Intaba-mlilo iwumfantu oqweqweni lomhlaba olunamathele egunjini eligcwele i-magma.. Ngalokhu kufa, izinto ze-incandescent ezisesimweni se-magma njenge-lava, igesi nolunye uketshezi emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu ngaphakathi kweplanethi ziyaphuma futhi zinqwabelane phezu kwentaba-mlilo. Izintaba-mlilo zisakazeke kuwo wonke umhlaba weplanethi, ziwabeka emazweni ahlukahlukene.
Lezi zenzakalo zemvelo zingenye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu kubantu, izilwane kanye nezimila, njengoba zingaqhuma noma nini ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi yokuzola okulinganiselwe. Kodwa ingabe siyazi ngempela ukuthi yiziphi izintaba-mlilo eziqhuma kakhulu emhlabeni?. Kulolu shicilelo ngeke sikubonise nje ibalazwe lalapho atholakala khona, kodwa futhi sizokhuluma ngezinye zazo, sikunikeze imininingwane yokuthi lezi zakhiwo ezinkulu zomlilo ziziphatha kanjani.
El I-US Geological Survey, i-USGS, ilinganisela ingqikithi yezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane emhlabeni. Ukuqhuma kwalezi zenzakalo zemvelo kungathatha izinsuku kuya ezinyangeni, iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka. Kusukela ngo-1750, kuqoshwe ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okungu-101 okuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Kunini lapho intaba-mlilo ibhekwa njengesebenzayo? Bangaki esinabo eSpain? Sixazulula konke lokhu kungabaza nokunye ngezansi.
Kunini lapho intaba-mlilo ibhekwa njengesebenzayo?
Ngokusekelwe kudatha enikezwe i-Global Volcanism Programme eyakhiwe e-Smithsonian Institution, ehlose ukutadisha nokubhala phansi izintaba-mlilo ezitholakala eMhlabeni, Intaba-mlilo ibhekwa njengeqhuma lapho ibonise izimpawu zokuqhuma phakathi neminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi edlule.
Esinye isici esingabonisa ukuthi iyasebenza yi- ubukhona be-fumaroles, ingxube yamagesi nomhwamuko ophuma emifantwini yentaba-mlilo emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu.. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ama-deformation angabuye avele ebusweni bomhlaba, ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa noma amarekhodi okunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba.
lapho intaba-mlilo ayibonisi umsebenzi isikhathi eside, ibhekwa njengengasebenzi, nakuba ithuba lokuqhuma okungenzeka lingalokothi likhishwe. Lokhu kuqhuma kungenzeka esikhathini esizayo, yingakho kubhekwa njengezintaba-mlilo ezithule.
Olunye uhlobo lwe-volcano olungatholakala yi ongasekho, kuleli qembu kuhlukaniswa lezo zintaba-mlilo ezabonisa umsebenzi esikhathini esidlule kodwa manje sebelahlekelwe umthombo wabo we-magma, okusho ukuthi, ayisekho.
Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba kanye nezazi zentaba-mlilo zithola lokhu kuhlukaniswa kunempikiswano ngandlela thize njengoba, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubhekiselwa esikalini sokuma komhlaba hhayi esikalini somuntu, Isimo salokhu kwakheka komhlaba asinakunqunywa ngokuqiniseka.
Zingaki izintaba-mlilo ezikhona emhlabeni?
Ngokusekelwe kudatha ephethwe yi-United States Geological Survey, Kunezintaba-mlilo ezingu-1350 emhlabeni namuhla.Kuleli nani, angu-500 abesebenza phakathi neminyaka engu-12000 edlule. E-United States balinganisela ukuthi kunezintaba-mlilo ezingu-161 ezinempahla.
Ezweni lakithi, ESpain, kunezintaba-mlilo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezisakazeke kulo lonke imephu. Sonke sizokhumbula ukuthi ngonyaka odlule intaba-mlilo etholakala eCumbre Vieja Natural Park yasebenza kanjani, yakha amakhilomitha emifula yodaka futhi yacekela phansi yonke into eyayiwela indlela yayo.
Hhayi eziQhingini zaseCanary kuphela lapho ungathola khona lezi zenzakalo zemvelo, kodwa nase-Girona lapho ungabona khona enye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu endaweni enezimpungushe zentaba-mlilo ezingaba ngu-40. Enye yezintaba-mlilo ezidume kakhulu iTeide, engeyona nje intaba-mlilo kodwa iyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke eSpain.
Izingxenye zentaba-mlilo
Umthombo: https://ar.pinterest.com/
Ngenxa yezifundo ezenziwa ku-volcanology, singakwazi ukwazi izingxenye ezahlukene okwakhiwe ngazo intaba-mlilo. Zonke, nakuba zihlukile ngokwesimo noma ubukhulu, izakhi ezifanayo zingabonwa.
La i-magma chamber, ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zentaba-mlilo. Leli gumbi liyitshe elikhulu elincibilikisiwe, elibizwa nangokuthi i-magma, elingaphansi koqweqwe lomhlaba futhi lapho ukucindezela okukhulu kwenzeka khona. Lo mfutho yiwo odala ukuphuka kwamadwala awuzungezile. Uma lo mfantu esikhuluma ngawo uqondiswe phezu komhlaba, uzodala ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, le nqwaba ye-magma iphola ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele phezulu, izodala idwala elikhulu.
Esinye isici esifana ngazo zonke izintaba-mlilo yi- imigodi yentaba-mlilo. Lawa mashimula a umsele oqondile oxhuma igumbi le-magma nendawo engaphezulu. Le magma ingahamba amakhilomitha angama-200 futhi idlule ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka kakhulu zoqweqwe ukuze ize phezulu.
La Ukuvula izintaba-mlilo, yilokho esikwazi njenge-crater. Yindawo kashimula ethintana nendawo engaphezulu futhi lapho i-magma ikhishwa khona ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo iye endaweni yasemhlabeni.
Lapho kuqhuma intaba-mlilo, inani elithile izinto ezisetshenziswayo zinqwabelana ezinhlangothini ze-crater, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-volcanic cone. Abaqoqi kuphela i-lava, kodwa futhi umlotha nama-pyroclasts.
El impahla exoshwa ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo udaka, idwala eliwuketshezi ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngemva kokuxoshwa kwalo, lolu daka lwakha imifula eyaziwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kodaka.
I-Las ukuminyana imisinga, ingesinye sezakhi izintaba-mlilo eziningi ezifanayo. Ingabe ukugeleza kwegesi nezinye izakhi eziqinile ezisezingeni eliphansi futhi zihamba ngesivinini esikhulu futhi emazingeni okushisa angafinyelela amadigri ayinkulungwane. Le misinga iyingozi enkulu njengoba inamandla amakhulu okubhubhisa.
Uma kuqhuma intaba-mlilo, into evame kakhulu ukuthi ziyakheka umlotha noma amafu entaba-mlilo. Lamafu akhiwe izingcezu ezincane zamatshe, amagesi aqhumayo, nengilazi yentaba-mlilo.
Ekugcineni, esinye sezakhi ezibonakala lapho kuqhuma intaba-mlilo yile amabhomu entabamlilo. Izingcezu ezingaphezu kwamamilimitha angu-64, ezishiya intaba-mlilo isesimweni esibukekayo kodwa lapho zipholile futhi ngaphambi kokufika phansi zingandiza amakhilomitha ambalwa.
izintaba-mlilo eziqhuma kakhulu emhlabeni
Okulandelayo, sizokukhombisa ukuthi ziyini ezinye zezintaba-mlilo eziqhuma kakhulu emhlabeni nalapho bekhona.
I-Erta Ale Volcano - Ethiopia
Umthombo: https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/
Ichibi le-lava elikhishwe esiqongweni sentaba-mlilo i-Erta Ale e-Ethiopia. Yintaba-mlilo eqhuma kakhulu kule ndawo.
Intaba-mlilo yase-Etna - eSicily
Umthombo: https://www.nationalgeographic.es/
Amalangabi, intuthu nomlotha yilokho okuphuma kule ntaba-mlilo eningizimu ye-Italy, ogwini olusempumalanga yeSicily. Ingabe yena I-volcano esebenzayo kakhulu eYurophu.
Intaba-mlilo yaseFagradalsfjall - Iceland
Umthombo: https://www.rtve.es/
Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwale ntaba-mlilo kwakunamandla aphansi, kodwa kwaphoqa ukuthi kuvalwe imigwaqo eseduze. Abantu belulekwa ukuthi bangasondeli endaweni ukuze bagweme ukungenwa ubuthi begesi noma izinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu.
Intaba-mlilo iNyiragongo - Izintaba zaseVirunga
Umthombo: https://www.elconfidencial.com/
Itholakala eDemocratic Republic of the Congo. le volcano, ibamba elinye lamachibi amakhulu e-lava cishe ngamamitha angu-200 ububanzi namakhilomitha ukujula.
I-Old Summit - iLa Palma
Umthombo: https://es.wikipedia.org/
Imifantu emibili, enemilomo eminingana ekhiphe udaka olufika kumamitha angu-400 ukuphakama. Intabamlilo enodlame okwabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho.
I-Popocatepetl Volcano - eMexico
Umthombo: https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/
Waphinde wavuka ngo-2018 nge ikholomu engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-3 ukuphakama kokuqhuma. Ukuxoshwa kwempahla ngaphakathi kwayo kwafinyelela ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amabili, kwaze kwafinyelela komasipala abambalwa.
I-Rabaul Volcano - I-Gazelle Peninsula
Umthombo: https://es.m.wikipedia.org/
Itholakala ePapua New Guinea, ukuqhuma kokugcina okwaziwayo kwale ntaba-mlilo kwaba ngo-2014 isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezi-3. Eyodwa yaqoshwa ukuqhuma okukhulu nokuqhuma kwe-lava namapayipi omlotha.
I-Anak Krakatoa Volcano - Indonesia
Umthombo: https://www.20mintos.es/
Ukuqhuma kwale ntaba-mlilo yase-Indonesia kwenzeka ngoJulayi 2018 futhi kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-April 2020. Iminyaka emibili yomsebenzi omkhulu ekuqhumeni kwayo. kubangele ukuphakama kwegagasi cishe ngamamitha ayi-100 ukuphakama, obekungadala umonakalo ongalungiseki.
I-Kilauea Volcano - eHawaii
Umthombo: https://elpais.com/
Kusukela ngoDisemba 2020 kuya kuMeyi 2021, isikhathi sokuqhuma kwale ntaba-mlilo eHawaii sahlala. Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla, lesi senzakalo semvelo esikhulu saqhuma eshiya imifula yodaka ngemva kwayo namafu entuthu ebomvu.
I-Masaya Volcano - eNicaragua
Umthombo: https://www.elconfidencial.com/
ENicaragua, le ntaba-mlilo ephakeme ngamamitha angu-594, eyaqhuma okokugcina ngo-October 2015 futhi kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-August 2021. Ingenye yezintaba-mlilo eziyisikhombisa eziqhuma kakhulu ezweni.
Lezi ezinye ezisebenza kakhulu, kodwa kule mephu ungabona zonke izintaba-mlilo emhlabeni. Siveze ezinye zezintaba-mlilo zamanje nezibalulekile ezisaqhumayo, kodwa njengoba sike sabonisa ezigabeni ezedlule kunezintaba-mlilo ezisaqhuma eziyi-1350 njengamanje emhlabeni.
Umthombo: Imephu Esebenzisanayo
Zimbalwa izakhi zemvelo ezingaba usongo ezintweni eziphilayo njengezintaba-mlilo. Babonakala besesimweni sokuzola, kuze kube yilapho amandla emvelo enza ukubonakala futhi imifula ye-lava iphuma kuma-chimney abo, okuwumbukwane kodwa futhi kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu emphakathini nasemvelweni.