I-Sea Lion isilwane esincelisayo sasemanzini esitholakala kakhulu olwandle nolwandle oluseningizimu. Kuyisilwane esidla inyama esidla izinhlanzi, ingwane kanye nesquid. Zinde futhi ziwugqinsi futhi naphezu kokungalingani ngobukhulu nesisindo phakathi kobulili zisebenzisa inani elifanayo lokudla. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalezi zilwane zasolwandle kufanele uqhubeke ufunda.
Ingonyama yasolwandle
Ingonyama yasolwandle (i-Otaria flavescens), iwuhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini ezincanyana eziyingxenye yomndeni wakwa-Otariidae futhi ezithola ngazo igama le-otarinos. Zibukeka zifana nezimvu zamanzi, kodwa zinzima kakhulu. Zigcwele ingxenye enkulu yezilwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba, lapho zidla khona izinhlanzi, ingwane, ama-squid, izimfanzi, phakathi kokunye.
Ezinye zazo zimane zibizwe ngokuthi “izimpisi”, kodwa ezinye zinamagama athile kakhulu njengengonyama yasolwandle ehlekisayo, ibhubesi elinoboya obunye, ibhubesi lasolwandle eliseningizimu, ingonyama yasolwandle yaseNingizimu Melika noma ingonyama yasolwandle nje.
Descripción
Inombala onsundu ngokumnyama uma isikhulile kodwa iba mnyama ebusheni bayo. Amaduna amadala ajwayele ukuba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-300, okuyisisindo esiphindwe kabili kwesamasikazi. Akhombisa uhlobo loboya obubomvu ngokunsundu ngaphezu kwentamo yawo, lo “mhlwenga” okuyisizathu esenza abizwe ngokuthi “amabhubesi olwandle”.
Ubukhona bazo buthwalwa ngamaqembu ezibonelo ezingaba ngu-15, ezakhiwe ngeduna, insikazi yakhe, nezincane ezimbalwa. Kulo lonke elasehlobo, ngo-December nango-January, baya ukuyobelethela izindawo ezivikelekile lapho kubuthana khona izinkulungwane zezibonelo. Inqubo yokukhulelwa kwayo ingahlala cishe unyaka, okuvela kuyo inzalo eyodwa.
Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokuzalanisa, amaduna ngokuvamile alwela indawo kanye nezinsikazi, futhi kuvamile ukuba angakudli ukudla ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuphila kwayo kungelulwa iminyaka engaba ngu-25 kuya kwengama-50. Amabhubesi olwandle aziwa njengezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukudla
Ekudleni kwabo singathola njalo izinhlanzi, ingwane, ingwane, amaphengwini nezinye izinyoni zasolwandle. Badla amakhilogremu angu-15 kuya kwangu-25 okudla ngosuku futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bazingelwa imikhomo ebulalayo noshaka.
I-common sea lion iyinhlobonhlobo ebalulekile ye-ecosystem yasogwini lapho ihamba khona kakhulu eshalofini lezwekazi. Nokho, abesifazane ngokuvamile basogwini kakhulu kunabesilisa ekudlulisweni kwabo. Ukudla kwabo kwacutshungulwa enyakatho nasenkabeni yePatagonia futhi kwakusekelwe ekuhlonzweni kwama-otoliths, (izinsalela eziqinile okunqunywa ngazo ubudala benhlanzi), izinhlanzi nemilomo ye-cephalopod etholakala esiswini sayo.
Phakathi kwezinto ezizingelayo ezibalulekile kwakuyi-hake (i-Merluccius hubbsi), i-squid evamile (i-Raneya fluminensis), i-squid (i-Illex argentinus ne-Doryteuthis gahi) kanye nezingwane (i-Octopus tehuelchus ne-Enteroctopus megalocyathus). Kufakwe ne-anchovy (Engraulis anchoita), i-nototenias (i-Patagonotothen cornucola kanye ne-P. ramsayi), i-salmon yasolwandle (i-Pseudopercis semifasciata), i-pollock (i-Genypterus blacodes), nama-elasmobranch ahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwama-crustaceans, kwatholakala izinhlobo eziningana, kodwa azibalulekile, ngaphandle kweminyaka eminingi yokugcwala kwama-shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri).
Ngokusekelwe kule miphumela, kucatshangwa ukuthi i-common wolf iyinhlobonhlobo engosomathuba esebenzisa insiza ebanzi enokuthambekela kokubamba ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezinjenge-demersal kanye ne-benthic, ezinye zazo ezihambisana nokuhweba. Njengengxenye yezimuncagazi zempisi evamile, kuye kwatholakala ama-nematode (Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum ogmorhini, Pseudoterranova decipiens, kanye ne-Uncinaria sp.); Ngokunjalo, i-acanthocephalus (Corynosoma australe) kanye ne-cestode (Diphyllobothrium pacificum) yatholwa.
Habitat
Igcwele ogwini oluseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika. OLwandle iPacific itholakala ogwini lwasePeru naseChile; eGalapagos Islands (Ecuador) naseMalpelo naseGorgona Islands (Colombia). E-Atlantic Ocean ihlala kusukela ogwini lwase-Uruguay, kanye nogu loLwandle lwase-Argentina, kokubili engxenyeni yezwekazi lase-Argentina i-Patagonia kanye naseziqhingini zaseFalkland naseziqhingini zaseNingizimu Sandwich. Itholakala nasezilwandle eziseningizimu ye-Afrika, e-Australia naseNew Zealand.
Ingozi yokushabalala
Kudala bezingelwa abantu ukuze bathole inyama namafutha abo, kodwa isizathu esiyinhloko sokuzingela kwabo namuhla ukusebenzisa izikhumba zamaphuphu abo asanda kuzalwa, okuthiwa "popos" (okuvela kumdlwane wamaNgisi). wayesembonini yoboya. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ukuxhashazwa kwawo ngqo ePatagonia kunqatshelwe, amabhubesi olwandle asebenzisana nazo zonke izinhlobo zokudoba nangezindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yawo-1990 amanani okufa abalulekile abalwa ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokudonsa ngamanethi angaphansi kanye ne-pelagic.
Isamba sokufa kwabantu ngonyaka sisukela ku-150 kuya ku-600. Iphinde ixhumane nezindawo zokudoba ama-gillnet esiFundazweni sase-Buenos Aires ezihloselwe ushaka nama-croaker, lapho kudla khona ingxenye yezinhlanzi ezidotshiweyo, kunciphisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwezomnotho. Iphinde ihlanganyele nokudoba ngodobo olude e-San Matías Gulf lapho imosha khona okubanjiwe futhi ibhekane nokushushiswa abadobi.
Esinye isigaba sokusebenzelana nezindawo zokudoba yilezo ezihlobene nezithize noma ezemvelo futhi ezibangela imiphumela engaqondile yokuxhashazwa kwezinhlanzi ezizingelayo ezivame ukutholakala kwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane endaweni yasolwandle. Njengoba i-sea lion iwuhlobo oludumile futhi luningi ohlelweni lwasolwandle, kuyabikezelwa ukuthi isebenzisana nezindawo zokudoba ngokudla inyamazane efana neyokudoba.
Okuqukethwe kokudla kwesilwane esizingelayo esifana nengonyama yasolwandle kulindeleke ukuthi kuguquke njengoba inala ehlobene yezilwane ezizingelayo engase ibe khona ishintsha; ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-hake kanye ne-squid evamile yizona zilwane ezizingelayo futhi zakha izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihloselwe ukudoba endaweni. Ngakho-ke, umthelela imboni yokudoba enawo ngobuningi balezi zinhlobonhlobo uzogcina uguqule ukudla kwezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye.
Kwasungulwa imodeli ye-multispecific ehlanganisa i-squid evamile, i-anchovy, i-hake, nengonyama yasolwandle enoboya obunye enyakatho nemaphakathi nePatagonia. ama-squid kanye ne-hake, okungaba nomthelela omubi kuma-sea lion ngokuya ngobukhulu besivuno ngasinye.
Inani lamabhubesi olwandle ogwini lwasePatagonian liyakhula nakuba lingakabuyeli esilinganisweni salo sokuqala sabantu. Ububi bokufa ngengozi ezinsizeni zokudoba, nakuba sekuke kwacatshangelwa phambilini, abukakalinganiselwa uhlelo lokuphatha izindawo zokudoba. Isimo sezilwane ezihambisana nalesi sihloko asiyona ingxenye yohlelo lokuhlola izinsiza zokudoba futhi ezinhlelweni zabaqaphi ezikhona kuphela ezihlolwayo eziphathelene nezinhlobo ezihlosiwe.
Mayelana nezokuvakasha, nakuba kungenakuthathwa njengosongo noma ukuphazamiseka kwezokongiwa kwemvelo, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izindawo ezintsha zamabhubesi olwandle zitholakala ezindaweni zokuxhashazwa ngasese, ngokuvikeleka okuncane noma ukulawula okuncane ohlangothini lwabavikeli bezilwane noma uhlelo lokuphatha. wezindawo ezivikelwe.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Sea Lion
Umndeni we-otarine, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi amabhubesi olwandle, usakazeke ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Ngezansi sizokunikeza imininingwane yohlobo ngalunye nendawo yayo yemvelo.
I-Australia kanye ne-South African Fur Seal
Ngokwesayensi ibizwa nge-Arctocephalus pusillus futhi, njengoba negama layo libonisa, ingatholakala ogwini lwase-Australia, ikakhulukazi eziqhingini ze-Bass Strait, kanye nasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika, ikakhulukazi eNamibia. Kuyisilwane esinokuthula nesinobungane, esinobungane kakhulu emanzini futhi sithanda ukuphelezela abatshuzi ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-60. Ezweni ngokuvamile banovalo futhi besaba ukuba khona kwabantu.
Ingonyama yaseNingizimu Melika
I-Otaria flavescens yalesi sifunda inikezwa amagama ahlukene, njengengonyama yasolwandle yoboya noma uphawu lwePatagonia. Igcwele ogwini lwePacific naseningizimu ye-Atlantic eNingizimu Melika futhi ingatholakala e-Ecuador, eChile, e-Argentina nase-Uruguay. Ibhubesi lasolwandle laseNingizimu Melika linombala onsundu ngokumnyama, abesilisa banesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-300, okuphindwe kabili kwezinsikazi, futhi babonakala ngokuba nongqimba lwezinwele ezibomvu entanyeni yabo. Bahlala emakoloni akhiwe yindoda kanye nensikazi yakhe yabesifazane, futhi banenkampani yezibonelo ezincane.
I-Galapagos Sea Lion
Yaziwa nangokuthi i-fur seal, igama layo lesayensi i-Arctocephalus galapagoensis. Iwuhlobo oluthile lweziQhingi zaseGalapagos, e-Ecuador, futhi azifuduki. Ukudla kwabo kwasemini kuhlanganisa izinhlanzi zasolwandle olujulile futhi ebusuku zidla lezo eziza phezulu.
Abesilisa banobude obungamamitha ayi-1,5 kanye nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-65. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinsikazi zincane futhi zilula. Iwuhlobo oluncane kakhulu emndenini. Zihlelwe ngamakoloni okuzala emihumeni, lapho ezinsikazi zingazaleli khona inzalo eyodwa ngesikhathi sonyaka.
I-New Zealand Fur Seal
I-Arctophoca fosteri noma uphawu oluseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-fur seal ihlala ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Australia kanye ne-South Island yaseNew Zealand. Izindawo zabesilisa zingatholakala e-Cook Strait futhi, njengeqiniso elithakazelisayo, amakoloni ase-Australia nalawo aseNew Zealand awahlangani, nakuba ewuhlobo olufanayo.
Abesilisa banesisindo esingaba ngamakhilogremu angu-150 futhi bafinyelela ubude obungamamitha amabili; kanti isisindo sezinsikazi singamakhilogremu angama-50 nobude bawo buyi-1,5 metres. Bobabili ubulili bubonisa amaphiko angemuva abheke phambili, ikhala elicijile, namadevu amade amhlophe. Umzimba wayo unombala onsundu ngokumpunga ngemuva kanye nombala okhanyayo esiswini.
I-Antarctic Fur Seal
I-Arctophoca gazella ihlala olwandle lwase-Antarctic kanye nolwandle oluseningizimu ye-Argentina naseChile. Inyakatho ekude kunazo zonke ezike zabonwa kuseziQhingini zaseKerguelen, eziqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-2.000 230 ukusuka e-Antarctica. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amalungu omndeni, ikhala elifushane le-Antarctic fur seal lingaqashelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaduna, afinyelela amamitha amabili ubude futhi anesisindo esifinyelela ku-XNUMX kilos, abonisa isikhumba esinsundu esimnyama, kanti kwezinsikazi kanye nentsha simpunga. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe i-krill futhi ekugcineni izinhlanzi.
I-South American Fur Seal
Igama layo lesayensi yi-Arctophoca australis australis, nakuba yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ibhubesi lasolwandle elinezinwele ezimbili. Iwuhlobo oluvamile lwaseNingizimu Melika, oluhlala eningizimu yeBrazil, Uruguay, Argentina naseChile. I-dimorphism yezocansi iphinde ibe khona kulolu hlobo, lapho abesilisa bebakhudlwana kunabesifazane (amamitha amabili namakhilogremu angu-200 ngokumelene namamitha angu-1,5 namakhilo angu-60, ngokulandelana).
Ukudla kwaleli bhubesi lasolwandle kwenziwa ama-crustaceans, ama-cephalopod nezinhlanzi; yisilwane samathuba esidla esikuthola olwandle. I-sea lion isilwane esithandwa kakhulu endaweni eseningizimu yezwe, lapho singabonakala khona ogwini, siqoqana ngamakoloni phakathi kwamadwala noma emabhishi anesihlabathi.
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