USeneca ngokungangabazeki ungomunye wongqondongqondo ababaluleke kakhulu nabaziwayo benkathi yombuso waseRoma. Kokubili kwezinye izici ze-biographical ezimxhumanisa nababusi bangaleso sikhathi, kanye nezakhe isimilo sokuziphatha kahle, umgxeki ongaguquki ngobubi boMbuso WaseRoma. umphakathi kanye nomgqugquzeli wamagugu amasha.
Ukuphila konke kukaSeneca kwachithwa ngaphansi kokubusa kwababusi abahlanu abahlukene. Ingxenye yozalo lukaJulio-Claudian; uzoba umfundisi nomeluleki kaNero. Kodwa-ke, lo wakamuva, ophuphuthekiswe ingcebo namandla, uzophoqa isazi sefilosofi ukuba sizibulale, simsole ngokuba nengxenye ezunguleni lasePisonian.
Amanothi okuphila: impilo nomsebenzi
Siyazi okuncane mayelana nentsha kaLucio Anneo Seneca. Wazalelwa e-Córdoba (eSpain) emndenini wamahhashi, phakathi kuka-4 no-1 BC. Uyise, umnumzane ocebile owaziwa ngokuthi USeneca Omdala noma uSeneca the RhetoricianWayeyindoda eyisifundiswa ethanda umlando kanye nezinkulumo. Lona wanyakaza iphunga ukufunda kalula futhi alalele izikhulumi ezivelele kakhulu futhi avumele izingane zakhe ezintathu zithole imfundo efanele.
USeneca waqala ukuzihlanganisa nezihlakaniphi ezazidume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. USozione Omncane (isazi sefilosofi saseNeopythagorean), u-Attalus (Stoic) noPapirio Fabiano (isazi sokukhuluma nesazi sefilosofi). Ngabo uyabazi Izimfundiso zikaQuintus Sextius, owayeshumayele umgomo wokuphila kokuzincisha injabulo, futhi ngokwengxenye egqugquzelwe yi-neo-Pythagoreanism, ahlala ethembekile kuyo ngaso sonke isikhathi. USeneca wahamba cishe ngo-AD 26 waya eGibhithe nomalume ukuze aphulukise impilo yakhe ebuthakathaka. Lapha waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokukhuluma nepolitiki cishe ngonyaka wama-31 AD. C. futhi, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, waba yilungu lephalamende.
Ukungqubuzana kokuqala kwamandla kubuyela onyakeni wama-39 AD, lapho azifaka engozini yesigwebo sentambo, ngokusobala ngokuthanda kukaCaligula onomona., ebukhoneni bakhe wayevikele isizathu ngobuhlakani bakhe, kodwa mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuxhumana kwakhe nendawo ahlala kuyo. Germanicus, inzondo kumbusi. Kulesi senzakalo, wasindiswa isithandwa sikaCaligula, esakhomba umbusi ukuthi kwakungafaneleki ukubulala lesi sihlakaniphi esigulayo, esasizofa ngempela ngesikhathi esifushane.
Izinsolo ezibhekiswe ku-Seneca
Ngonyaka ka-41 AD uSeneca uyisisulu setulo lesigodlo futhi, ngemva kokusolwa ngokuphinga nomunye wodadewabo bakaCaligula, udingiselwa eCorsica ngumbusi omusha uClaudius.. Ukudingiswa -empeleni, a ukwehliswa- kusukela ngo-41 kuya ku-49 AD. C. Kulokhu kwakunguMessalina, inkosikazi yokuqala yoMbusi uKlawudiyu, owayenecala lokulahlwa kwecala. Eqinisweni, wesaba umndeni wasendulo wamaJalimane, omelwe odadewabo bakaCaligula, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu uneSeneca osolwa ngokuphinga nomncane kunabo bonke, uGiulia Livilla.
Ukubuya kweSeneca eRoma kukhuthazwa ngu-Agrippina, umkaClaudio, ngemva kokushona kukaMessalina. Eqinisweni, unkosikazi omusha wombusi ulungiselela ukulandelana kwendodana yakhe uLucio Domizio Nokubarbo, uNero ozayo, kusukela emshadweni odlule, futhi ubheka isazi sefilosofi saseCordovan njengomeluleki ofanelekayo kuye.
Ngo 54 AD C., uClaudius washona, mhlawumbe wadliswa ushevu ngu-Agrippina ngokwakhe, futhi walandelwa uNerone owayeneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala, elandelwa uSeneca kanye nomphathi wombusi u-Afranio Burro. UNero uzoba yinkosana ephikisana kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe; empeleni, uyoba nezimfanelo ezithile ezingenakuphikwa, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yokuqala yombuso wakhe, kodwa futhi uyoba necala lobugebengu kanye nezimo zengqondo ezicindezelayo.
Ukuzibophezela nokuzibophezela okwengeziwe
USeneca ube esethatha icebo lokuvelela lokuqondisa umfundi osemncane ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okukhanyiselekile. Wakwenza ezama ukuzuza ukulamula phakathi kwamandla ombuso namandla eSigele. Wasikisela kuNero inqubomgomo yokuhlonipha amalungelo ombuso wezicukuthwane. Kodwa-ke, yisikhathi esinzima kusazi sefilosofi, hhayi nje ngenxa yokuzibophezela okudingwa yile nqubomgomo kuye, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yezibopho eziningi okufanele azamukele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlingisi kaNero, ongabekezeleli ukufundisa kwakhe, futhi ngakolunye, amacebo ka-Agrippina, owayefuna ukulawula indodana yakhe ngoSeneca no-Donkey, ukuze alawule amandla akhe.
Isikhathi sokuqala sikathishanhloko seminyaka emihlanu saphawulwa yisikhathi sokulingana - lokho okubizwa "ngesikhathi esihle sikahulumeni" - kodwa ngemuva kwalokho isimo sabonakala sehla kakhulu. Ithonya elihle labafundisi ababili abavelele eqinisweni lalingesikhathi esifushane; UNerone, egcwele isifiso sokuvelela nokugabadela, uqala ukususa labo abavimbela iphrojekthi yakhe yokuqinisekisa, ekhaphela izindinganiso nezimiso ezifanayo afundiswa ngazo uthisha wakhe.
Wathintwa umbusi omubi
Ngokushesha umbusi ocindezelayo waqala ukuba umlingiswa oyinhloko wezenzo ezimbi. Wabulala indodana kaClaudio, uBriton, ngo-55 AD Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-59, wabulala unina ka-Agrippina, ngemva kwezingxabano ezinamandla.. USeneca, nokho, wahlala ohlangothini lombusi kwaze kwaba ngu-AD 62.
Lapho, ngemva kokushona kwembongolo (mhlawumbe efakwe ushevu), ukungafani kwagxila nakakhulu endleleni yokuphila kaNero noTigellinus, umphathi omusha we-praetorium, kanye nendlela yokuphila yokugunyazwa eya ngokuya ikhula.
Kuleli qophelo, uSeneca uyayibona ingozi yesimo futhi uqala ukuvama isigodlo sombuso kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokushiswa kweRoma ngonyaka wama-64. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucela umbusi ukuba ahoxe empilweni yezombangazwe. Naphezu kokwenqaba kwakhe, kancane kancane wathuthela ezindlini zezwe lakubo, wazinikela ekutadisheni ifilosofi. Ngokuqondile kule nkathi uSeneca waqamba eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu: the imibuzo yemvelo, the I-Deididentia futhi i izincwadi zokuziphatha ku Lucilius.
Ukwahlulela kukaNero
Isimo sengqondo sokuhlukaniswa okuqhubekayo kwezinketho zezombangazwe zikaNero sibaholela ekuboneni uSeneca njengomuntu omelene nombuso. Ngakho-ke, lapho ngo-AD 65 uzungu lweSigele ngokumelene noNero, olwaluholwa uGaius Calpurnius Piso (owaziwa ngokuthi uzungu lwePiso), lubhuntshiwa, uSeneca akakwazanga ukubalekela izinsolo zokuba nengxenye kulo futhi uNero wagwetshwa intambo. Bese ethola umyalelo wokuthatha ukuphila kwakhe, afe ngokuhlonishwa ngokwezimiso ze mzi maorum. Ukube akakwenzanga lokho, ngabe wabulawa noma kunjalo, njengoba uNero eqiniseka ngokuqinile ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe ozungu lwasePisonian. Kungenzeka ukuthi uSeneca wazisiwe kuphela ngalolu zungu, kodwa asazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ubambe iqhaza ngempela yini kulo. Ingakwazi futhi ayifuni ukuphunyuka, isazi sefilosofi sikhetha ukuzibulala futhi asinakho okunye ukukhetha.
Ukufa kukaSeneca kulandiswa nguTacitus, ochaza ukuthi kuphefumulelwe yi-kuze kube sekufeni kukaSocrates Phaedo y crito kusuka kuPlato, ngamathoni afanayo kakhulu; USeneca ukhuluma nabafundi kanye nomkakhe uPompea Paolina, ongathanda ukuzibulala naye, kodwa naphezu kokuthi isazi sefilosofi simcindezela ukuba angakwenzi, uyaphikelela.
Izikhathi zokugcina ngokusho kukaTacitus
UTacitus uchaza izikhathi zokugcina zempilo yesazi sefilosofi ngale ndlela: «Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uSeneca, njengoba ukulinda kwakukude futhi ukufa kwaphuza ukufika, wancenga u-Statius Anneus, ubungane bakhe obude nobuciko bezokwelapha ayebutholile, ukuba amthele ubuthi obulungiselelwe kudala, obufanayo nalo. labo abalahlwa ngesigwebo esidumile bacinywa e-Athene. Bamlethela, kepha wawaphuza ngeze; ngoba izitho zakhe zase zigodola nomzimba wakhe uvalekile ngenxa yesenzo sikashevu. Ekugcineni, wazifaka ngokwakhe kubhavu wamanzi ashisayo, futhi efafaza izinceku eziseduze ngawo, waphinda wathi wanikeza lowo mnikelo kuJupiter umkhululi. Ekugcineni wafakwa kubhavu wokugeza ngesitimu, wancishwa ukushisa futhi washiswa ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umcimbi womngcwabo. Lokhu wayekuhlele encwadini yakhe yefa lapho, esacebe kakhulu futhi esezingeni eliphakeme lamandla akhe, wayesecabanga ngesiphetho sakhe. ".
Ukuzibulala okuqondwa abaningi
Ukuzibulala Ngesibindi Nokuthetheleleka Kulabo abangakwesabi ukufa futhi abaye baphila ukuphila kwabo konke befuna injabulo ebuhleni, ekuhlakanipheni nasekuthuleni kwengqondo, bacabangele ukubaluleka kokuphila hhayi ngokwesikhathi sakho, kodwa ngokwezinga ekuphilwa ngalo . uphila Lowo, ngezinhlekelele zakhe, wazama, walahla ulaka, fundisa umbusi wakhe ukuba agweme intukuthelo eyeqisayo, anikele ngisho nokukodwa kweyakhe Izingxoxo kule nkanuko eyingozi (the ngentukuthelo), noma ngabe uyisisulu sakho. Okwakhe kungukufa okuthwesa umqhele wokuphila okuphelele nokho ngenkazimulo; uhlale ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinhle nezimbi, eshiya izizukulwane ezizayo iqoqo lemisebenzi ecebile, engokwefilosofi neyokuziphatha, ngezingxoxo zakhe eziyishumi. y wakho izincwadi, obuseduze kakhulu futhi siqu.
Isazi sefilosofi, okwathi isikhathi eside sasolwa ngokungaphili ngemithetho yaso, ngokuqongelela ingcebo futhi saqhuba inzalo, eyekethise amandla futhi esekele ukubulawa kwabantu kukaBritannicus no-Agrippina, ngokufa kwakhe kwaseshashalazini kukaSocrates ekugcineni ubeka ukuthula phakathi kokuphila kwakhe nemisebenzi yakhe. I-Tacitus' isiqephu esinamandla nesimangalisayo esivela ku- U-Annales (15, 62-64) -okuyinto, ngaphezu kwalokho, eyaphefumulela isiko lesimanje lezithombe, kusukela kuRubens kuya kuDavid - kanye ne umlando wamaRoma (25, 1-3) ngu-Cassius Dio, umthombo oyinhloko wokwakhiwa kabusha kokuzibulala kuka-Seneca. Njengoba esho ngokwakhe encwadini Izincwadi eziya kuLucilius(Incwadi VIII, 70, 6 kanye no-28): «Ukufa kahle kusho ukubalekela ingozi yokuphila kabi. (…) Isizathu esifanayo sisikhuthaza ukuba sife ngendlela, uma kungenzeka, esiyithandayo».