Iseli lesilwane wuhlobo lweseli ye-eukaryotic lapho kwakhiwa khona izicubu ezahlukene zezilwane.. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezakha umbuso wezilwane zincike, ukuze zenze ukuphila, kuleli ngqamuzana esikhulume ngalo. Kulolu shicilelo ozithola ukulo, sizochaza konke okudingeka ukwazi ngakho, ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezahlukene ezakha ingqamuzana lesilwane.
Sonke siyazi ukuthi ingqamuzana iyingxenye eyisisekelo yokusebenza kwazo zonke izicubu zezilwane. Lezi zidalwa ziyizidalwa ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, okungukuthi, zinamangqamuzana angaphezu kwelilodwa. Njengoba sesishilo, uhlobo lwamaseli izilwane ezinawo amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic lapho kungatholakala khona i-nucleus nama-organelle ahlukahlukene akhethekile.. Kodwa izingxenye ezihlukene zengqamuzana azihlali nje lapho, kodwa ngayinye yazo inomsebenzi othile futhi ihlukile kwezinye.
Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi amangqamuzana ezilwane afana nesakhiwo, uma unakho, lezi zakhiwo zizoba zikhulu. Ngokusungulwa kwesibonakhulu kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okwalandela, ingqamuzana lesilwane latholwa futhi lahlaziywa okokuqala ngqa., ikakhulukazi ingqamuzana legazi.
Yini iseli lesilwane?
Njengoba sishilo, Ingqamuzana yezilwane iyiyunithi eyisisekelo yokusebenza kwezicubu zombuso wezilwane.. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana ezilwane, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezihlukene emzimbeni womuntu. Esigabeni esilandelayo sizothola izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana ezilwane kanye nemisebenzi yawo eyinhloko.
Amaseli e-Epithelial
amaseli ezikhona ezindongeni zezitho futhi yilezo ezakha izicubu ezizimbozayo. Kuye ngezitho lapho zitholakala khona, zinomsebenzi ohlukile. Isibonelo amaseli atholakala emathunjini amancane, amangqamuzana e-epithelial ane-microvilli ukwandisa ukumuncwa kwezakhi.
Amaseli ezinzwa
Kulokhu, Ungathola amaseli amabili akha izicubu zezinzwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ama-neurons kanti ngakolunye, amaseli e-glial.. Eyokuqala yalezi, ama-neuron, anesibopho sokudluliswa kwe-nerve impulse ngokusebenzisa i-synapse phakathi kwama-neurons nengqamuzana lomsipha. Mayelana namaseli e-glial, awawudluliseli umfutho wezinzwa njengasesimeni sangaphambilini, kodwa anomsebenzi wokunakekela nokusekelwa kwama-neurons.
Amaseli emisipha
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamaseli emisipha esizokhuluma ngawo; bushelelezi, inhliziyo, nezicubu zamathambo. Amafomu ngamunye wabo anawo ahluka kakhulu njengoba, kuye ngokuthi akuphi, anenhloso eyodwa noma enye. Izicubu ezibushelelezi zinde, futhi zombili ezamathambo nenhliziyo zine-striae.
Amaseli egazi
Kuleli qembu, amaseli abomvu egazi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi kanye namaplatelet angahlukaniswa. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi yiwo kuphela amangqamuzana emzimbeni womuntu angenayo i-nucleus. Ngayinye yazo inomgomo othile, endabeni yamangqamuzana abomvu egazi ahambisa umoya-mpilo futhi awushintshele isikhutha. Amaseli amhlophe egazi ayingxenye yamasosha omzimba, anesibopho sokulwa nezifo noma izifo. Futhi ekugcineni ama-platelet, abizwa nangokuthi ama-thrombocyte umgomo wawo uwukubopha igazi ukuze liyeke ukopha.
amangqamuzana amafutha
ama-adipocytes, Amaseli anobukhulu obukhulu futhi inhloso yawo iwukukhiqiza nokugcina amafutha.. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukugcina i-lipids ukugcina amandla esikhathi eside emzimbeni.
amangqamuzana oqwanga
Uqwanga unamangqamuzana abizwa ngokuthi ama-chondrocyte, athatha izimbobo ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-lacunae. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zoqwanga; i-elastic cartilage, i-fibrocartilage kanye ne-hyaline cartilage. Ingenye yezicubu ezinzima kakhulu emzimbeni, futhi imelana namandla ahlukene asetshenziswa kuyo.
ithambo
amaseli i-osteoform futhi inesibopho sokunakekela, ukukhula kanye nokulungiswa kwanoma yiliphi ithambo emzimbeni. Phakathi kwabo, izinhlobo ezintathu zingahlukaniswa; ama-osteoblasts, ama-asteoclasts nama-osteocyte.
izingxenye zeseli lesilwane
Ngaphambi kokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zeseli yezilwane, kufanele siqale ukukhuluma ngezingxenye zayo ezihlukene nemisebenzi. Ethebulani elilandelayo, sikhuluma ngabo kafushane, kamuva sizongena sijule kwelinye ngalinye.
| ingxenye yengqamuzana lesilwane |
| Ulwelwesi lwe-Plasma |
| Isibindi |
| I-Cytoplasm |
| I-Mitochondria |
| I-Lysosome |
| Izinsiza zeGolgi |
| I-endoplasmic reticulum |
| UCentriole |
| i-chromatin |
Ulwelwesi lwe-Plasma
Ebizwa nangokuthi i-membrane yeseli noma i-plasmalemma, yiyona ingxenye engaphandle yeseli nayo ekhawulela futhi evala okuqukethwe kwayo. Ivumela izinto ezithile ezifiselekayo ukuba zingene ngaphakathi futhi imfucuza iphume. Kuyisakhiwo esizungeza ingqamuzana futhi sikhona kuwo wonke amangqamuzana aphilayo.
Isibindi
Iwumzimba obonakala kakhulu wamangqamuzana ezilwane nezitshalo. I-nucleus yengqamuzana imbozwe nxazonke ngolwelwesi. Esinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi iyindilinga futhi inobubanzi obungaphezudlwana kuka-5 µm. Kuyo, lonke ulwazi lofuzo oluhlelwe kuma-chromosome lugxilile.
I-Cytoplasm
Itholakala phakathi kwe-nucleus ne-plasma membrane. Kuyinto enhle kakhulu futhi eyi-granular colloidal, lapho izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ze-metabolic zenzeka khona. Le ngxenye yengqamuzana yezilwane yakhiwa i-cytosol, inclusions, organelles, kanye nemicu yamaprotheni. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-cytoplasm ukubeka ama-cell organelles nokusiza ukunyakaza kwawo.
I-Mitochondria
Kulokhu sikhuluma nge isakhiwo seseli esincane esinolwelwesi oluphindwe kabili omsebenzi walo ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zibe amandla. Le nqubo esisanda kuyisho yaziwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula kwamaselula.
I-Lysosome
Banesibopho salokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukugaya kwamaselula.. Le nqubo yenziwa ama-enzyme anesibopho sokululaza izingxenye ezifana namaprotheni, i-lipids, ama-carbohydrate nama-nucleic acid. Ama-enzyme e-Lysosomal akhiqizwa yi-Golgi apparatus.
Imishini yeGolgi
Ebizwa nangokuthi i-Golgi complex, iyingxenye ehluke kahle yesistimu ye-membrane ngaphakathi kweseli. Zingabonwa kumaseli ezilwane nezitshalo, futhi cInhloso yawo ukuguqula nokuthutha amaprotheni ahlanganiswe kusuka kugranular kuya ku-endoplasmic reticulum emangelengele.
I-endoplasmic reticulum
I-endoplasmic reticulum iwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lolwelwesi oluyenza ibe enye yezingxenye ezinkulu zeseli. Yakhiwe ngamasaka ayisicaba namashubhu axhunywe komunye nomunye endaweni efanayo.. Ibamba iqhaza, ngesikhathi senqubo yamaprotheni kanye ne-lipid Tuning.
i-endoplasmic reticulum, ingahlukaniswa ibe i-endoplasmic reticulum ebushelelezi kanye ne-endoplasmic reticulum emangelengele. Owokuqala wabo, ubushelelezi ubamba iqhaza ekulungisweni kwe-lipids. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasaka ama-membrane amasaka abambisana ekujikeni kwamaprotheni kanye nokudluliselwa kwawo okulandelayo.
UCentriole
I-cylindrical organelle eyakhiwe ngamashubhu amancane amathathu atholakala engxenyeni ye-cytoplasm, ikakhulukazi endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-diplosome.. Le mibhobho esibhekisela kuyo, inomsebenzi oyisisekelo ekusabalaliseni ama-organelles engqamuzaneni nasenqubweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.
i-chromatin
Isethi ye-DNA, amaprotheni e-histone kanye namaprotheni angewona ama-histone atholakala ku-nucleus yamaseli e-eukaryotic futhi ayingxenye ye-genome yalawa maseli. Amayunithi ayisisekelo e-chromatin aziwa ngokuthi ama-nucleosomes.
Ingqamuzana lesilwane lihluke kanjani kwesitshalo?
Kuleli phuzu lokugcina, Sizozama ukuchaza ngendlela elula umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwengqamuzana lesilwane neseli lesitshalo.
Omunye umehluko omkhulu ongabonwa udonga lwamaseli. Amaseli ezitshalo anodonga oluqinile okwenza ukukhula kwawo kube nomkhawulo, kodwa kuwenza aminyene kakhulu. Lolu donga lutholakala ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwamaseli futhi lwakhiwe, endabeni yezitshalo, nge-cellulose. Ngokuqondene namaseli ezilwane, phawula ukuthi ayikho.
Umehluko wesibili ophawulekayo ubukhulu bamaseli. Kuleso sezilwane, mancane ngosayizi kunowemifino. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi bethula inani elikhulu lama-vesicles amancane ku-cytoplasm yabo.
Ekugcineni, sikhuluma ngama-chloroplast, ama-organelle amaselula abhekele i-photosynthesis. Amaseli ezitshalo anazo futhi aqaphele ukuthi i-chlorophyll itholakala kuwo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amangqamuzana ezilwane awanazo.
Esilandelayo ithebula esilinamathiselayo, sibonisa ukuqhathanisa wezingxenye ezihlukene zamangqamuzana athile nezinye, ngalokho okubona ngokucacile.
| Iseli yezilwane | Iseli yezitshalo | |
| izingxenye eziyisisekelo | Ulwelwesi lwe-Plasma
I-Cytoplasm Ama-cytoskeleton |
Ulwelwesi lwe-Plasma
I-Cytoplasm Ama-cytoskeleton |
| ama-organelles | Isibindi
i-reticulum endoplasmic engavamile i-endoplasmic reticulum ebushelelezi I-Ribosome Izinsiza zeGolgi I-Mitochondria I-Gallbladder I-Lysosome vacuoles I-Centrosome (centrioles) |
Isibindi
i-reticulum endoplasmic engavamile i-endoplasmic reticulum ebushelelezi I-Ribosome I-Golgi apparatus (dictyosomes) I-Mitochondria I-Gallbladder I-Lysosome I-vacuole ephakathi ama-microbodi |
| izakhiwo ezengeziwe | I-Flagellum
Cilia |
I-Flagellum (ama-gametes kuphela)
Udonga lweseli ama-plasmodes |
Sethemba ukuthi lokhu kuhlaziya lapho sikhuluma khona ngokuthi iyini ingqamuzana lesilwane nezingxenye zalo ezihlukene kuzokusiza futhi kucacise konke ukungabaza okungenzeka mayelana nalesi sihloko.