Akungabazeki ukuthi umhlaba wenze intuthuko emangalisayo ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kanye nobuchwepheshe ngawo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi bangaki izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe umuntu adale ukuze athole izinga lempilo elingcono. Ngena lapha ubahlangabeze bonke.
izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe
Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseMelika uJames D. Thompson sahlongoza ngo-1967 encwadini yaso ethi Organizations in Action sahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zobuchwepheshe. Ngokusho kwakho, zithinta izimboni, izinkampani nezinhlangano. Lezi zinhlobo zobuchwepheshe yilezi: ubuchwepheshe obuguquguqukayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhleliwe.
ubuchwepheshe obuguquguqukayo
Olunye uhlobo lobuchwepheshe luyavumelana nezimo. Lolu hlobo lungasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintshwa ukuze lufakwe. Ngokwesibonelo, singacabanga microprocessors. Lezi zingxenye ekuqaleni zivele kumakhompyutha womuntu siqu, kodwa namuhla singazithola kuma-consoles wegeyimu yevidiyo, omakhalekhukhwini, amarobhothi, phakathi kokunye.
Futhi, lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lubhekwa njengento engakwazi ukuguquguquka ngokomzimba. Isibonelo esisodwa kungaba izikhumba ezihlakaniphile, noma izikrini ezigobile ezibonwa kumathelevishini namaselula. Ngamafuphi, wuhlobo lobuchwepheshe obuvumela ukuthi lukhubazeke, lugotshwe noma lusetshenziswe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.
ubuchwepheshe obungaguquki
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuchwepheshe obumisiwe wuhlobo lobuchwepheshe obungajwayele ukusetshenziselwa enye isevisi noma umkhiqizo ohlukile kunenhloso obudalelwe yona. Okusho ukuthi, kubonakala ngokusetshenziswa okukodwa. Ngokuvamile, ayivamisile ukuba nokuguqulwa okuyivumela ukuba ibuyekezwe noma ithuthuke, nakuba, ngokuphambene nalokho, yayizoba nokuguquguquka okuthile, ngokuvamile ihamba kancane futhi kwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngokufanayo, ukumelela okuhle kakhulu kobuchwepheshe obungaguquki ipeni noma ipensela. Inhloso yayo kuphela ukubhala futhi ayinawo omunye umsebenzi. Nakuba ungase ucabange ukuthi abesifazane nabo bayayisebenzisa ngezikhathi ezithile ukwenza izinwele ezingavamile, iqiniso liwukuthi akuwona umsebenzi wayo noma ukuthi idalelwe ini.
Okunye ukubonakaliswa kwalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe ingilazi. Ingilazi iwubuchwepheshe obaqala ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka futhi iye yathatha isikhathi eside igcina umgomo wayo owodwa, wokuqukatha uketshezi. Ingase ihluke ekwethulweni njengoba kunjalo nezibuko, kodwa ukuhluka kwayo kuye kwaba kuncane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphambi kokuthi siqhubekele phambili, sizochaza ukuthi buyini ubuchwepheshe.
Buyini ubuchwepheshe?
Igama elithi "ubuchwepheshe" libhekisela ekutadisheni amasu asetshenziswayo. Yebo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamasu, futhi ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwamasu ahlukene kuye kwahlukanisa amasiko athile.
Amasu angahluka, isibonelo, ekuphekeni kokudla okufanayo, okungashintsha ukunambitheka kwakho ngokusebenzisa inqubo ehlukile. Ngendlela efanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi athuthuke kakhulu njenge-Android kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamasu amaningi avela emikhakheni eyahlukene ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo ofanayo.
Yiqiniso, njengoba kunemikhakha ehlukene, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngayinye yazo inezinhlobo zayo zobuchwepheshe noma izifundo zayo ezihlukene zamasu ngokwenhloso yayo. Futhi ngokuqinisekile, kunezinhlobo eziningi zobuchwepheshe, okuzoba iphuzu lethu elithakazelisayo lapha.
Ezinye izinhlobo Zobuchwepheshe: I-Hard Vs Soft
Emishinini ehlukene kunezinto ezimbili ezibalulekile okuyisakhiwo somzimba kanye nezinhlelo zangaphakathi ezifanayo. Kungashiwo ukuthi umshini wakhiwe izinhlobo ezimbili zobuchwepheshe, oqinile nothambile.
Nakuba lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zobuchwepheshe zihluke komunye nomunye, njengoba sizobona ngezansi, ubuchwepheshe obuqinile abukwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe obuthambile; futhi ubuchwepheshe obuthambile buba buyize uma ubuchwepheshe obuqinile bungekho. Sichaza kabanzi lezi zinhlobo zobuchwepheshe ngezansi.
Ubuchwepheshe obuqinile
Kulolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe kutholakala yonke imishini esindayo yezimboni ebamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto, ukwakhiwa kwamaselula, amakhompyutha. Okusho ukuthi, bangachazwa ngokuthi "i-hardware" yedivayisi.
Nokho, akuyona kuphela insimbi noma izingxenye eziqinile njengemikhumbi noma izakhiwo ezingezobuchwepheshe obuqinile. Eqinisweni, zonke ziyilezo zinto ezibonakalayo ezidalwe umuntu. Indwangu, ngokwesibonelo, ithathwa njengobuchwepheshe obuqinile njengoba ingabambeka futhi yenziwa abantu.
Iziyalo ezithuthukisa lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe ikakhulukazi i-electronics, i-mechatronics, i-metallurgy, i-mechanics, i-chemistry, i-architecture, izindwangu, phakathi kokunye.
Ubuchwepheshe Obuthambile
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe obuthambile yibo bonke obungabambeki. Iziyalo ezifana ne-accounting, psychology kanye nemfundo zithathwa njengobuchwepheshe obuthambile. Empeleni, igama elithi ubuchwepheshe obuthambile lihlanganisa yonke imikhakha, ulwazi, izindlela noma amakhono, okungukuthi, amasu asiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakalo nemikhiqizo.
Mhlawumbe usanda kuzwa inkulumo ngesiNgisi esho "indlela yokwenza", noma ngolimi lwawo loqobo "yazi ukuthi kanjani", le nkulumo ibhekisela olwazini lomuntu, udaba olunikeza inani elengeziwe enkampanini.
Izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe obusebenzayo: Obanele, obumaphakathi kanye ne-Cutting-edge
Impela, uzwile kubantu abangaphezu kweyodwa ibinzana elithi "... idalwe ngobuchwepheshe bamuva", futhi noma sazi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe besimanje kakhulu, kusenza sizibuze: Ngakho-ke kufanele siyibize ngani leyo zobuchwepheshe. eziyisisekelo noma rustic, kodwa kusasebenza?. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zobuchwepheshe zokuhlukanisa lokhu: Okwanele, Okumaphakathi kanye ne-State-of-the-art.
Ubuchwepheshe obufanele
Lolu hlobo lwaziwa njengobuchwepheshe obufanele, yilolo olunakekela kakhulu izici zamasiko, ezemvelo nezomnotho. Yilona elidinga izinsiza ezimbalwa ukuze kukhiqizwa, okwenza kube nenzuzo enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe, futhi kulula ukuzinakekela.
Isiqandisi esisesikebheni esisesikebheni siwubuchwepheshe obufanelekile obusetshenziswa e-Afrika obuvumela ukufakwa kwesiqandisi sokudla ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kukagesi. Iqukethe isitsha esigqitshwe esihlabathini esinomkhumbi ngaphakathi, okuyindawo lapho ukudla okufanele kulondolozwe kutholakala khona. Phakathi kwesikhala salezi zitsha ezimbili kubekwe isihlabathi esimanzi, ngendlela yokuthi ukuhwamuka koketshezi kulesi sihlabathi kupholise umkhumbi wangaphakathi.
Njengoba kubonakala, lolu hlobo lwesiqandisi luwuhlobo lwendabuko kakhulu lobuchwepheshe, olunezinsiza ezimbalwa, ezingenalo umthelela, noma okungenani okuncane kakhulu, emvelweni futhi ukonga kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe obuphakathi: enye yezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe
Lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe yilolo oluhlanganisa noma olusebenzisa kokubili ubuchwepheshe obufanele kanye nobuchwepheshe bakamuva. Emkhakheni wokukhiqiza amandla, i-biobutanol noma amaphaneli elanga angabhekwa njengohlobo lobuchwepheshe obuphakathi, ngoba nakuba ebiza kakhulu futhi ethuthuke kakhulu kunobuchwepheshe obufanele, asebenzisa imithombo yemvelo njengokukhanya kwelanga namafutha yemifino, ngakho-ke abe nomthelela ophansi emvelweni, ashibhile futhi athuthuke kakhulu kunamajeneretha kagesi endabuko.
Kunezikhathi lapho ubuchwepheshe obufanele kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphakathi buvame ukufana. Igama elithi ubuchwepheshe obufanele livame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zobuchwepheshe.
Ukusika onqenqemeni lobuchwepheshe
Njengoba kulindelekile, ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu yibo obusebenzisa wonke amandla emboni futhi bubhekisela ekuthuthukisweni kwakamuva kwesayensi kulowo mkhiqizo noma isevisi. Ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphansi kalula bungakwazi ukujwayela ubuchwepheshe berobhothi, i-electronics, imoto, phakathi kokunye.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zobuchwepheshe: okokusebenza, ukusebenza kanye nomkhiqizo
Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zobuchwepheshe zihlobene eduze, kodwa ake sichaze ngayinye
ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha
Sizosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-LED njengesibonelo, kulokhu abakhiqizi bamathelevishini e-LED yibo abafanayo abathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-LED ukuze babufake emkhiqizweni wabo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemishini kwenziwa yimboni efanayo noma imboni ephethe ukukhiqiza imishini eshiwo.
ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza
Lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe luvela ekuhlolweni kwemikhiqizo yayo, ukubhekwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nolwazi oluzuzwe eminyakeni edlule. Lapho isisho esithi "ukuzijwayeza kwenza kuphelele" sifanelana kahle kakhulu.
ubuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo
Kubhekiselwa olwazini lwawo wonke amasu okufanele asetshenziswe ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo namasevisi amasha. Uma sithi wonke amasu, siphinde sibhekisele emithethweni, izinqubo, izici okufanele zihlangatshezwe.
Umkhiqizo awukwazi ukukhiqizwa futhi udayiswe ngobuningi futhi awuhlangabezani nezindinganiso zekhwalithi nezokuphepha. Lawa mazinga ayingxenye yalokho okubhekiselwa kumasu, ulwazi nokunye.
ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile
Inhloso yalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe ukunakekelwa nokugcinwa kwemvelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo ngendlela emaphakathi nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kungahlala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngalo mqondo, isibonelo esifanayo samaphaneli elanga aphakanyiswa futhi, asebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze kuguqulwe futhi kugcinwe ebhange lebhethri ukuze kamuva kube namandla, isibonelo, isakhiwo noma ikhaya.
Esinye isibonelo esizosinikeza kamuva ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngokuhlangana kwenuzi. Ngokuphambene nalokho umuntu angase akucabange, kuwubuchwepheshe obuhlanzeke ngokwedlulele, ngoba abudali umonakalo endaweni ezungezile. Kodwa-ke, kunesu elingakasetshenziswa ezimbonini ezikhiqiza amandla enuzi, okuyi-nuclear fission.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe
Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni, isayensi ngayinye inendlela yayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezizosetshenziswa kuzo.
ubuchwepheshe bezempi
Emazweni afana ne-United States, kuvamile ukuthi izibonelo zokuqala zentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ezithuthukisiwe zisetshenziswe ngokuyinhloko endaweni yokuzivikela. Njengoba kwakunjalo ngamakhompiyutha noma ama-drones, isicelo sabo sokuqala senzeka emkhakheni wezempi futhi kamuva adayiswa. inhloso enkulu yalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe ukunikeza inzuzo ethile enkundleni yempi ngokumelene nesitha.
Kunjani ukucabanga ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezempi babunezisusa ezimbili ezibalulekile ezenzeka phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala neyesibili. EMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, kwavela amathangi, imikhumbi-ngwenya, izindiza, imaski yegesi, phakathi kokunye. EMpini Yezwe II, amathangi nezindiza zavuselelwa, kwavela izikhali ezintsha, i-penicillin ne-radar yazalwa, phakathi kwabanye.
ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha
Lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwenkimbinkimbi yamadivayisi, ulwazi, okusunguliwe, ukuhlola, nokunye okuvumela ukuthuthukisa izinsizakalo zezempilo. Ubuchwepheshe obusanda kuvela emkhakheni wezokwelapha bungamaphrinta e-3D, lapho ama-prostheses asevele ephrintiwe kuma-stem cells.
Ubuchwepheshe benuzi: enye yezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe
Yilona eligxile ocwaningweni lokusabela kwama-athomu. Nakuba lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe luhlotshaniswa kalula nebhomu le-athomu, iqiniso liwukuthi linezinhlelo eziningi ezizuzisa umphakathi, ezifana nokukhiqiza amandla.
Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe luye lwaxhunyaniswa nokulimala kwemvelo. Kodwa, lokhu akulungile ngokuphelele, isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa i-nuclear fusion kungenye yezindlela ezihlanzekile zokukhiqiza amandla ezikhona.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-nuclear fusion kanye ne-fission ukuthi ekuhlanganiseni usebenzisa ama-athomu amancane amabili futhi uwahlanganise ndawonye, ukuze wakhe i-athomu enkulu. Lokhu kukhulula inani elikhulu lamandla ngendlela yokushisa. Le nqubo yileyo etholakala emvelweni, isibonelo ezinkanyezini, kodwa ayikasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla ezinjini zenuzi.
Endabeni ye-nuclear fission, isebenzisa ukuhlukana kwama-athomu. Lokhu kusabela kukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu, futhi ngokungafani nokuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear, i-nuclear fission ishiya izinsalela okufanele zigcinwe ezitsheni ezikhethekile. Noma kunjalo, lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lungolunye lwezingangcolisi kangako ezikhona, njengoba isitimu esiphuma koshimula empeleni singumhwamuko wamanzi.
Ubuchwepheshe benuzi buyasebenza nasemkhakheni wezokwelapha njengokuvala inzalo kwemishini yezokwelapha kanye ne-X-ray radiography.
Ubuchwepheshe Bezolimo: olunye lwezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe
Ngokunokwenzeka, ubuchwepheshe bezolimo bungobunye bobuchwepheshe obudala kakhulu umuntu abuthuthukisile, bukhethekile ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwabo kudingekile ngokungenakuphikwa kuye. Kusukela ekulinyweni kwensimu ngezilwane, njengegeja leminyuzi lendabuko, noma izinhlelo zokunisela ezisetshenziswa abaseGibhithe, kuya ekusungulweni kukagandaganda, ziyingxenye yalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe.
Khona-ke, kungachazwa njengalo lonke ulwazi, amasu, amathuluzi, nezinye izinsiza ezifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni komsebenzi wasensimini.
Ubuchwepheshe bokufundisa
Njengamanje, kunohlelo lokusebenza olubizwa nge-SoloLearn olufundisa izilimi zokuhlela ezikhona. Kunguhlelo lokusebenza olufana kakhulu nezindlela zokufundisa zohlelo lwe-Duolingo. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bezemfundo bubhekisela kuzo zonke izindlela, ulwazi namasu asetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze imfundo.
izinhlobo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe
Zonke lezo ntuthuko kanye nezinguquko emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe ezenzeke ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili zihlelwe zaba uhlobo lobuchwepheshe olubizwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha. Omakhalekhukhwini, ama-drones, i-Wi-Fi, amanethiwekhi omphakathi, ama-android. Konke lokhu kuthuthuka okusha kubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.
Iziphetho
Ubuchwepheshe ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu angafaki amadivaysi kuphela, kodwa nolwazi, amazinga kanye nezinye eziyingxenye yalezi zindlela.