Zitholele nathi ngalesi sihloko esihle kakhulu ukuze ama-rubens amathathu omusa ngokwezici zayo, ukuhlaziya nokunye okuningi kwalo msebenzi wobuciko othokozisayo obe yisihloko sezifundo ezithakazelisayo ngenxa yohlu olubanzi lwemibala nemifanekiso. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Uyini umsebenzi wobuciko omayelana nomusa amathathu uRubens?
Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi wobuciko, i-rubens emithathu yomusa iyitimu yezinganekwane, ngokuba abahlanganyeli bomdwebo u-Eufrosine, uThalia no-Aglae, izintombi ezintathu ezinhle zazingamadodakazi kaZeus.
I-Eufrosine imele ukuthandeka, injabulo kaThalia kanye ne-Aglae imele ubuhle, ngakho-ke imibukiso emithathu yamaRubens yayiqoqwe endaweni enhle ejabulisayo.
Ama-rubens amathathu omusa ahambisana no-Goddess Aphrodite futhi ayephethe ukuvikela izazi zefilosofi kanye nokubanikeza amahlaya amahle kakhulu nenjabulo enkulu.
Ama-rubens amathathu omusa angabonakala ngezinwele ezinhle zezinwele zabo.Isibalo sobuhle sabesifazane abasebasha sithuthukisa ukunambitheka kwenkathi yomlando lapho umdwebi uPeter Paul Rubens esebenza khona.
Izintokazi zenza umbuthano ngenhloso yokuqala ukudansa njengoba kuqashelwa ukuthi lezi zintokazi ezintathu zithwala unyawo lwazo ngemuva emdwebeni womusa wama-rubens amathathu ngaphezu kwenkanuko enkulu evezwa isithombe sobuciko.
Imizimba yabo imbozwe ngendwangu ecokeme kakhulu ebizwa nge-chiffon eveza isikhumba sama-rubens amathathu omusa esipendwe kahle ngama-brushstrokes omdwebi.
Kuthiwa le ntokazi engakwesokudla ingubuso bomkakhe wokuqala u-Isabel Brant owashona lapho isifo sithinta abantu baseYurophu kuyilapho intokazi engakwesobunxele enezinwele ezilula ingunkosikazi wayo wesibili u-Helena Fourment lo mdwebo omuhle ubonisa injabulo yokuba. ephila ngasohlangothini lomdwebi.
Ukuhlaziywa komdwebo ama-rubens amathathu womusa
Umdwebi ubeka umsebenzi wezintambo ezintathu zeRubens ngokunye indlela, ebonisa izintokazi ezinhle ezinemizimba yazo emihle enikezwe ukuzwela okukhulu. Baxhumene nomunye nomunye ngezingalo zabo, ngaphezu kwendwangu ethambile esobala kanye nokubukeka kwentsha. abesifazane elibadluliselayo.
Lo mdwebo ongokomfanekiso wemiklomelo emithathu yama-rubens uhlanganisa izintokazi ezintathu lapho eyodwa ingemuva kodwa usekelwa amanye amamyuziyemu amabili, okubonisa inkanuko enkulu ngohlaka lwezithombe zabo ezisongwe ngobuhle obungokomfanekiso nobulinganiselayo.
Ngesikhumba sama-grace ama-rubens amathathu, kukhombisa ukukhanya okukhanyisa ngokuphelele umsebenzi wobuciko, kanye nombala omkhulu wesizinda esikhanyayo sendawo enhle lapho izilwane ezincane zenyamazane zingabonakala ziklabile ngokuzolile kuyilapho iminyuziyamu idansa.
Lo mdwebo omuhle wawuyingxenye yeqoqo langasese likaPeter Paul Rubens, watholwa yiNkosi uPhilip IV yaseSpain ngesikhathi uthengiswa ngemuva kokushona komdwebi ngoMeyi 30, 1640.
Ngakho-ke ama-rubens amathathu omusa aqhubeka nokuhlobisa elinye lamakamelo amahle e-Alcázar yaseMadrid futhi ngekhulu le-XNUMX lo msebenzi wayiswa eMnyuziyamu wasePrado.
AmaGrace Rubens amathathu angabonakala enza isiyingi ngezandla zawo endaweni yesehlakalo ngakwesobunxele, apenda isihlahla esiqwini saso, kuyabonakala i-gauze emhlophe ephikisana nombala onsundu wesihlahla esihle, sitholakala phakathi. a lamagatsha.
Ngakwesokunene sezintambo ezintathu zama-rubens kukhona inkomishi ephethe ezandleni zakhe i-cornucopia yegolide okugeleza kuyo amanzi kungathi ikhethini elivulayo ngaphezu kwezintokazi ezintathu kukhona umqhele wezimbali ezinhle ububanzi bayo obunemibala egqamile bubhekene nayo. isikhumba esihle sezintokazi ezintathu.
Izici ezihambisanayo zomsebenzi
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umdwebi ulungiselele umsebenzi womusa kaRubens amathathu ngongqimba lwe-wax yemvelo futhi wengeza i-calcium carbonate kanye nempushana emhlophe yomthofu, ehlinzeka ngomdwebo ngokukhanya okuhle kakhulu.
Lo mdwebo ongokomfanekiso womusa wama-rubens amathathu ubonisa ama-brushstroke amathathu ahlukene phakathi kwawo, ama-brushstroke amade futhi alula emilenzeni yabesifazane abonwa emsebenzini, khona-ke ama-brushstroke amade futhi anamathiselwe ezindwangu afakazelwa.
Amanye ama-brushstroke amancane ayesebenzisa ukuveza ubuso obuhle bezintambo ezintathu zeRubens, kanye nezitshalo ezifakwe iphethini emsebenzini, zifakwe ngombala omuhle obonisa ukuzala okukhanya entwasahlobo.
Iphalethi yombala esetshenziswa umdwebi wemiklomelo emithathu uRubens yayihluke kakhulu futhi ikhanya, isikhumba sabesifazane siyinhlanganisela yemibala eyinhloko.
Ngokuqondene ne-brushwork yakhe, ikhululekile kakhulu, ikhombisa ubuhlakani obukhulu esikhumbeni seminyuziyamu, ehlanganayo futhi izike lapho ithintana ngokomzimba, ifaka amaqiniso amakhulu, kanye nolwazi oluhle kakhulu lomzimba womuntu, ikakhulukazi umzimba wesifazane. .
Enye yezimfanelo ezingabonakala ezinhlelweni ezintathu zikaRubens ukukhanya emsebenzini wakhe emiqulu kanye nemininingwane yezwe, eqhuba inqubo esheshayo nelula.
Lapho kuboniswa khona ithonya lomunye umdwebi ogama lakhe lingu-Titian futhi ngokombono wokukhanya walithatha kumodeli yaseFlemish ngokuphathelene nokunyakaza komqondo okwaphikiswana ngakho ngekhulu le-XNUMX, umdwebi uwumelela ngokuma kwemibala emithathu yama-rubens isiyingi esimema umbukeli ukuthi acabange ngomdanso.
Lo mdwebo we-grace rubens emithathu wenziwa ngumdwebi ngemuva kokuthola imishado yesibili futhi yena ngokwakhe wayengoweqoqo lakhe langasese, ngakho-ke lo msebenzi wobuciko umelela injabulo yokuphila komdwebi nomkakhe wesibili owayemncane ngeminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa kuye.
Isikhathi esingokomlando
Emlandweni, ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iFlanders neHolland kwakunesiko elifanayo kakhulu, kodwa lapho kwenziwa iNguquko YamaProthestani, ngaphezu kweziMpi Zenkolo, ingxenye yendawo eyaziwa ngokuthi iNetherlands yahlala ngaphansi umyalo womqhele waseSpain.
Okuhambisana neFlanders okwakuyiBelgium neLuxembourg nenkolo yobuKhatholika ngenxa yeSpain neHolland yaguqukela enkolweni yamaCalvinist lapho onxiwankulu begcizelela ukuzimela eSpain.
Umphumela wukuthi ukudweba kuhlukile kulezi zingxenye ezimbili zensimu yaseNetherlands, kuhlanganise neSikole saseFlemish, lapho ikhwalithi eyinhloko yayiwukuhlukaniswa kwe-aristocracy, imidwebo eminingi ehlobene nomkhakha wenkolo yenziwa.
Isonto lamaProthestani liyazenqaba izindikimba ezingokwenkolo lapho kufakwa khona osanta noma amasakramente, kodwa indaba yenganekwane ibusa ngenjongo yokuhlobisa izigodlo ngeziqu eziphakeme.
Njengezithombe zomphakathi ukukhombisa isigaba senhlalo sabalingisi abavezwe ngemidwebo ngenxa yokwanda kwabo kwezohwebo nemisebenzi yezandla.
Wenze umdwebi wezindondo ezintathu uRubens umdwebi wemfundiso yenkolo yamaKatolika lapho athuthukisa khona umbala nokukhanya lapho afanekisa khona itimu yezenkolo.
Kodwa ngaphezu kwesithakazelo sakhe sokwenza imidwebo yezenkolo, uRubens ugqama ngokuveza izikhulu kanye nonxiwankulu abasafufusa bezwe lezohwebo, okwenza umdwebi uPeter Paul Rubens abaluleke kakhulu ngemidwebo yakhe yesitayela seBaroque.
U-Rubens wayeyindoda enezici eziningi eyenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ye-diplomatic ayihlanganisa nothando lwakhe lobuciko ngohambo lwakhe oluhlukahlukene futhi wahlangana nabanye abaculi abadumile njengoVelázquez enkantolo yaseMadrid.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumdwebi oyintandokazi weNkosi uFelipe IV waseSpain, owathuma inqwaba yemisebenzi yobuciko kuye ukuze ahlobise izigodlo futhi ngesikhathi sendali wathola inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yalo mculi, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ama-rubens amathathu omusa. .
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPeter Paul Rubens wasebenza njengeDiplomat phakathi kwezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene zezwekazi laseYurophu ngenxa yokuthi wayenekhono lezilimi, namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi i-polyglot.
Ngakho-ke ubuciko bulandele ukubonga kweRenaissance ngenxa yethonya lase-Italy elathuthela eNetherlands. Ukuba ngomunye wabameleli abakhulu kakhulu umdwebi wama-rubens amathathu athola umusa maqondana nezobuciko njengoba ayengumKatolika oshisekayo.
Izici zemisebenzi yombhali wama-rubens amathathu womusa
Umdwebi wezintandokazi ezintathu uRubens wenza imidwebo eminingi ehlukahlukene, kuthiwa wasizwa ngabafundi bakhe, phakathi kwezimfanelo zalo mculi omkhulu izingoma ezivulekile zibonwa.
Lapho ukunyakaza, amandla kanye namandla kuvezwa ngama-brushstrokes akhe, kanye nezibalo ezicebile nezivusa inkanuko.
Esinye sezici zalo mculi omkhulu wezinto ezintathu zomusa, uRubens, uthuthukisa amathoni afudumele kanye nalawo akhanyayo, awasebenzise ngokusebenzisa amabala anezinto eziningi.
Ziletha ubungqabavu nobungqabavu okwavezwa njengenjabulo enkulu yokuphila Wayeyingcweti edlala ngemiphumela yaseshashalazini ekudwebeni, efiphalisa izigcawu ngokusebenzisa izimo nezibani.
Ubukhulu bomsebenzi
Ama-rubens amathathu omusa wenziwa phakathi kuka-1636 no-1639 kuwumsebenzi owenziwe emafutheni futhi ubekwe phezu kwetafula le-oki ungomunye wemidwebo emele ubuciko be-baroque.
Ubukhulu bayo buyi-221 amasentimitha ngo-181 amasentimitha. Ikhonjiswa ePrado Museum esedolobheni laseMadrid esizweni saseSpain.
Indali yezimpahla zamaciko
Ngesikhathi kudayiswa impahla kaPeter Paul Rubens, abathengi abavela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwekazi lase-Europe babekhona.Kwaba umcimbi omuhle kakhulu wenkosi yaseSpain uFelipe IV ongagcinanga ngokuthenga imisebenzi yalo mculi kodwa nabanye abaculi baseFlemish ababeyimpahla. kamufi.umculi.
Phakathi kwabo, uVan Dyck, owayeyingxenye yeqoqo lakhe langasese, ngaphezu kwama-rubens amathathu omusa, owabekwa edolobheni laseMadrid endaweni engaphansi engaseNsimu Yama-Emperors.
Ingelelinye lamakamelo e-Vaults of Titian noma igumbi lasehlobo eliphansi njengoba lalivame ukuhlonzwa ukuthi lingaphansi kwegumbi elisha lendlovukazi.
Ngakho-ke, inkosi yashiya kulawa makamelo ezinyangeni zasehlobo, ezazishisa kakhulu futhi kwakuyindawo eseduze nenethezekile yobukhosi.
Umdwebo wobuciko we-rubens graces emithathu ubhekisela ekuzaleni nothando lapho enye yezintokazi ingunkosikazi wayo wesibili ashada naye ngoDisemba 06, 1630.
Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala futhi umdwebi uRubens wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nantathu ubudala, ngakho-ke lo mdwebo uphefumulelwe uthando alubonisa kumkakhe osemncane, njengenhlonipho kumama wezingane zakhe ezinhlanu.
Lo msebenzi ama-rubens amathathu omusa senzeka kamuva ngekhulu le-XNUMX, wawuyingxenye yemisebenzi yobunqunu ebhekwa njengokucasulayo futhi yadluliselwa eRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando.
Ngo-1827 umsebenzi wathuthelwa ePrado Museum kwathi ngo-1839 amaRubens amathathu adluliselwa egumbini lobuciko beFlemish. Phakathi kuka-1997 no-1998, kwenziwa ukubuyiselwa kulo msebenzi lapho uRocío Dávila ayephethe ukubuyisela ungqimba lomsebenzi kapende.
Ngokuqondene noGeorge Bisacca noJosé de la Fuente, babephethe ukubuyisela izinkuni ezisekela umdwebo wezintambo ezintathu zeRubens.
Omunye wemidwebo yalo mdwebi omkhulu kwakuyiGadi Yothando eyenziwa nguPeter Paul Rubens phakathi kuka-1630 no-1635, enobukhulu obungamasentimitha angu-198 ngamasentimitha angu-235.
Iphinde yatholwa iNkosi uFelipe IV, eyayiyingxenye yekamelo lakhe lokulala, futhi phakathi nalo msebenzi wobuciko, unkosikazi omncane womdwebi, u-Helena Fourment, uyabonakala. I-brushstroke exegayo ejwayelekile yomdwebi iyabonakala.
Ngaphezu kombala ocebile ovezwa emsebenzini ogcwele ubungqabavu namathoni egolide kanye namandla ashiwo yizingelosi eziphaphazelayo engadini.
Ukwehlukahlukana kwezimo zengqondo ababambiqhaza bomdlalo womusa wama-rubens amathathu abanazo kubonwa njengesampula yomcabango wekhulu le-XNUMX: i-Movement.
Ukuthi umculi wezintandokazi ezintathu uRubens wenza emisebenzini yakhe lapho echichima khona amandla, umbala kanye nenjabulo yokuphila okwakubonakala kuye kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko odumile.
Sobre el autor
UPeter Paul Rubens wazalelwa eSiegen, okumanje eyingxenye yesizwe samaJalimane, abazali bakhe babengabenkolo yamaCalvin kodwa ngemva kokushona kukayise uJan Rubens.
Unina waguqukela ebuKatolika ngo-1591 futhi wabuya nendodana yakhe uPeter, okwakunguthunjana, e-Antwerp lapho aqhubeka khona nezifundo zakhe.
Funda izilimi eziningana ezihlanganisa isiFulentshi, isiJalimane, iSpanishi, isiLatini phakathi kwezinye. Ngonyaka ka-1600 wanquma ukuya e-Italy ukuze afunde okwengeziwe ngokudweba. Ngakho lolu hambo lwaba isiqalo ekuphileni kwakhe kwezobuciko, wabe esebuyela e-Antwerp futhi unina wagula.
Kodwa wayekude kakhulu futhi lapho efika unina wayeseshonile kodwa umsebenzi wezombangazwe nezomnotho wezwe wamenza wahlala eNetherlands.
Washada nomkakhe wokuqala eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala kanye noPeter Paul Rubens oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nambili ngo-1609.
Izingane ezintathu zazalwa kulobu budlelwano, uClara Serena ngo-1611, walandelwa u-Albert ngo-1614 no-NiKolaas ngo-1618. Ngo-1610, wathola isakhiwo esikhulu njengekhaya elaziwa ngokuthi i-Casa Rubens, yena ngokwakhe aqala ukulungisa kabusha.
Ngonyaka ka-1621, wenza umsebenzi wobunxusa kuMaría de Médici, owayeyindlovukazi yesizwe samaFulentshi, futhi baqala imisebenzi yabo yobunxusa esizweni saseSpain ngisho nasezweni lamaNgisi.
Nokho, iNyuvesi yaseCambridge yamnika ngo-1629 isihloko sokuhlonishwa njenge-Master of Arts. Kwakuyimpilo ematasatasa phakathi kwemidwebo eyayenziwa abasebukhosini bezwekazi laseYurophu kuleyo eyenza ubudlelwano bobuzwe.
Iminyaka eyishumi edlule yomculi uRubens
Unquma ukuchitha le ngxenye yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe edolobheni lase-Antwerp ngenkathi eqhubeka nokwenza imidwebo yobuciko yobukhosi baseYurophu. Kwase kudlule iminyaka emine kwashona umkakhe wokuqala lapho enquma ukuphinde ashade.
Umkakhe wesibili wayeyindodakazi yomthengisi ocebile wendwangu kanye nombhoxo ogama lakhe linguDaniel Fourment owayengumngane omkhulu kaPeter Paul Rubens. Lo wesifazane osemusha wayebizwa ngokuthi u-Helena Fourment kulobu buhlobo kwazalwa izingane ezinhlanu.
Indodakazi yokuqala yalo mshado wesibili kwaqanjwa ngokuthi uClara Johanna, owazalwa ngo-1632, kwase kuba uFranss ngo-1633, kwalandelwa u-Isabelle Heléne ngo-1635.
Bese kuthi uPeter Paul owazalwa ngo-1637 noConstancia Albertina owazalwa ngo-1641 noyise base beshone izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili.
Umkakhe wayeyisibonelo semisebenzi eminingi ayenza phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, kuhlanganise ne-rubens graces emithathu, njengoba wasebenzisa izici zenkosikazi encane ukuze azibeke emisebenzini yakhe yobuciko ehlukahlukene.
Njengoba beyiThe Judgment of Paris phakathi kweminye imidwebo umdwebi uPeter Paul Rubens ushone eneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nambili ngenxa yokuboshwa yinhliziyo okwabangela igout aphethwe ngayo iminyaka eminingi.
Wafa ngoMeyi 30, 1640 edolobheni lase-Antwerp futhi izinsalela zakhe zangcwatshwa eSontweni laseSantiago, kwathi ngo-1642 umfelokazi wakhe u-Helena wanquma ukubeka umsebenzi umdwebi ngokwakhe ayewenze etsheni lengcwaba lomyeni wakhe ohlakeni lwemabula.
Kwakumayelana neNcasakazi kanye neNtwana ezungezwe abaNgcwele lo msebenzi wobuciko wawuyisithombe somndeni njengoba umkakhe emele ubuso bukaMagdalena kanti uSaint George wayengubuso bukaRubens uqobo.
Amaqiniso anelukuluku ngomsebenzi
Esinye sezici eziyingqayizivele zama-grace rubens amathathu ngokomkhakha wezokwelapha ukuthi enye yama-muses ayivezile emsebenzini yayiphethwe umdlavuza webele.
Lo msebenzi wobuciko ngokusho kwabacwaningi besayensi u-Juan Grau, u-Matías Díaz no-Miguel Prats, abamele i-Clinical Institute of Hemato-oncological Diseases, ye-Medical Oncology Service ye-Hospital Clinic.
NjengeNyuvesi yaseBarcelona, basekela ukuthi isilonda esibonwa ebeleni lemnyuziyamu esifana nenkosikazi yokuqala kaRubens siphakamisa ukuthi wayenomdlavuza webele.
Ngakho-ke esihlokweni esanyatheliswa kumagazini iSayensi bachaza lokhu kuxilongwa okulandelayo:
“…imodeli engakwesokudla iveza isilonda esivulekile esibomvu kwesikhumba, ukuhlehla kwengono, ukuncishiswa kwevolumu yebele, kanye ne-axillary lymphadenopathy. Ukuba yingxenye ebonakalayo yomdlavuza webele osezingeni eliphezulu…”
Lesi sici esibonakalayo sikhangisa umdlavuza webele ngokophenyo lwalaba dokotela futhi iyindawo evame kakhulu yalesi sifo, ngakho-ke ubuqiniso besithombe bombhali wezinhlamvu ezintathu zomusa uRubens ukuveza ngokwethembeka ngendlela abone ngayo wethulwa kumodeli.
Laba dokotela benze ucwaningo ngeminye imisebenzi futhi kwabonwa into efanayo emsebenzini wobuciko ka-Orpheus no-Eurydice kanye no-Diana nama-nymphs akhe emisebenzini eyenziwe ngumdwebi wama-rubens amathathu omusa.
Kanjalo nasemisebenzini ka-Rembrandt, efana no-Bathsheba enencwadi kaDavide nakwenye incwadi yalo mculi, i-La Sagrada Familia.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: