Eminye imibhalo kaMartin Luther
Umbhalo kaMartin Luther ubanzi kakhulu, nakuba ezinye zezincwadi zakhe, ngokusho kwabagxeki bomlando, zaziyimidwebo nabangane abanikeza umanduleli wenguquko. Lokhu bakwenza ngokusobala befuna ukuzuza izethameli eziningi zabafundi, phakathi kwemibhalo evelele kaMartin Luther kungashiwo lokhu okulandelayo:
- I-Weimar Ausgabe, iqoqo eliphelele lemibhalo yombhali enezincwadi noma imiqulu eyi-101 engabhalwanga phansi.
- Izincwadi lapho umlobi echaza khona ukusungulwa kwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, ngokwemibandela yazo yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, i-hermeneutics, i-exegesis kanye ne-exposition. Ngaphezu kokuchaza kuzo indlela imibhalo yeBhayibheli ehlobana ngayo.
- Imibhalo ephathelene nokuphatha umphakathi kanye nesonto, kanye nekhaya lobuKristu.
Ukufa kukaMartin Luther
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uLuther wayevakashela njalo edolobheni lezingane nobusha bakhe, iMansfeld. Lolu hambo oluvamile lwalubangelwa ukukhathalela kukaLuther ngabafowabo nodadewabo.
Lapho amadoda emindeni ayeqhubeke nomsebenzi kaBaba uHans Luther ezimayini zethusi zendawo. Ngaleso sikhathi izimayini zazisongelwa u-Count Albrecht waseMansfeld, ukuze alawule ukuphathwa kwezimayini ukuze azuze yena.
ULuther wabe eseya edolobheni efuna ukungenelela ezingxoxweni ukuze afinyelele isivumelwano namacala amane aseMansfeld. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1545 wenza ezimbili zalolu hambo lokuxoxisana futhi ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo wenza uhambo lwesithathu edolobheni labafowabo, ukuze aqedele ngempumelelo izingxoxo ngoFebhuwari 17, 1546.
Njengoba enguLuther e-Eisleben nezingane zakhe ezintathu, ngobusuku obubodwa uzwa izinhlungu ezinamandla esifubeni. Unquma ukuyolala futhi kuwo uthandaza kuNkulunkulu ebabaza la mazwi alandelayo:
“Umoya wami ngiwushiya ezandleni zenu; Ungihlengile, Jehova Nkulunkulu othembekileyo.”
Kuthe kusempondo zankomo, ubuhlungu esifubeni sakhe buyakhula futhi izihlobo zakhe zibophe umzimba wakhe ngamathawula ashisayo. ULuther waba nomuzwa wokuthi ukufa kwakhe kwase kuseduze futhi ngalezo zikhathi waphakamisa umthandazo kuNkulunkulu embonga ngokuphila kwendodana yakhe uJesu Kristu ayekholelwa kuyo.
UMartin Luther washona emagumbini amabili nezintathu ekuseni ngo-February 18, 1546, edolobheni lakubo e-Eisleben, kamuva wangcwatshwa esontweni laseSigodlweni SaseWittenberg, endaweni eseduze nepulpiti..
Ifa likaMartin Luther
Ifa eliyinhloko elashiywa uLuther ukuba ngumgqugquzeli oyinhloko weNguquko YamaProthestani eJalimane. Kusukela lapho yasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngenxa yomakhi womshini wokunyathelisa wangaleso sikhathi.
Ngakho imibhalo yakhe ebhaliwe yafundwa okokuqala eJalimane kwase kuba kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Yonke le mibhalo yaba ugqozi lokwakhiwa kwabanye abashisekeli benguquko abakhulu, izazi zefilosofi nezihlakaniphi ezabangela ukuba kube nezinhlobonhlobo zamabandla obuProthestani hhayi eYurophu kuphela, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke.
INguquko YamaProthestani eyakhuthazwa uLuther kanye neCatholic Counter-Reformation ngokuphendula, yayimele izehlakalo ezimbili ezibalulekile ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuhlakani baseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kobuProthestani bukaLuther, impi yeminyaka engu-30 yaqala eBohemia ngenxa yezingxabano phakathi kwenkolo yamaKatolika namaProthestani.
Qhubeka ufunda nathi ngempilo yabalingiswa basebhayibhelini ezihlokweni: UPawuli oNgcwele waseTarsu: Impilo, ukuguqulwa, umcabango nokunye. Kamuva UGideon: kusuka endodeni ebuthakathaka kuya kwiqhawe elinesibindi.
