Phakathi neminyaka engu-1647 no-1652, umqophi wase-Italy, umdwebi wezakhiwo kanye nomdwebi, uGian Lorenzo Bernini, wadala enye yemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu, "I-Ecstasy kaSaint Teresa«. Lesi sithombe esiqoshiwe sitholakala eCornaro Chapel edumile yeSanta Maria della Vittoria Church, eRoma, e-Italy. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngaye, ungangabazi ukuhlala futhi ufunde nathi.
Incazelo kanye nokwakheka
"I-Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" noma "Ukuguqulelwa kwe-Saint Teresa", njengoba kubizwa kanjalo ezindaweni eziningi, isithombe semabula esenziwe umdwebi wase-Italy, umdwebi wezakhiwo kanye nomdwebi, uGian Lorenzo Bernini. Ukuze akwenze, uBernini kwadingeka aklame indlu yokukhonzela eBandleni likaSanta Maria Della Vittoria enendawo enezinhlangothi ezintathu emangalisa kakhulu.
I-Santa Maria della Vittoria iyisonto elakhiwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX ukuze kukhunjulwe ukunqoba koMbusi uFerdinand II eMpini YeNtaba Emhlophe. Ukugcwaliseka kwe-"The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" kuhlehlela emuva maphakathi naleli khulu leminyaka, lapho uKhadinali Federico Cornaro ethuma ukuthi isuka eBernini ibekwe endaweni lapho ithuna lakhe lalizoya khona.
Umdwebi wavuma ngenxa yodumo namandla indoda nomndeni wayo eyayinawo esizweni. Indlu yesonto eqanjwe ngegama elifanayo, iCornaro, itholakala eRome, e-Italy. Ukwakhiwa kwendlu yesonto ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyincazelo enhle kakhulu yezithombe ze-altare nezinsika lapho umfanekiso omangalisayo wawuphakathi nendawo.
Ukumiswa kwesikhala kwakuhloswe ukuphoqa umbukeli ukuthi abheke ngokuqondile emfanekisweni, owawunikeza isithombe sobuhle obuphakeme. Ngokwawo, umsebenzi uyisithombe esihle kakhulu esenziwe ngemabula, ukuqhuma nje kwemibala, izinsimbi kanye nemininingwane.
Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zokugxila okumaphakathi, sithola ama-balconi amabili anezithombe eziqoshiwe zikakhadinali namanye amalungu esonto. Yilowo nalowo ubonakala eyisibukeli sesigameko esivezwayo futhi baphethe ukumela ukuzinikela kwabo ngokugcwele kulokho abakubonayo. Kungakho ibhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi yobuciko emikhulu ye-Roman High Baroque.
Inefasitela elincane elitholakala ngenhla kwe-Santa Teresa, lapho ukukhanya kuhlunga khona kahle, enemisebe yegolide eyenziwe ngethusi enesibopho sokuyidwebela. Idome layo linobusha besibhakabhaka enziwe ngendlela ye-trompe l'oeil, egcwele amakherubi nokukhanya lapho uMoya oNgcwele wehla khona njengoba kuyisiko lenkolo yamaKatolika, esesimweni sejuba.
Nakuba abaningi bengazi ngakho, izibalo eziyinhloko zesethi zisekelwe esiqeshini esachazwa nguSaint Teresa kaJesu embhalweni wakhe we-autobiographical, onesihloko esithi "Book of Life". Lisitshela ukuthi ingelosi yabhoboza inhliziyo yendela yaseKarmeli ngosizo lomcibisholo wegolide.
Ngokuphakama okucishe kube ngamamitha angu-3,50, isigameko sithatha isikhathi lapho ingelosi enjalo izonamathisela kuyo umcibisholo, ithwebule ukubonakala okuhlaba umxhwele ebusweni bayo okubonisa imizwa yayo, ingxubevange ephakeme phakathi kobuhlungu nobumnandi. ONgcwele angabonwa encike efwini elimangelengele eliqondise amehlo akhe ekubuzeni kwezinyawo zakhe kanye nemiphetho yezingubo zakhe.
Leyo migoqo emboza ingxenye enkulu yomzimba wakhe idonsela ukunaka ngoba ayihambelani ngokuphelele nomfanekiso wakhe, inikeze ngisho nangokwengeziwe umuzwa wokungabi nangqondo okuphelele. Singakuchaza njengokuzwakalisa okunamandla okuthi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezibalo ezimbili, kubonise ngokusobala ukuthi kuyisitayela se-baroque.
Ngaphezu kokusinika ubuciko emkhakheni wezithombe eziqoshiwe, uBernini wayephethe ukudala yonke inhlanganisela yezakhiwo nezithombe ukuze kube namaqiniso amakhulu kanye nemfihlakalo, ngoba nguyena owapenda indlu yesonto. Ubenobuciko obumangazayo kangangokuthi amabhokisi eshashalazi atholakala ezinhlangothini, lawa avela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ukuze amnikeze leyo ngxenye yeshashalazi.
Isitayela sakhe sithonywa yimithombo ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa uMichelangelo Buonarroti onethalente, ubuciko be-Hellenistic, imvelo, phakathi kwamanye ama-currents kanye nokunyakaza kwamasiko. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ubizwa ngesihloko somdali wezithombe ezinhle kakhulu ze-Modern Age kanye nomunye wabanduleli beBaroque.
Umlando Womsebenzi
NgoDisemba 7, 1598, idolobha eliseningizimu ye-Italy elibizwa ngokuthi iNaples libona ukuzalwa kwendlalifa yesikhathi esizayo ku-sculptural audacity kaMichelangelo, ungqondongqondo nomholi oyinhloko wemodeli yezakhiwo zeBaroque, uGian Lorenzo Bernini. Nakuba ithalenta lakhe lalizalwa ngokuphelele, waba yilokho ayeyikho ngenxa kayise, umqophi wezithombe waseMannerist.
UPietro Bernini wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokumfundisa iziqalo zezithombe endaweni yakhe yokusebenzela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayephinde abe nomthwalo wemfanelo wokumxhumanisa namanye amalungu eqembu eliphakeme kakhulu lezenhlalakahle ukuze akwazi ukuxhaphaza ithalenta lakhe kusukela esemncane kakhulu.
Ngisho nasemisebenzini yakhe yokuqala ethi "Aeneas, Anchises and Ascanius" kanye nethi "The Abduction of Proserpina", ikhefu elikhona neRenaissance engasekho kanye nokuthathwa komqondo omusha oqinile wesithombe esiqoshiwe, lapho idrama inamandla, ubuhle kanye nokusetshenziswa. yemiphumela yescenographic bekungabalingiswa.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, uBernini uba umuntu omdala osemusha futhi ngo-1629 uPapa Urban VIII wammisa njengomqambi oyinhloko we-St. Peter's Basilica. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, wadlala indima yesisebenzi esingakhathali sopapa abakhulu, ngaphandle kwegunya lika-Innocent X, owayencamela abanye abaculi ngaphezu kwakhe.
Phakathi kwayo yonke imisebenzi ayenzela u-San Pedro, i-Baldachin eyigugu etholakala e-altare elikhulu leqembu elihlaba umxhwele labadwebi elibizwa ngokuthi "Obaba BeBandla" liyagqama. Lokhu, okubonwa ngamakholomu ahlukahlukene e-Baldachin, kunikeza imiphumela ngamandla amangalisayo aseshashalazini ngendlela umbhali ayeyifuna kusukela ekuqaleni.
Naphezu kwalokhu, ayibonwa njengomnikelo wayo omuhle kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando we-basilica, kodwa kunalokho umpheme wayo odumile, ukulandelana okubanzi kwamakholomu akha isici esizimele futhi ezungeze sonke isikwele sayo, ngaphambi nje kwethempeli. Kusukela ekudalweni kwaso, lesi sikwele esikhulukazi esinepulani yaphansi eyi-elliptical sithole indumiso engapheli ngenxa yemiphumela yaso evumelanayo yesimo.
Njengomphumela wemisebenzi yakhe embalwa, kodwa ebalulekile yabaxhasi abazimele kanye nokusebenzisana abamnikezile iminyaka eminingi, kwazalwa umsebenzi odlula zonke esikhuluma ngawo kanye nalowo omelela ngokuzimisela isitayela sakhe esibaziwe, "The Ecstasy of Santa Teresa. " .
Nakuba abantu abaningi bengakukholelwa, ngisho nanamuhla kusenzima kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona amandla amakhulu amakhulu kanye namandla aguquguqukayo amakhulu, ekusetshenzisweni kobukhulu obunciphile okwenziwa ngendlela yokwelapha okuhle kangaka kwemabula.
Sekubhekwa njengenhlanganisela yobuciko yobuciko obuthathu obuyinhloko: ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ukubaza nokudweba. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo sayo njengengxenye yamasu okuhlobisa isonto kanye nemiphumela ehlukile ye-chiaroscuro. Kungakho, emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, usabizwa ngokuthi imodeli engenakuqhathaniswa yomfanekiso weBaroque.
Wonke umsebenzi wawungaphansi kokuqondisa kukaBernini futhi waqedwa phakathi kuka-1647 no-1652, ikakhulukazi phakathi nengxenye enhle yopapa kapapa owayengenaye njengomculi wakhe oyintandokazi, u-Innocent X. Ngaleso sikhathi, uBernini wayesexoshiwe. kusukela okwakuxhunyaniswe ngokuqondile namakati eqile kakhulu opapa wangaphambilini, lowo we-Urban VIII.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, waphucwa kakhulu uxhaso lobupapa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona iqiniso lokuthi uPapa Innocent wayethanda imbangi yakhe yobuciko, u-Alessandro Algardi owayehlaba umxhwele ngokulinganayo. Ngakho-ke, uBernini wayenesikhathi esanele samahhala sokuxhumana nabaqashi abazimele.
Omunye wabo kwakunguKhadinali kanye noMbhishobhi uFederico Cornaro, abakhetha iBandla likaSanta Maria della Vittoria lamaKhameli Ahlakaziwe njengendlu yokukhonzela angcwatshwa kuyo. UCornaro wayenenqwaba yezizathu zokugwema ukungcwatshwa endaweni yakubo yaseVenice, yingakho akhetha indawo enjalo.
Futhi kungenxa yokuthi ngemva kokuqokwa kwakhe njengokhadinali ngu-Urbano, kuyilapho uyise edlala indima ye-Doge (ummeleli ophezulu weSonto LamaKatolika edolobheni laseVenice), kwakukhona amahlazo ahlukahlukene edolobheni lapho ayehlala khona edala izingxabano phakathi kwemindeni ne amandla amakhulu.
I-Venetian, ngemva kokucabanga okuningi, yakhetha i-chapel yesokunxele yesonto, lapho kwatholakala khona isithombe esithi "The Ecstasy of Paul", esashintshwa phakathi neminyaka isithombe sikaSaint Teresa kaJesu, nun, mystic, umsunguli we-Order of Discalced Carmelites kanye nomlobi waseSpain, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ehlushwa yinjabulo ebangelwa umcibisholo wekherubi.
Cishe ngo-1652 umsebenzi waqedwa ngesamba esimba eqolo esitshalwe ama-escudos angu-12, imali yenkathi yesimanje manje futhi ecishe ibe ngamadola ayi-120.000. Ngokusho kwesazi sezombangazwe saseSpain, intatheli kanye nomlobi, uLuis María Anson, uSaint Teresa, ukuze afinyelele iphuzu elinjalo lenjabulo, wathonywa imbongi engaqondakali kanye noSanta John of the Cross. Izinganekwane nje.
I-Análisis
Nakuba kulesi sikhathi sizohlaziya incazelo yomsebenzi, asikwazi ukuphenya isihloko ngaphandle kokuchaza umongo womlando wesikhathi owadalwa ngaso. "I-Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" ayizange iphile futhi ingabi ngaphansi kwenkathi ye-Counter-Reformation yeSonto LamaKatolika.
Kusho ukuthini lokhu?Kusho ukuthi wazalwa ngesikhathi iBandla linenkinga enkulu ngenxa yokufika kweNguquko yamaProthestani. Ngenxa yalokho, ubuKristu baseYurophu bahlukana phakathi futhi kwaba nezimpi nezingxabano ezingenakubalwa, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni zaseFrance naseSpain.
Kancane kancane, iSonto LamaKatolika laliphelelwa amandla ezindaweni ezahlukene elalizihola, futhi laba nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenza umkhankaso wokukhombisa amandla alo. Ngemva kwezikhathi eziningi zalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi uMkhandlu WaseTrent ekhulwini le-XNUMX, umyalo omkhulu waphetha ngokuthi lo mfutho wawuzoba ngobuciko.
Lokho kwakunengqondo ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba iningi labantu baseNtshonalanga lalingakwazi ukufunda nokubhala futhi kwakudingeka lihlatshwe umxhwele ukubona kwalo nemisebenzi yobukhazikhazi. Nge-"The Ecstasy of Santa Teresa" izinjongo ezimbili eziyinhloko zizofezeka.
Okokuqala ukuthi baboniswa abalingisi abayisibonelo amakholwa athembekile okwakudingeka alangazelele ngobuqotho ukuba yibo, kuyilapho ngokuhambisana nenjongo ethile ye-didactic bafundiswa i-Passion of Saint Teresa. Kwakuyindlela ecacile yokuzivocavoca kwakhe ukulawula isixuku.
Okwesibili wukuthi bebengakhombisa ukuthi banezizumbulu zemali futhi ubuhle bekungeyona into ewubukhazikhazi kubo, kodwa buyisidingo nje. IBandla lalicebile futhi linamandla, linodumo lokuchoboza labo ababelokotha babaphonsele inselelo. Konke lokhu kungaba ngendlela eyodwa noma enye ethunjwe ngobuciko be-baroque.
Ngokuqondene nokuhlaziywa kanjalo, iqoqo lezithombe eziqoshiwe limelela isipiliyoni esiyimfihlakalo esaziwa ngokuthi "i-transverberation", intokozo engokomoya ehamba ngale kwe-corporeal, nokuthi uBernini wayazi indlela yokuyiveza ngendlela engavamile. Ngale ndlela, injabulo yoNgcwele ingaqondakala kancane kubantu abafayo.
Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni, kwakusekelwe emibhalweni yakhe, kodwa kuthathwe ekuqophelweni akuyona into engaphezu kwesihloko esivamile se-Baroque, kokubili ngomqondo wayo we-propagandist kanye nokubonwa kwayo kwemizwa yenkolo Ayinalo uhlobo locansi. connotation , iwumfanekiso nje wothando, ubuhlungu kanye nenjabulo kanye kanye.
Uma ngabe le ndatshana ubuyithanda, ungashiyi ngaphandle kokuyifunda kuqala: