Kulesi sihloko ngikumema ukuthi wazi ulwazi oluningi mayelana nomdwebo owaziwa ngokuthi I-La Piedad by Michelangelo. Umfanekiso oqoshiwe odume kakhulu emhlabeni futhi unenqwaba ye-bastion yokuba umfanekiso oyingqayizivele. Nakuba ngo-1972 ahlaselwa umuntu owalimaza iNcasakazi uMariya, qhubeka ufunda ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngalo mfanekiso oqoshiwe!
I-La Piedad
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe owaziwa ngokuthi i-Vatican Pietà wenziwe phakathi kuka-1498 no-1499. Umdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-24 ubudala. Isithombe sika-Michelangelo sikaPietà. Ichaza umfanekiso weNcasakazi uMariya ebambe isidumbu sendodana yakhe uJesu waseNazaretha kakade isifile ekubethelweni.
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe odumile u-La pieta unobukhulu obungamasentimitha angu-174 ukuphakama no-195 amasentimitha ububanzi. Namuhla singayithola ngemva kodonga lwengilazi olungangenwa izinhlamvu eSontweni Lesiphambano ngaphakathi kwe-St. Peter's Basilica e-Vatican City.
Umlando we-Pietà kaMichelangelo
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe wokuzinikela owenziwe umdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo wagunyazwa uKhadinali waseSaint Denis, ogama lakhe langempela kwakunguJean Bilhères de Lagraulas noma u-de Villiers, waseBenedictine. Owasebenza njengenxusa lenkosi yaseFrance eDolobheni laseVatican ngaphakathi kweRoma.
Phakathi kukaCardinal Saint Denis nomdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo basayina inkontileka ngo-August 26, 1498. Le nkokhelo yabonisa ukuthi umdwebi uMichelangelo wayezothola inani lama-ducats angu-450 ngegolide. Kodwa umsebenzi kwakufanele ulunge esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka.
Eqinisweni, lokhu kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba unyaka uphele, njengoba kwase kusele izinsuku ezimbili kuphela, umsebenzi wawusuphelile. Nakuba uCardinal Saint Denis ashone ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule engakwazanga ukubona umsebenzi osuphelile. Ngakho-ke, indawo yokuqala iPietà yaba nayo njengesikhungo sokuhlala kwaba ithuna likaKhadinali Saint Denis.
UKhadinali ungcwatshwe eChapel yaseSanta Petronila eliseVatican City. Umfanekiso oqoshiwe kaPietà wahlala lapho isikhathi eside. Kwaze kwathathwa isinqumo sokuyihambisa phakathi kuka-1749 no-1750. Kusukela usuku oluqondile alwaziwa futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi indawo yalo yamanje bekuyi-Basilica of Saint Peter e-Chapel eyaziwayo yokubethelwa ngakwesokudla.
Incazelo Yomfanekiso
Isithombe sika-Pietà yilokho ochwepheshe bezobuciko abakubiza ngokuthi i-bulge eyindilinga njengoba umfanekiso oqoshiwe ubonakala kuwo wonke ama-engeli. Kodwa indlela engcono kakhulu yokubona isifanekiso sikaPietà iwukubuka ngaphambili.
Lo mfanekiso wakhiwe iNcasakazi uMariya kanye noJesu waseNazaretha. Umdwebi osemusha oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala uMichelangelo uqophe iNcasakazi uMariya emncane kakhulu futhi emuhle. Futhi ungcwele kakhulu. Ugqoke ingubo egoqeka inqwaba enwebeka kulo lonke elibaziwe.
Intombi ithwala uJesu waseNazaretha ezandleni zayo, osevele efile ngenxa yokubethelwa abamenzela kona. Umqophi uMichelangelo uphinde wadala iNcasakazi uMariya encane kunendodana yakhe uJesu waseNazaretha. Nakuba ayekwenza ngenhloso ukwenza uJesu abukeke emdala kuneNtombi eNcasakazi.
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe we-Pietà ufakwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukwakheka kukanxantathu okuzolile ukuze iNcasakazi uMariya igone indodana yayo eshonile. Nakuba umdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo ekhombisa iNcasakazi uMariya emfanekisweni omncane kunoJesu waseNazaretha njengoba kuwumbono weRenaissance.
Lapho kwakuzanywa khona ukumela iNcasakazi uMariya. Njengesikhungo sobuhle nobusha, okungukuthi, umama osemusha nomuhle waphakade. U-Giorgio Vasari ngokwakhe, obhekwa njengesazi-mlando sobuciko bokuqala, waphawula ngesithombe sikaPietà kanje:
“Kuwumsebenzi okungekho ingcweti evelele kakhulu enganezela okuthile kuwo ekudwebeni, noma ngomusa, noma, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhathala kangakanani, ngamandla, ngamandla okulunga, ubushelelezi nokusika imabula”
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa umfanekiso wePietà. Ukuthi umdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo wathatha umsebenzi we-iconographic ngokungathi sína, ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nesipiliyoni wawuphinda emisebenzini yakhe eminingi emikhulu. Lokho kwembula ubuhlakani bakhe obukhulu nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezobuciko nokungokomoya.
Eyokugcina yemisebenzi yakhe ehlobene nendikimba yokuzinikela. KwakunguRondanini Pietà owaziwa kakhulu, oye wabhekwa njengomsebenzi wokugcina owaqoshwa umdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo ngaphambi kokugula nokufa. Nakuba engazange awuqede njengoba achitha izinsuku eziyisithupha esebenza kulowo msebenzi futhi wafa, lo msebenzi awuzange uphele.
Ngesikhathi umdwebi uMiguel Ángel ethatha umsebenzi wokwenza isithombe sikaPietà, wayeneminyaka engu-24 ubudala, kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho wayezinikele ekwenzeni umfanekiso weNcasakazi uMariya ngomzimba ogcwele kanye noJesu waseNazaretha wawela phezu kwakhe. isiqephu sishiywe ngaphandle kwemininingwane.
Lapho sekuyithuba lakhe lokwenza umfanekiso kaPietà. Umdwebi waseTuscan ngokwakhe wanquma ukuya ezinkwalini lapho impahla yakhishwa khona e-Apuan Alps yedolobha laseTuscany futhi yena ngokwakhe wakhetha ucezu lwemabula ayeqopha ngalo izibalo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona iPietà.
Nakuba isazi-mlando esifanayo uGiorgio Vasari, saqinisekisa ukuthi umdwebi weNkathi Yenguquko wakhetha izingcezu zemabula wabe esesusa izingxenye ezazisele aze akwazi ukwenza umfanekiso. Njengoba kubhlokhi lemabula kwase kukhona okwakudingeka noma ucezu ayefuna ukuluqopha. Ngoba ngokomdwebi weRenaissance, wayekwazi ukubona ngobuhlakani bakhe lokho okwakusecezwini lemabula.
Endabeni yomfanekiso kaPietà, umdwebi ukwazile ukubona ubuhlungu bukamama lapho eshonelwa indodana yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo noma ebulawa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungase kudinge ingcweti isu ukuze likwazi ukwenza umsebenzi. Futhi nokuba nesineke esinganqamuki ukuze ukwazi ukuphinda uma kukhona okuhlulekayo.
Lapho umsebenzi usuqediwe, umdwebi wayesezohambisa, abantu abaningi bebona lo mfanekiso, baqala ukuzibuza ukuthi umculi weRenaissance uMichelangelo wakwazi yini ukwenza umfanekiso omangalisayo ngemabula, okusho ukuthi ngenxa yobusha bakhe, akakwazanga ukwenza umfanekiso.
Ngesikhathi umculi weRenaissance ethola ukuthi kuthiwa akakwazanga ukwenza umfanekiso oqoshiwe. Wagcwala ulaka olukhulu, waqonda lapho okwakulotshwe khona, wathatha itshizolo nesando waqala ukusayina umsebenzi. Iwukuphela komsebenzi owasayinwa ngumdwebi weTuscan Renaissance.
Isignesha kaMichelangelo yafakwa kubhebhoni owela esifubeni seNcasakazi uMariya lapho kungafundwa khona okulandelayo "Michael A[n]gelus Bonarotus Florent[inus] Facieba[t] “okuhunyushwa olimini lweSpanishi kusho uMiguel Ángel Buonarroti, uFlorentine, okwenzile.
Sculpture Izici
Lo mfanekiso waziwa ngokuthi iVatican Pietà kodwa abaningi bawazi nangokuthi uMichelangelo's Pietà. Njengoba sekushiwo, kuwumfanekiso onesimo esiyindilinga lapho imelelwe khona iNcasakazi uMariya nendodana yakhe uJesu waseNazaretha, osevele ebulewe, elele ezingalweni zakhe. Leli qiniso laziwa ngokuthi isililo sikaKristu ofile.
Phakathi kwezici eziyinhloko ezingatholakala futhi zigcinwe emfanekisweni wokuzinikela kukaMichelangelo. Ziyizinto ezibonakalayo, ukwelashwa kokwakheka, izibalo kanye nobukhulu:
Material: Isithombe sikaMichelangelo sokuzinikela senziwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ucezu lwe-monolithic. Lokho kusho ukuthi umdwebi wakwenza ngebhulokhi elilodwa lemabula azikhethele yena lapho eya ezindaweni ezisezintabeni zase-Alps edolobheni lakubo laseTuscan.
Njengoba indaba exoxwayo bekuwukuthi umculi. Unquma ukuyobheka phakathi kwezinkwali ezahlukene ucezu lwemabula ayezolusebenzisa ukuze akwazi ukuqopha umsebenzi kaPietà. Kwenye yezinkwali, wabona emthanjeni ucezu lwemabula olwaluphaphathekile kunokuvamile.
Ngale ndlela, umdwebi wayala ukuthi lelo bhulokhi lemabula, elaliphaphathekile, lisuswe. Ngiyisebenzisa ukuze ngikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi osekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kuka-500 ubukiswa namuhla. Bekungenye yezingcezu ezibaluleke kakhulu zomculi weRenaissance uMichelangelo.
Lokhu kunikeza nencazelo ethile emfanekisweni wePietà kaMichelangelo. Lapho isakhiwo sinokubukeka okufanayo kakhulu futhi i-veining ye-block ingaphazamisi ukumelwa kweNtombikazi kaMariya noJesu waseNazaretha asebebulewe.
Ubukhulu: umfanekiso owaziwa ngokuthi iPietà kaMichelangelo. Kungumsebenzi ocishe ube ngamasentimitha angu-195 ububanzi nobude obungamasentimitha angu-174. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi umdwebi udale umfanekiso olingana nempilo noma ngesilinganiso esisodwa kuye kwesinye. Ukuze umphakathi obuka umsebenzi ukwazi ukuzwa lokho umama akuzwayo lapho ebona indodana yakhe ebulewe.
Ukwakheka: umsebenzi libhekene iqoqo ochwepheshe kwezobuciko. Njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yindilinga noma ephelele. Ngenxa yokuthi lihlala abantu abangaphezu koyedwa, kulokhu babili, iNcasakazi uMariya noJesu waseNazaretha. Nakuba uma ubude bugcwele kungenxa yokuthi ucezu lungathakazelelwa ngama-engeli ahlukene futhi obukele angakwazi ukuzwa ukuthi umfanekiso oqoshiwe ungase uzizwe kanjani ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso.
Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umfanekiso oqoshiwe weVatican Pietà usekelwe kumfanekiso wejiyomethri kanxantathu olinganayo futhi usekelwe ku-elliptical. Ngale ndlela lo mfanekiso unikezwa ukulingana okukhulu nokuzinza okukhulu.
Amanani: phakathi kwezibalo ezigqamayo emsebenzini kaPietà owenziwa umdwebi weNkathi Yenguquko uMichelangelo, okuyiNcasakazi uMariya noJesu waseNazaretha. Okulandelayo kungashiwo:
UJesu waseNazaretha umfanekiso wakhe usemilenzeni nasezingalweni zeNcasakazi uMariya, ikhanda lakhe nengalo yesokudla kutshekele kancane kwesokudla futhi lokhu kwenza ukuzwana neNcasakazi uMariya egqoke iqoqo lezindwangu okuthi uma uzibheke uyabona ukuthi zijiyile futhi maningi ukugoqa kulolo hlobo lwempahla.
Ngokwalokho okwavezwa umdwebi uMichelangelo ngalokho ayefuna ukukumela ngoJesu waseNazaretha, ukuthi wayengumuntu onobuntu. Ngakho-ke, lapho ebulawa, wayengumuntu ofayo. Yingakho kungabonakali zimpawu zobuhlungu emfanekisweni kaJesu waseNazaretha.
Incasakazi uMariya: umfanekiso weNcasakazi uMariya maqondana nendodana yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo uJesu waseNazaretha emdwebeni oqoshiwe wePietà. Kuyi-elementi umsebenzi wayo uwukulungisa okubonakalayo ukuze unikeze ibhalansi emfanekisweni. Njengoba izilinganiso ezanikezwa umculi we-Renaissance zihlobene eduze nomlingiswa ohamba phambili wesithombe seNcasakazi uMariya. Njengoba isibalo seNcasakazi uMariya siyisikhungo sokunakwa komphakathi.
Yingakho iNcasakazi uMariya ibambe uJesu waseNazaretha phakathi kwezingalo nemilenze lapho esebulewe ababulali bakhe esiphambanweni saseKalvari. Uphakamise isandla sakhe sobunxele njengokungathi uthandazela umphefumulo wendodana yakhe efile kuNkulunkulu.
NjengoJesu waseNazaretha, ubuso beNcasakazi uMariya abubonisi umuzwa wokulahlekelwa indodana yakhe. Nakuba ikhanda lakhe libheke phansi, lokhu kwenza umbukeli acabange ukuthi iNcasakazi uMariya idabuke kakhulu ngenxa yalokho okwenzeka endodaneni yayo okuwukuphela kwayo, uJesu waseNazaretha. Ufana nokuzindla ngaphambi kwesimo esenzeke.
Imodeli Nesu: Umdwebi uMichelangelo, owayeneminyaka engu-24 ubudala lapho eqeda umfanekiso kaPietà, udonsa amehlo amaningi emphakathini obuka umsebenzi. Kanye nochwepheshe endaweni yezobuciko ukuthi ucezu olulodwa lwemabula lunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi futhi ukumodela komsebenzi bekuphelele kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokumodela zingabonwa.
Lapho abaculi Michelangelo. Wagxilisa inqubo yakhe ekwenzeni imiphetho yengubo egqokwe umfanekiso weNcasakazi uMariya, njengoba ingxenye engenhla yemiphetho iye yaphathwa futhi yapholishwa kakhulu kunemiphetho yengxenye engezansi. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ukukhanya kubekwe ngamandla amakhulu engxenyeni engenhla futhi ngale ndlela kudala ubumnandi obuningi emfanekisweni wobungcwele.
Isiginesha yomculi
Nakuba okuncane mayelana nesignesha akwenzile kakade sekubuyekeziwe kule ngxenye yesihloko. Sizokunikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi kungani umculi osemusha oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala enquma ukusayina umsebenzi wakhe uma usuqediwe futhi kuwukuphela komsebenzi umdwebi we-Renaissance uMichelangelo awusayina empilweni yakhe yonke.
Encwadini eyabhalwa uGiorgio Vasari. Isazi-mlando sezobuciko sokuqala esaziwayo sitshela i-anecdote encwadini ayibhala enesihloko esithi Ukuphila Kwabadwebi Bamapulani Abahle Kakhulu base-Italy, Abadwebi, nabaqophi bezithombe.
Lapho umdwebi u-Miguel Ángel wayesevele eqedile ukubaza i-Pietà. Kwasabalala amahlebezi kulo lonke idolobha. Ukuthi umdwebi nomqophi owaziwa ngokuthi uGobbio, waseMilan, wayechithe unyaka eqopha umsebenzi omkhulu owaziwa ngokuthi ubungcwele baseVatican.
Kungakho ukugwema ezinye izinkinga umdwebi waseTuscan uMichelangelo ayenazo. Unquma ukuyolanda ishizolo lakhe nesando asayine umsebenzi. Umdwebi wamcasula kakhulu amahlebezi abesabalala. Yingakho ebeka isignesha yakhe kuribhoni owela esifubeni seNcasakazi uMariya.
ukuhlaziywa kwezithombe
Umfanekiso owaziwa ngokuthi iVatican Pietà. Kuwucezu lweminyaka engaphezu kuka-500 oluzomelela ukuzinikela nalokho iNcasakazi uMariya ezisola ngakho lapho ibona isidumbu sendodana yakhe efile. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe esiphambanweni. Nakuba lesi sigcawu singashiwongo ebhayibhelini nakunoma yiliphi ivangeli.
Yingakho lesi senzakalo saqala ukwenziwa kabusha ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Kodwa wenzelwe ukuzinikela kwangasese kwabanye abantu. Nakuba iningi labadwebi lalisekelwe emavesini esiprofetho mayelana nokuhlupheka iNcasakazi uMariya okwakumelwe adlule kukho lapho ebuka indodana yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo ifa esiphambanweni saseKalvari.
Ukuhlaselwa kwesithombe sikaPietà
Ngonyaka we-1972 ngoMeyi 21. Isithombe esaziwa ngokuthi iVatican Pietà. Uhlaselwa ngumuntu odabuka eHungary. Owayaziwa ngokuthi isazi sokuma komhlaba sase-Australia ngegama lika-Laszlo Toth. Le ndoda yakhuphukela lapho kwakubekwe khona isithombe sikaPietà futhi ngesikhathi esifushane yanikeza lesi sithombe imivimbo engu-45 ngesando.
Imivimbo yesando yanikezwa ubuso beNcasakazi uMariya, ikhala layo lakhishwa. Waphinde waphuka ingalo yesokunxele yeNcasakazi uMariya noJesu waseNazaretha wephula omunye wemilenze yakhe.
Ngokombiko wabantu abaphila ngalesi sigameko, isazi sokuma komhlaba sathi uJesu uyena yedwa futhi indodana kaNkulunkulu. Amajwabu amehlo eNcasakazi nawo acekelwa phansi amagalelo esando anamandla umhlaseli awanika umfanekiso oqoshiwe.
Ngemva kokubopha umenzi wesando amagalelo futhi wamvalela ejele ukuze anqume ukuqulwa kwecala ngalokho akwenza. IVatican yathatha isinyathelo ngale ndaba ukuze iqale ukubuyisela isithombe esiqoshiwe esibizwa ngokuthi iVatican Pietà.
Besaxoxisana ngendlela yokubuyisela isibazi. Baqaphela ukuthi kwakunemibhalo ethile yaseVatican lapho kuboniswa khona ukuthi kunekhophi ethembekile yeVatican Pietà. Lokhu kwakusenyakatho yeBolivia enomngcele nabasePeru. Yingakho bethumele ithimba lochwepheshe lapho.
Kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi kwakukhona ikhophi elinganayo ye-Pietà eqoshwe umdwebi weRenaissance uMichelangelo. Labo ababethunywe iVatican babona ukuthi ayikho eyodwa kodwa emibili, emnyama eyenziwe nge-aluminium ukuze ilula futhi enye emhlophe eyenziwe ngokhonkolo, lena kwakufanele ichithwe.
Kodwa amaPeru awazange. Isithombe esiqoshiwe noma esimhlophe okwakudingeka sicekelwe phansi. Yiyo lapho onjiniyela nabadwebi bezakhiwo abathunyelwe yiVatican bathatha izilinganiso eziqondile ukuze bakwazi ukubuyisela umfanekiso oqoshiwe kaMichelangelo.
Ngale ndlela, kwambulwa enye imfihlakalo ezungeze ukuzinikela kukaMichelangelo. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi uSenator wasePeruvia akwazi ukukholisa uJuan XXIII ngonyaka we-1960. Ukuze avume ukukwazi ukwenza umfanekiso oqondile womfanekiso wokuzinikela kukaMichelangelo. Njengoba uPapa wayemelene nokukopisha izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseVatican. Okuthile okuyingqayizivele emhlabeni yimisebenzi kaMichelangelo, kuhlanganise noPietà.
Ngenkathi umuntu onikeze isando esingu-45 eshaya umsebenzi uLa Piedad. Wavalelwa esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo unyaka wonke. Njengoba efike wathi nguye. uJesu waseNazaretha. Ngemva kokululama, wayehlala e-Australia futhi akabange esakwazi ukuya e-Italy futhi kancane e-Vatican City.
Uma usitholile lesi sihloko esithi Pietà kaMichelangelo sibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: