Zitholele nathi lonke ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana ne- Isiko laseMesoamerican eyaqala kusukela kudala ezwenikazi. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! futhi uzofunda ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezizwe endaweni.
Amasiko ayi-10 abaluleke kakhulu aseMesoamerican
Amasiko aseMesoamerica ayewuchungechunge lwempucuko yabomdabu eyathuthukiswa eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi ngaphambi kokufika kweSpanishi ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngesikhathi sokufika kwamaSpanishi, amasiko angaphezu kweshumi nambili atholakala e-Mesoamerica: Olmec, Mayan, Mexica/Aztec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Purépecha, Huasteca, Tlaxcalan, Totonac, and Chichimec. Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila kokubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngokusho kwabavubukuli, kunobufakazi bokuthi iMesoamerica ibigcwele abantu kusukela ngo-21,000 BC. Laba bantu bakuqala baseMesoamerica babengabahambi.
Nokho, ngonyaka ka-7000 a. C., ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, okwenza laba boMdabu baqale ukungenzi lutho.
Ngokuthuthuka kwamasiko, izisekelo zokwakhiwa kwempucuko ziye zaqiniswa. Kusukela ngo-2300 BC. C., imisebenzi yobuciko efana ne-ceramics ne-architecture yathuthukiswa.
Ekuqaleni, kwakukholelwa ukuthi amasiko aseMesoamerican aqala ngesikhathi esifanayo. Nokho, izazi zakulesi sifunda ziye zabonisa ngobufakazi bemivubukulo bokuthi le mpucuko yavela ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene. Ngokufanayo, bahlangana nesiphetho sabo eminyakeni ehlukene.
Isiko le-Olmec
Lesi sizwe esibizwa ngokuthi ama-Olmec sadabuka eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico phakathi kuka-1600 no-1400 BC. C. futhi kukholakala ukuthi yanyamalala cishe ngonyaka wama-400 a. c.
Laba bomdabu babeka izisekelo ezavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye amasiko aseMesoamerica futhi zaba nomthelela omkhulu empucukweni yamaMayan nama-Aztec.
Kubhekwa njengomama wawo wonke amasiko aseMesoamerican, njengoba ingeyokuqala ukuqoshwa, igama layo ngolimi lwesiNahuatl lisho "abantu abavela ezweni lenjoloba" futhi, empeleni, i-latex yakhishwa ezihlahleni "ze-elastic castile". »yalesi sifunda.
Isiko lama-Olmec lihlonishwa ngokusungula umdlalo webhola oyisiko, ukubhala kwe-Mesoamerican kanye ne-epigraphy, ukusungulwa kwe-zero, kanye nekhalenda laseMesoamerican. Ubuciko bakhe obufanekisela kakhulu amakhanda amakhulu.
Umlando
Umlando wayo uhlukaniswe waba izindawo zezihloko zayo ezintathu:
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan Ngo-1200 BC C. Kuze kube ngu-900 a. C., indawo yayo emathafeni omfula eyayithanda ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kommbila, okwathonya ukuba kube impucuko yokuqala ehlala phansi eMelika. Yayinabantu abaningi abagcina sebenesiko elicolisisiwe.
Isikhungo semikhosi yokuthengisa Ngemva kweminyaka engama-900 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu C. Ukuhlehla okuvela e-San Lorenzo kwaqoshwa. Ushintsho ekuhambeni kweminye imifula lubonisa ukuthi izinguquko zemvelo zaba nomthelela kuleli qiniso, nakuba ukubhujiswa kweSan Lorenzo ngo-950 a. C. uphakamisa ukuthi kwaba khona ukuhlubuka kwangaphakathi kwaze kwaba ngu-400 a. c.
Kwakuyisikhungo sale mpucuko, isikhathi lapho kwakhiwa uMbhoshongo Omkhulu nezinye izikhungo zemikhosi.
ama-sapotes amathathu, Kusukela ku-400 a. Cishe ngo-200 BC, nakuba lesi kwakuyisigaba sokugcina se-Olmec, kwakusenabantu abaningi esigabeni se-post-Olmec futhi namuhla kuneminonjana eminingi yethonya labo ku-Veracruz yanamuhla.
Umnotho
Ama-Olmec athuthukisa ukutshala nokuvunwa kommbila, ubhontshisi, upelepele oshisayo, upelepele, ukwatapheya, nesikwashi. Wonke amasiko asekhona esikweni laseMexico.
Bakha nesimiso sokunisela esizenzakalelayo esasivumela amanzi ukuba alethwe endaweni evundile kancane, ukuze akwazi ukukhiqiza. Ukudoba nokuzingela ezinye izenzo zezomnotho ezikhiqizwa ama-Olmec. Ngokufanayo, le mpucuko yayaziwa ngokukhulisa ama-turkeys, ayewusizo kokubili inyama kanye nezimpaphe zawo.
Inkolo
Isiko lama-Olmec lalingokwasezulwini, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni wayengaphansi kweziphathimandla zenkolo nezikholelwa kukho konke. Ukubaza nezakhiwo kwakuyizimfundiso ezilandela imikhuba yenkolo; Ama-altare ama-Olmec, amathempeli nezithixo kuwubufakazi balokhu. Phakathi kwezinto zabo zehlelo, i-jaguar mhlawumbe yayibaluleke kakhulu, nayo eyayibhekwa njengonkulunkulu woMhlaba.
Amadoda amaJaguar nawo ayefaneleka kakhulu. Eminye imifanekiso ikhombisa onkulunkulu abangababantu, abayingxenye ye-jaguar. Abanye onkulunkulu kwakungunkulunkulu womlilo, unkulunkulu kakolweni, unkulunkulu wokufa, nenyoka enezimpaphe. Esikweni lama-Olmec, kwakukhona isibalo se-shaman, esinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa amasiko enkolo futhi okwakuthiwa kuye amakhono okuphulukisa.
arte
I-Sculpture ingenye yemisebenzi yobuciko ejwayelekile kakhulu yama-Olmec. Izikhumbuzo zayo ezinhle kakhulu zibizwa ngokuthi "amakhanda amakhulu", izithombe eziqoshwe etsheni (ikakhulukazi i-basalt futhi ehlotshiswe nge-jade), engafinyelela kumamitha angu-3,4.
Namuhla, kukholakala ukuthi zenziwa ukuhlonipha izikhulu edume kakhulu, fighters kanye okhokho of impucuko. Ikhanda lokuqala latholwa ngo-1862 eningizimu yeVeracruz.
Kunezinto ezimbili eziphindaphindiwe ezithombeni zobuciko ze-Olmec: ukusetshenziswa kwe-jade kanye nophawu lwe-jaguar. Lesi sakamuva sasibhekwa njengophawu lwamandla hhayi nje isiko lama-Olmec kodwa nangamanye amasiko abomdabu eMelika Ephakathi.
Isiko laseMexico/Aztec
AmaMexico, abizwa nangokuthi ama-Aztec, ekuqaleni ayengabantu abayimizulane abafika eMesoamerica ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Lesi sizwe sasiyobhekwa njengabaphansi kwezinye izimpucuko zaseMelika Ephakathi ngoba sasiyimizulane.
Nokho, ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ama-Aztec ayesewathathile kakade amasiko awazungezile futhi esebeke isisekelo sokwakha lokho kamuva okwakuzokwaziwa ngokuthi uMbuso Wama-Aztec.
Bazijwayelanisa nendawo okwakudingeka bahlale kuyo; bakha izikebhe ukuze bakwazi ukuphila ngokudoba emanzini aseduze; Basebenza umhlaba ukuze uvunde futhi ukhiqize, futhi bakhe amadamu nezinhlelo zokunisela.
Lapho sebeqinisiwe ngokugcwele, baqala ukwakha umbuso ngokunqoba ezinye izizwe ezincane. Lezi zizwe ezinqotshiwe kwakufanele zikhulekele ama-Aztec.
Ngale ndlela, babeqinisekisa omunye umthombo wokudla nempahla (njengobucwebe, izingubo zokugqoka), kanye neziboshwa ezazinikelwa ukuze ziphakele onkulunkulu.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, impucuko yama-Aztec yayibhekwa njengenamandla kakhulu eMesoamerica futhi yayihlanganisa maphakathi neningizimu yeMexico, kanye nezindawo zaseNicaragua naseGuatemala.
Umsuka nendawo
NgesiNahuatl, igama elithi Aztec lisho "abantu abavela e-Aztlán." Ngokwenganekwane yaseMexico, abantu bakhona bayishiya i-Aztlán baze bathola indawo yabo entsha ngokwakha idolobha laseTenochtitlán. Banquma ukubiza le ndawo ngokuthi i-Mexihco, okusho ukuthi “enkabeni yenyanga”, lapho abantu baseMexico bevela khona.
Ngakho-ke, umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi ama-Aztec kwakuyoba yiwo ayezofuduka, kodwa lapho esesunguliwe, abizwa ngokuthi iMexica. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi le mvelaphi yase-Aztlán iyinganekwane. Indawo yamaMexico yadlulela phakathi nendawo naseningizimu yeMexico yanamuhla. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva ezinsukwini zangemva kokuwa kombuso wamaToltec, phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.
Iqiniso lemvelaphi yamaMexico lalihlanganisa ukufuduka okukhulu kwamaqembu akhuluma isiNahuatl asuka enyakatho yeMexico yanamuhla -Chichimeca-, eyakhukhula ithafa elimaphakathi neMexico, eduze neLake Texcoco. Babephakathi kwabantu bokugcina abafika kule ndawo, ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba bahlale endaweni enamaxhaphozi ngasentshonalanga kwechibi.
Inkolelo yabo engokwenkolo kule nganekwane yokuthi abantu abanamandla bayovela endaweni enamaxhaphozi lapho kukhona umdolofiya nokhozi oludla inyoka, yikho okwabavumela ukuba balenge futhi baphumelele endaweni. Lesi siko sisaqhubeka nanamuhla futhi singabonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuzikweletu nezinhlamvu zemali zaseMexico. Ngo-1325, basungula iTenochtitlán, esendaweni manje eyinhloko-dolobha yaseMexico.
Eceleni kwechibi elingasemfuleni, benza uhlelo lwezingadi olubizwa ngokuthi ama-chinampa, okwakuyizingodo ezibekwe phezu kwesihlabathi esakha iziqhingi zokwenziwa. Kwakhiwe imigwaqo namabhuloho ukuze akhiphe amanzi esifundeni futhi axhumanise nezwekazi.
Ebukhazikhazini bayo, kwakukhona izifundazwe ezingu-38, kodwa izifundazwe ezikude kakhulu zalwela ukuzimela kwazo, ngakho zahlangana noHernán Cortés futhi ngeshwa zaba lula ukunyamalala kwabantu base-Aztec.
Ezolimo
Ezolimo zaziyisisekelo somnotho waseMexico. Bathuthukisa ukutshalwa kommbila, okwakuwukudla okubaluleke kakhulu, kanye nopelepele, ubhontshisi, ugwayi nokhokho.
Basebenzisa uhlelo lokusika nokushiswa, olwaveza imiphumela emihle. Bakha nemisele yokunisela eyayibavumela ukuthi batshale ezindaweni ezingavundile kangako.
imfundo
Izingane zaseMexico zazifundelwa ekhaya kusukela zineminyaka emithathu. Obaba bafundisa abafana kanti omama bafundisa amantombazane. Lapho eneminyaka engu-15, izikhulu ezisencane zingaqala izifundo zazo esikoleni saseTenochtitlan, eCalmecac.
Lesi sikole siqeqeshe abantu abasha abacebile emkhakheni wezokwelapha, isayensi yezinkanyezi, izibalo, ukubhala, umlando, izincwadi, ifilosofi, umthetho, ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi lesu lombuso nezempi.
Intsha esezingeni eliphakathi yafunda eSikoleni SaseTelpochcalli, lapho yafunda khona ukusebenza ngamatshe, ukubaza nokuba amaqhawe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izintombi zafundiswa ubufundisi futhi zafunda ukuluka, ukusebenza ngezimpaphe nokwenza izinto zenkolo.
Ikhodi yokuziphatha
Ingxenye efanele yemfundo yaseMexico nendlela yokuphila isimiso sokuziphatha esifundiswa kuzo zonke izikole futhi siyingxenye yomthetho obhaliwe. Ukwephulwa kwanoma yimuphi wale mithetho kungakhokhelwa ukuphila.
Nalu uhlu lweminye yemithetho yekhodi yokuziphatha:
1- Ungahlekisi abantu abadala.
2- Ungahlekisi abagulayo.
3- Ungaphazamisi lapho omunye ekhuluma.
4- Ungakhonondi.
Inkolo
Inkolo yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko laseMexico. Ayekhulekela onkulunkulu abaningi ngoba ayekhulekela onkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi abahlukahlukene ababemelela izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Abanye babo ngoNkulunkulu weLanga kanye noZimayezulu, uNkulunkulu wemvula kanye noNkulunkulu wenzalo.
Izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo zenza iMexico yabhekwa njengabantu abomele igazi ngoba yenza imihlatshelo yabantu ukuze yanelise isidingo segazi labantu abanye onkulunkulu ababenaso. Ngokwesibonelo, uHuitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu welanga, kwakudingeka adle igazi ngokuqhubekayo; ngaphandle kwalokho, ngangizoyeka ukuphuma nsuku zonke.
Inkolo yayihlotshaniswa nazo zonke izici zokuphila kwaboMdabu. Ngokwesibonelo, aqala izimpi ngokumelene nezinye izizwe ukuze abe nenqwaba yeziboshwa ezazinganikelwa noma nini lapho onkulunkulu bethanda. Ngokufanayo, inkolo yayihlobene eduze nezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwemibhoshongo, ama-Aztec akha amathempeli ukuze akhulekele onkulunkulu bawo futhi enze nemihlatshelo.
onkulunkulu baseMexico
Abanye bonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu kwaba:
-Quetzalcóatl: ungunkulunkulu wendalo, okuhlanganisa umhlaba nesibhakabhaka. Igama lakhe lisho "inyoka enezimpaphe".
-Chalchiuhtlicue: unkulunkulukazi wemizimba yamanzi, amachibi, izilwandle nemifula.
-Chicomecoatl: unkulunkulukazi wommbila.
-Mictlantecuhtli: ungunkulunkulu wokufa. Uvame ukuvezwa enogebhezi lwekhanda endaweni yobuso.
-Tezcatlipoca: ungunkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka nomoya wasebusuku. Ngokuvamile kuhlobene namatshe amnyama njenge-obsidian.
Isiko lamaMaya
Isiko lamaMaya, elithuthukiswe endaweni njengamanje ehlukaniswe phakathi kweMexico, iGuatemala, iBelize, iHonduras ne-El Salvador, kungenzeka ukuthi ingelinye lempucuko ehlakaniphe kakhulu nephumelelayo. Lokhu kuhlonishwa kungenxa yokuthi sebethuthukise imikhakha eyahlukene yolwazi, okubalwa i-astronomy, ukubhala nezibalo.
Ukulima bekubalulekile emnothweni wamaMaya, ummbila uyisitshalo esikhulu. Ukotini, ubhontshisi, umdumbula, nokhokho kwakutshalwa. Amasu ayo endwangu afinyelele izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthuka.
Ukuhwebelana kwaleli dolobha kwakungobhontshisi kakhokho nezinsimbi zethusi, izinto ezazisetshenziselwa imisebenzi yokuhlobisa. Njengegolide, isiliva, i-jade, phakathi kwabanye.
Amanxiwa amakhulu asePalenque, eMayapán, eCopán, eTulún naseChichén Itzá, phakathi kwamanye amaningi, asivumela ukuba sazi ngokuqiniseka uhlobo lwezakhiwo olwalusetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi, luchaza izitayela ezintathu: uMfula iBec, iChenes kanye nePuuc.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamadolobha kwakusekelwe ezakhiweni zepyramidal ezinezinyathelo ezimbozwe ngamabhulokhi, ezithweswe umqhele wethempeli futhi nxazonke zazo kwakukhona amaplaza avulekile.
Umnotho
AmaMayans ahlela ezolimo. Izinsalela zemivubukulo zifakazela intuthuko enkulu maqondana nale ndawo; Kunemisele eSigodini saseGuatemala ebonisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokunisela ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ezindaweni eziphansi, kwakusetshenziswa izinhlelo zamanzi ukuze kulinywe izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi. Njengezinye izimpucuko zaseMesoamerica, bahlakulela ukutshalwa kommbila, ubhontshisi, amathanga namantongomane amnandi. Babezilolongela ukusika nokushiswa.
Izakhiwo
Impucuko yamaMeya yakha amathempeli nezikhungo zemikhosi; Amaphiramidi amelela ubuningi bezakhiwo. Ezakhiweni zabo, basebenzisa itshe. Ikakhulukazi i-lime, into eqoshwe ukudala ama-bas-relief njengomhlobiso.
Lezi zisekelo zavela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izigcawu zokuphila kwamaMeya, ikakhulukazi izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwababusi.
okusungulwe kwe-mayan
AmaMayya aphumelela emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi futhi aba negalelo elikhulu. Mayelana nokubhala, amaMayans enza uhlelo lwe-hieroglyphic, ngokungafani nokubhala kwezithombe, olumele ulimi olukhulunywayo.
Lolu hlelo lwakhiwe izimpawu ezazimelela amalunga futhi ngezinye izikhathi amagama. Izibonelo zalokhu kubhala zingajatshulelwa ezincwadini zakhe, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Codex.
Ngokufanayo, amaMayya ayenolwazi lwezibalo, ikakhulukazi lwezinkanyezi, olwaluwavumela ukuba akhe amakhalenda ahlukahlukene. Enye yayisekelwe onyakeni welanga, owathatha izinyanga ezingu-18 (izinsuku ezingu-20 ngalunye) kanye nezinsuku ezinhlanu ezengeziwe, ezazibhekwa njengenhlanhla.
Elinye kwakuyikhalenda elingcwele elalinezinsuku ezingu-260, lihlukaniswe imijikelezo engu-13, elalisetshenziselwa ukuphawula ukuqala kwemikhosi yenkolo nokubikezela ikusasa.
Baphinde benza amagrafu anendawo yenyanga neVenus, okubavumela ukuba babikezele ngokunembile ukuthi kuyoba nini ukusitheka kwelanga.
Inkolo
Inkolo yamaMaya yayikholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi, inonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene, futhi isekelwe ekuboneni isikhathi okujikelezayo, okuphumela enkolelweni yokuphindukuzalwa. Ngenxa yokuthi aboMdabu babethembele ezitshalweni zombila, unkulunkulu wommbila wayebaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuhlukunyezwa nokwenza imihlatshelo ngabantu kwakuyimikhuba engokwenkolo, nakuba kwakungeyona into evamile noma ewubukhazikhazi njengaleyo eyayenziwa ama-Aztec. La masiko kwakukholelwa ukuthi aqinisekisa ukuzala futhi enze onkulunkulu bajabule. Kungenjalo, isiphithiphithi sasiyobusa umhlaba.
AmaMeya ayebheka ukuthi igazi eliwumphumela wemihlatshelo londla onkulunkulu, ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba axhumane nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzidela nokuzikhukhumeza kwakuyimikhuba evamile phakathi kwabapristi nezikhulu.
Iqhaza labesifazane
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngokungafani namanye amasiko angaleso sikhathi, abesifazane babambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo emphakathini wamaMeya. Abagcini nje ekunakekeleni nasekufundiseni izingane, kodwa bangase bahlanganyele emisebenzini yezomnotho nekahulumeni.
isiko toltec
AmaToltec abusa izindawo eziphakeme ezisenyakatho yeMexico ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Izikhungo zayo eziyinhloko kwakuyi-Huapalcalco e-Tulancingo kanye nedolobhana lase-Tollan-Xicocotitlan, elisendaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Tula de Allende, esifundazweni sase-Hidalgo. Igama layo livela kwelesiNahuatl elisho "isakhamuzi saseToula".
Ithonya elikhulu lalikhona ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, lapho amaMayans ahlanza izitayela ezikhona eChichen-Itza, inqaba kanye nethempeli lamaqhawe. Badume kakhulu ngezithombe zabo ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-Atlanteans.
Isiko laseTeotihuacan
Isiko laseTeotihuacan laqala ukuvela emakoloni cishe ngonyaka we-100 BC. C. kulokho okuzoba emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva idolobha elikhulu laseTeotihuacan. Ukuqhakaza kwayo kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkathi yakudala yaseMesoamerica (art. II / III-VI).
Kuyindida kakhulu yempucuko yaseMesoamerica, ngoba ukunyamalala kwayo kwakukudala ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi futhi akukho mkhondo wokuba khona kwayo.
Ngisho nabaseMexico abafanayo ababeseduze nedolobha laseTenochtitlan babazi okuncane kakhulu ngamaTeotihuacanos, njengoba leli siko lazalwa ngemva kokunyamalala kwawo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi le mpucuko yakha idolobha laseTeotihuacán. Leli gama laqanjwa ama-Aztec futhi lisho “indawo lapho onkulunkulu bazalelwa khona” ngoba balithola lilahliwe futhi bekholelwa ukuthi laliyitshe legumbi lomkhathi. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwayo, kwakuyidolobha elikhulu labantu abangaphezu kwe-100,000 kanye nesikhungo semizwa saseMesoamerica.
Yimpucuko yaseMesoamerica enezikhungo zemikhosi yezenkolo kakhulu, ebeziyisikhumbuzo, zigqamisa iThempeli laseQuetzalcóatl, iPyramid of the Moon kanye nePyramid of the Sun, engelesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Ukushintsha kwezisusa ezingokwenkolo kuye kwezempi emisebenzini yabo yezentengiselwano kwasiza ekuvezeni umbono wokuthi impi yayiyimbangela yokuwohloka kwawo.
Amanye amasiko aphawulekayo aseMesoamerican
Ngaphezu kwamasiko aseMesoamerican, aseshiwo ngenhla, kwakukhona amanye amasiko aboriginal endaweni.
Purepecha culture
Babaziwa amakoloni aseSpain njengesiko lamaTarascan, bazinza ngokuyinhloko esifundeni saseMichoacán. Babesebenza kwezolimo, ukuzingela, ukuqoqa ukudla kanye nemisebenzi yezandla.
Izimpawu ze-Purépechas
Ngokwemibono eminingi, abantu basePurépecha babhekwa njengempucuko ethuthukile ngesikhathi seMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi. Bazinikezele emisebenzini eminingi efana nezakhiwo, ukudweba, ukukhanda igolide nokudoba.
Kakade ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, babekwazi ukuphatha insimbi, okwagcina kusho ukuvulwa kobudlelwane obuningana bezentengiselwano.
ukwanda kwamasiko
Bakwazi ukusabalalisa isiko labo eMesoamerica kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1500, lapho ukufika kwamaSpanishi kwakusho ukuphela koMbuso ngokushesha.
Naphezu kokulwa izimpi eziningi noMbuso Wama-Aztec (owayengasoze wawunqoba), uMbuso WaseSpain wakwazi ukuwalawula.
Nakuba isiko labo nabantu bakwazi ukuphila, ingqalasizinda yabo eningi yacekelwa phansi futhi ababusi babo babulawa.
Amasiko namasiko
Njengemiphakathi eminingi yaseMexico, babenamasiko amaningi ahlobene nokukhulekelwa kwezinto ezingokwemvelo ezaziwazungezile.
Njengoba ukudla ababekuthanda kwakuwumbila, kwakubhekwa njengethuba elihle lokutshala ummbila onemibala ehlukahlukene futhi uhambisane nawo nobhontshisi ukuze kube nenkathi yesivuno esihle nokuchuma unyaka wonke.
Inkolo
Abakholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi, babekholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: izulu, umhlaba, nomhlaba ongaphansi.
Onkulunkulu abathathu baye baphakama ngaphezu kwabanye:
-Curicaveri, unkulunkulu wempi nelanga, owenza imihlatshelo yabantu futhi uphawu lwakhe kwakuyizinyoni ezidla inyama.
-Umkakhe uCuerauáperi, unkulunkulukazi wendalo, okubangelwa imvula, ukuphila, ukufa nesomiso.
-Indodakazi yakhe, u-Xaratanga, unkulunkulukazi wenyanga nolwandle.
Ulimi
Ulimi lwePurépecha alunangqondo kakhulu, njengoba alukho uxhumano lwezilimi ezikhulunywa ezinye izizwe zaseMexico nezimpucuko zangaleso sikhathi.
Ama-Huastecs
Akhiwe ogwini lweGulf of Mexico, ayeyinzalo yamaMeya. Abalona isiko elichazwe kahle ngenxa yokungafani kwabo, nesizwe saseTeenek esinokubaluleka kwamasiko kakhulu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala zokuqala zenzeka phakathi kuka-1500 a. C. futhi 900 a. c.
Izici eziyinhloko
Igama elithi huasteco livela egameni lesiNahuatl elithi "cuextécatl", elingase libe nezincazelo ezimbili: "umnenke omncane", uma livela ku-cuachalolotl, noma elithi "guaje", uma livela elithi "huaxitl"
Umfundisi waseSpain uFray Bernardino de Sahagún wabhala ukuthi "Igama labo bonke laba lithathwe esifundazweni abasibiza ngokuthi iCuextlán, lapho labo abahlala khona bebizwa ngokuthi" Cuextecas ", uma bekhona abaningi, futhi uma oyedwa" Cuextecatl "futhi ngelinye igama" Toveiome "lapho kukhona abaningi, futhi nini" Toveio ", ogama lakhe lisho" umakhelwane wethu ".
Ukukhubazeka kwe-cranial kanye ne-lobe perforation
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zesiko lama-Huasteca kwakuyisiko lokukhubaza ugebhezi, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezizathu zesiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlebe nazo ziye zagwazwa ukuze zihlotshiswe ngamathambo namagobolondo.
Ubunqunu
Nakuba lokhu kungaqinisekisiwe ngo-100%, ochwepheshe abaningi baqinisekisa ukuthi ama-Huastecs ayenqunu. Umthombo walokhu kwaziswa kwakuyimibhalo etholakala emivubukulweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Huastecs amanje ngokuvamile agqoka izingubo zokumboza.
Ulimi
Ulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu ama-Huastecos i-Teenek noma i-Huasteco dialect. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwesiNahuatl neSpanishi nakho kuvame kakhulu. Esokuqala salezi zilimi sivela eMayan, nakuba kucatshangwa ukuthi le ngxenye yaqala ukuhlukanisa izinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule. AmaHuastèque, ngolimi lwawo, abizwa ngokuthi iTeenek, okusho ukuthi "amadoda avela lapha."
Izilimi eziningi
Njengamanje, izilimi zomdabu ezintathu zisakhulunywa esifundeni saseHuasteca: isiNahuatl, eVeracruz kanye nengxenye yeSan Luis Potosí; amaHuasteco, eSan Luis Potosí, enyakatho yeVeracruz naseTamaulipas; kanye ne-pame, ulimi lwesigodi olusetshenziswa endaweni enezintaba ehlukanisa iSan Luis Potosí neQuerétaro
I-Tlaxcalans
Babizwa ngegama lokuthi bazinze kakhulu eTlaxcala. Bazalwa besuka enhlanganisweni yezizwe ezimbalwa esifundeni, baba ngeminye yemiphakathi ephambili yaseMexico ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kwamaSpanishi.
Iminikelo yesayensi namasiko.
Enye yezici ochwepheshe abathi isiko le-Tlaxcalan imizwa yayo eqinile yokushisekela izwe, ikakhulukazi uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izimpucuko esifundeni.
Lo muzwa wawubonakala kuyo yonke imikhosi nemikhosi yabo engahlobene nenkolo. Kuzo, bazwakalisa ukuqiniseka kwabo ngekusasa elihle lezwe lakubo.
Ezinye izazi-mlando zithi lesi simo sengqondo, esiseduze nobuzwe besimanje, sichaza ukukhetha kwakhe ukusebenzelana nabaseSpain ngokumelene nama-Aztec. Ngaleso sikhathi, usongo lokuzimela kweTlaxcala kwakuwuMbuso WaseMexico, ngakho banquma ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni sokuwunqoba.
I-Tlaxcala Canvas Print
I-Ayuntamiento de Tlaxcala yagunyaza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-codex yamakholoni yaseTlaxcala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX. Umphumela kwaba lokho okubizwa ngeCanvas of Tlaxcala.
Ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe okutholakala kuyi-codex kubonisa ukuthi kwakhiqizwa amakhophi ayo amathathu. Enye yazo yayizothunyelwa eNkosini yaseSpain njengesipho; enye yayiqondiswe eMexico, lapho okwakuzoya khona kumphathi; kanti eyesithathu izosala esahlukweni seTlaxcalteca uqobo.
Ngeshwa, wonke lawa makhophi alahlekile, ngakho-ke okuqukethwe kwawo kwaziwa kuphela ekukhiqizeni okwenziwe kamuva kakhulu, ngo-1773. Ngokusho kwalokhu kukhiqizwa, i-codex ibonise izici ezibalulekile zesiko, umphakathi kanye nemifelandawonye.
Literatura
Ababhali beTlaxcala babonakala ngokulusebenzisa kahle ulimi. Laba babhali bahlakulele zonke izinhlobo, kusukela ezinkondlweni kuye ezinkulumweni nasezindabeni. Imisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu yi-Tecuatzin ne-Tlaxcaltecayotl.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imidlalo yeshashalazi nayo yayivamile. Ingqikithi enkulu yayiwukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke, kanye nezenzo zamaqhawe nonkulunkulu babo.
https://youtu.be/TPKdF_st_pE
Ukuduma kwetiyetha kwenze ukuthi imidlalo iqhubeke kuze kube yizikhathi zamakholoni. Ngaphezu kwababhali bemibhalo.
izakhiwo kanye nokubaza
Esikhathini ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweSpain, amaTlaxcalan enza izinqaba zawo nezinye izakhiwo nge-lime namatshe. Ngokuvamile, babekhetha amagquma ukuze bawathole, njengoba kwenzeka eCacaxtla nesikhungo semikhosi saseXochitécatl.
Endabeni yokudweba, abalobi be-Tlaxcalan bahlukaniswa ngokuqina kwendalo yabo. Babemelela izilwane, abantu nonkulunkulu.
Ngaphambi nje kokuba abaseSpain bafike, indawo yasePuebla-Tlaxcalteca yazuza udumo olukhulu ngezitsha zayo ze-polychrome. Ochwepheshe abaningi bacabanga ukuthi izingcezu zabo ziveza ukuhlukahluka kanye nezinga eliphezulu kunalezo ezenziwe ama-Aztec.
umculo
Njengasemadolobheni amaningi angaphambi kweSpanishi, umculo wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu esikweni leTlaxcalan. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, izingoma zigcinwe isigqi esisheshayo, kodwa i-atonal.
Izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwakuyi-teponaztli ne-huéhuetl. Esokuqala sasiwuhlobo lwesigubhu esenziwe ngokhuni. Yayihlanganisa imihlanga emibili futhi yayikhiqiza izinhlobo ezimbili zemisindo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-huéhuetl yayingesinye isigubhu, kulokhu senziwa ngesikhumba. Ezinye izinto ze-Tlaxcalan zaziyimitshingo yobumba, ama-scrapers, neminenke.
Umculo walesi siko wacishe wanyamalala ngokuphelele ngemva kokufika kweSpanishi. Nokho, ezinye izinsimbi zasinda.
Njengomdanso, umculo wawuhlobene eduze nemikhosi yenkolo. Ngokwemibhalo yangaleso sikhathi kwakukhona abaculi ababehambisana nemiculo ngezingoma zabo.
Imidanso yabantu
Njengoba kubonisiwe, imidanso yendabuko ye-Tlaxcalan yayihlobene eduze nezinkolelo zabo zenkolo. Lokhu kwabangela ukuba banyamalale lapho amaFranciscas enza umsebenzi wawo wokushumayela ivangeli.
Esikhundleni sale midanso enikezelwe konkulunkulu basendulo, ikakhulukazi i-Camaxtli, ama-Tlaxcalan aqala ukudansa ezinye izigqi ezifanele kakhulu izinkolelo zobuKristu ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, imidanso enjengamaMoor namaKrestu noma amaCarnestolenda aphakama.
i-totonacas
AbakwaTotonaca bafika bevela enyakatho yezwe bezohlala eVeracruz eduze nezifunda ezimaphakathi. I-El Tajín, i-Papantla kanye ne-Cempoala kwakuyizikhungo zayo zasemadolobheni ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezivelele ngenani lazo elikhulu eliyisikhumbuzo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Njengoba kuphawuliwe, isiko lamaTotonac lahlanganisa futhi lahlanganisa izici eziningi zabanye abantu, njengama-Olmec noma amaTeotihuacans. Ngala mathonya kanye neminikelo yabo siqu, bakha impucuko ebalulekile eyasakazekela e-Oaxaca.
I-Etymology
Igama elithi "totonaca", ngokusho kwesiNahuatl noma isichazamazwi saseMexico, liwubuningi be "totonacatl" futhi libhekisela kubahlali besifunda saseTotonacapan. Abanye ochwepheshe baveza ukuthi elithi “Totonaco” lingasho “indoda evela ezweni elishisayo”.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngolimi lwesiTotonac, le nkulumo inencazelo ethi "izinhliziyo ezintathu", okungabhekisela ezindaweni ezintathu zemikhosi ezinkulu ezisungulwe yilesi siko: i-El Tajín, i-Papantla ne-Cempoala.
inhlangano yezenhlalo nezombusazwe
Kunezinkomba ezimbalwa zenhlangano yezenhlalo nezepolitiki yesiko lamaTotonac. Uphenyo olwenziwe lusekelwe kulokho okutholwe ngemivubukulo futhi ithiyori eyamukelwa kakhulu ukuthi kwakuwumphakathi ohlukaniswe izigaba eziningana zomphakathi.
Lo mbhoshongo womphakathi wawuqondiswa yizicukuthwane, ezakhiwe yiCacique ephethe, zonke ezinye iziphathimandla nabapristi. Bonke babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokulawula zonke izindawo zombuso, kusukela kwezombangazwe kuye kwezenkolo kuye kwezomnotho. Uhulumeni wakhe, njengoba kubonisiwe, wawuholwa iCacique, isizwa uMkhandlu Wabadala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abapristi nabo baye baba neqhaza elikhulu kulesi siko. Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa ukuqhuba izinkonzo zemikhosi, ukuhlola izinkanyezi nokwenza imikhosi.
Lesi sigaba senkolo sasibuswa ababusi (amalungu oMkhandlu Wabadala) futhi, ngemva kwabo, ama- mayordomos (abaxhasi bemikhosi) nama-topiles (abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela amathempeli). Ngokuqondene nesisekelo sombhoshongo, sakhiwe abantu abavamile, iningi lezakhamuzi. Babephethe ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, imisebenzi yezandla, ukudoba nokwakha.
Comida
AmaTotonac asebenzisa ukuvunda kwendawo ayehlala kuyo ukuze alime izindawo ezinkulu zommbila. Nokho, ngokungafani nezinye impucuko yangaphambi kwe-Columbian, lokhu okusanhlamvu kwakungeyona insika yokudla kwabo. Le ndima yadlalwa izithelo ezifana ne-sapote, i-guava, i-avocado noma i-avocado.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, abalimi kanye nezicukuthwane baye bavumelana ngokwakhiwa kokudla kwabo kokuqala kosuku: iphalishi lommbila. Ngokuqondene nesidlo sasemini, labo abavela esigabeni esiphezulu babedla isitshulu esinobhontshisi ne-yucca, enongwe ngesosi yenyama. Abampofu, nakuba belandela ukudla okufanayo, abakwazi ukuthenga la masosi.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu kudla, abantu baziwa ngokudoba oshaka nokuzingela izimfudu, ama-armadillo, izinyamazane noma amaxoxo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane babefuye izinja namaturkey. Lezi zici ezimbili zisenza sicabange ukuthi lezi zilwane zazifakwe ekudleni.
Izembatho
NgokukaMfoweth’ uBernardino de Sahagún, isithunywa sevangeli esingumFrancisca esafika ukuze sifunde isiNahuatl ukuze sibhale amasiko endabuko, abesifazane abangamaTotonac babebahle kakhulu futhi begqoke ngendlela egqamile. Ngokusho kwamakholwa, izicukuthwane bezigqoka iziketi ezifekethisiwe, ngaphezu kwe-poncho encane engunxantathu ubude besifuba, ebizwa nge-quexquemetl. Ngokufanayo, babezihlobise ngemigexo ye-jade neyegobolondo futhi bafake namacici nokunye okubomvu kwezimonyo.
Ngasohlangothini lwawo, amadoda ezicukuthwane ayegqoka amakepisi anemibala ehlukene, ama-loincloths, ama-labrets nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngezimpaphe ze-quetzal.
Namuhla, abesifazane balesi siko ngokwesiko bagqoka amahembe, amaphinifa, amapitikoti, amabhande nama-quexquemetl. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngabesifazane uqobo, njengoba begcina isithunzi sokuba ngabaluki abasezingeni eliphezulu.
Inkolo
Njengakwezinye izici, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngenkolo yamaTotonac. Cishe yonke into eyaziwayo ivela endabeni yomcwaningi u-Alain Ichon ngo-1960. Phakathi kweziphetho zakhe, inkimbinkimbi yesistimu yezinkolelo zalesi siko iyagqama.
Onkulunkulu
Izwe lenkolo yamaTotonac lalinenani elikhulu lonkulunkulu abahlelwe ngokwezigaba zokubaluleka. Ngakho, izigaba ezilandelayo zazikhona: onkulunkulu abakhulu; okwesibili; abanikazi bezakhiwo abancane; kanye nonkulunkulu basemhlabeni. Sebebonke, kukholakala ukuthi bengeze onkulunkulu abangaba ngu-22.
Unkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu uye wahlotshaniswa neLanga, okwakunikelwa kulo imihlatshelo yabantu. Eceleni kwakhe kwakunomkakhe, unkulunkulukazi wommbila, owayenekhono ekwenzeni imihlatshelo yezilwane ngoba wayeyizonda imihlatshelo yabantu. Omunye unkulunkulu obalulekile kwakungu "Old Thunder", ebizwa ngokuthi Tajin noma Aktsini.
AmaTotonaca nawo ahlanganisa nonkulunkulu bawo abangabakhulekeli abavamile kulabo bezinye izimpucuko eMesoamerica. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona iTláloc, Quetzalcóatl, Xochipilli noma iXipetotec.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko esivela ku-Mesoamerican Culture siyathakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: