Sonke ekuphileni kwethu siye sabona ubuhle be-hummingbirds, siye sakhangwa yile nyoni encane kodwa enhle. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizokukhombisa lonke ulwazi mayelana ne-hummingbird, ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngayo zona. Yingakho ngikumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.
Ulwazi lwe-Hummingbird
Sonke siye samangala ngesinye isikhathi ubuhle nobuhle balezi zinyoni ezinhle. Kukule post lapho sizokufundisa khona konke okuphathelene nakho. Sizochaza konke mayelana nokuziphatha kwazo, ukwakheka kwazo, izinhlobo zazo, ukudla kwazo, indawo yazo, ukuzala kwazo kanye namanye amaqiniso amaningi abalulekile.
Iyini i-hummingbird?
Kuluhlobo lwe izinyoni ezishisayo eyaziwa nangokuthi i-hummingbird, i-quindes noma "inyoni - fly". Lezi zinyoni ezinhle zasezindaweni ezishisayo zingezabomndeni wakwa-trochilid (Trochilinae). Ziyizinyoni ezincane kakhulu ezinezinhlobonhlobo zemibala evelele kakhulu futhi enezici zezinhlobo zazo.
Ezinye zezinto noma izici zalezi zinyoni, sithola ubukhulu bazo obuthile. Ezincane ngezindinganiso ezijwayelekile, zithathwa njengezinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Okunye futhi okugqamile yindlela yazo yokundiza, ayijwayelekile kakhulu njengoba ijubane abalisebenzisa kulo lithathwa njengeleshesha kakhulu. Bakwazi ukubhakuzisa amaphiko abo amancane izikhathi ezingaba ngu-200 ngomzuzwana.
Leli khono lizovumela lezi zinyoni ezincane ukuthi zihlale zimile emoyeni. Njengokungathi ziyantanta, nazo zinamandla okundiza emuva. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokubangela noma iyiphi inkinga, lezi zinyoni ezincane zinekhono elihle nelithambile lapho zindiza. Lesi esinye sezici ezivelele nezivelele zalezi zinyoni. Kuso sonke lesi sihloko uzothola izici eziningi ezivelele kakhulu ezibonisa lezi zinyoni ezincane zasezindaweni ezishisayo.
Izici
Njengoba sekuchaziwe, lolu hlobo lwezinyoni lunikeza izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezici ezivelele kakhulu. Phakathi kwalezi zici nezici esingazithola; ubukhulu nesisindo, malini izilinganiso, ukuthi inesisindo esingakanani nokuthi indize kanjani.
Ubukhulu nesisindo
Lezi zinyoni ezincane noma ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-trochilids zakha umndeni wezinyoni. Eyakhiwa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-320 zama-hummingbirds. Lezi zici ezifana nobukhulu, ukuma kwemizimba yabo emincane kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zabo zemibala. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana okukhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo kungenxa yalezi zici ezifanayo, ubukhulu, umbala kanye nokuma, yilokhu okuzenza zihluke. Azinakuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni.
Izimpaphe zalezi zinyoni ezinhle zinemibala ehlukahlukene, egqamile futhi egqamile. Iningi lalezi zinyoni ezincane linezimpaphe eziphansi. Eziluhlaza ngokuyisisekelo noma zimpunga ngokukhanyayo, ezinamabhulashi athile ohlobo lwe-metallic. Yilokhu okuyinika lokho kuthinta ubuhle nemfihlakalo futhi yikho okuyenza ihluke kwezinye izinyoni ezincane.
Kodwa lezi zici ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokobulili be-hummingbird. Kwabesilisa babonakala ngokuba nebala elihlaba umxhwele noma isiqephu, okungukuthi, elikhanyayo, emphinjeni walezi zinyoni ezincane. Ngokungeziwe kule ndawo, singathola omunye umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-violet odlula ngaphansi kweso futhi uqhubeke nohambo lwayo uhlehle. Izimpaphe zale ndawo zivame ukukhuphuka lapho inyoni ijabule.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwabesifazane la mabala, ahluke kakhulu kwabesilisa, ngokuvamile aba mancane. Womabili amachashaza emphinjeni nasendlebeni ngokuvamile mancane, yingakho izici ezihlukanisa phakathi kobulili obubili zimbalwa kakhulu. I-dimorphism yobulili, ngalokhu sibhekisela ezicini ezizohlukanisa phakathi kwendoda nensikazi, incane kakhulu.
Kungakho, kososayensi, okuyibona abacwaninga ngalezi zinyoni. Bakuthola kunzima njengoba kunjalo muy Kunzima ukuhlukanisa noma ukuhlonza izibonelo ze-s ngayinyeexo. Kuyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi isampula encane ngokuvamile ithathwa ukuze kuhlaziywe i-DNA. Ukuze uhlonze ubulili balezi zinyoni ezincane neziyingqayizivele. Ucwaningo lwalezi zinyoni luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene.
Singagqamisa ukuthi lezi zinyoni ezincane zinefoloko noma umsila oyindilinga. Inkulu kakhulu ngosayizi ogcwele womzimba wayo omncane. Nokho, njengoba nginichazile ngaphambili, phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezingu-320 zama-hummingbird, sathola uhlobo olulodwa olunomsila ohluke kakhulu. Lolu hlobo yi-Topaza Bella, lezi zinyoni ezincane zingatholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, ezinomsila omise okwesiphambano.
Bese sithola enye yezinhlobo ezaziwa ngokuthi iSappho sparganura, engatholakala eBolivia, Argentina nasePeru. Lezi zibonakala ngokuba nomsila onemfoloko. Kukhona okunye ukuhlukahluka, kodwa lezi yizona ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezivelele kakhulu ukukhomba phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngokuqondene noqhwaku lwazo, zivame ukuba mnyama futhi zizacile kakhulu, kunenyoni enoqhwaku olude.
Lolu hlobo lwaziwa ngokuthi i-sword-billed hummingbird, uqhwaku lwale nyoni encane lulinganiselwa ku-10 cm ubude. Ama-hummingbird anolimi oluyimfoloko emilonyeni yawo. Lokhu kunomumo ofana neshubhu ewusebenzisa kahle kakhulu futhi uyivumela ukuthi ithole ngawo umpe ezimbalini ezidinga ukuzondla ngokwawo.
zindiza kanjani
EEsikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwethu siye sabona lezi zinyoni ezinhle. Amaphiko ayo uma indiza ayibonakali, asikwazi ukuyibuka ngenxa yejubane lokubhakuzisa kwayo. Izici ezivelele zalezi zinyoni indlela yazo ewubukhazikhazi nemangalisayo yokundiza. Yilokhu okuphawuleka kakhulu uma ukubhekisisa.
Ama-hummingbird angakwazi ukushaya amaphiko awo izikhathi ezingu-80 kuya kwezingu-200 ngomzuzwana, yikho okwenza le nyoni ihlale “intanta”. Leli khono yilo elizovumela ama-hummingbirds ukuthi ahlale emile noma alenga emoyeni ngaphandle kokuthi aqhubekele phambili, zonke izitayela zibangelwa indlela yazo eyingqayizivele yokundiza. Le ndlela yokundiza ayikwazi ukubonwa ngeso lomuntu ngenxa yejubane elikhulu lezi ezincane ezibhakuzisa amaphiko azo, kungabonwa amazwibela amafushane kuphela.
I-Las Amaphiko ezinyoni zomzwilili anyakaza ngendlela yokuthi singawaboni. Leli khono lizomenza akwazi ukundiza njengokungathi uthatha indlela yokundiza esuka endizeni enophephela emhlane. Ngalokhu sisho ukuthi ingandiza, iye phezulu, phansi, iye phambili ngisho nangemuva. Ifinyelela lokhu ngaphandle kokubangela noma yiluphi ushintsho endleleni yayo yokundiza, konke ngenxa yamandla nesivinini amaphiko ayo ashaya ngaso. Nokho, lokhu ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile.
Njengoba kunohlobo olwaziwayo ngekhono lalo elikhulu lokubhakuzisa amaphiko alo ngaphezu kwalokho “okuvamile” kwalolu hlobo. Le mzwilili yaziwa ngokuthi i-Calypte Anna (Ana), lolu hlobo lungashaya amaphiko izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-400. Ngesivinini sobude bomzimba wayo omncane ngomzuzwana. Kungenxa yalesi sici esiyingqayizivele ukuthi ijwayele ukwamukelwa njengesilwane esine-vertebrate esisheshayo esikhona.
Ngokuqondene nemilenze yayo emincane, mincane, mifushane futhi intekenteke kakhulu. Yingakho iningi labantu asebezifundile bebona ukuthi ngenxa yobuthaka bazo abakwazi ukuhamba nazo. Yingakho, mhlawumbe, benamandla emaphikweni abo amancane. Nokho, izinhlobo eziningana ziye zabonakala zihamba isikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
Esinye isici esibalulekile kulezi zinyoni zasezindaweni ezishisayo umzimba wazo, obhekwa njengokushesha kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu ukushaya kwezinhliziyo zabo ezincane. Lesi sici sikhona ohlotsheni olwaziwa ngokuthi umphimbo oluhlaza noma njengoba zaziwa ngegama lazo lesayensi, okuyiLamporis clemenciae. Izinhliziyo zalolu hlobo zingashaya izikhathi ezingu-1200 ngomzuzu, okwenza umzimba wazo usheshe kakhulu.
banesisindo esingakanani
Ama-hummingbirds ahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana, ngakho-ke isisindo nobukhulu bawo kungahluka. Nakuba kunesilinganiso esingahluka phakathi kuka-1,5 g kuya ku-12 g. Lokhu, njengoba kushiwo, kufanele kuhambisane nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo noma izinhlobo.
Malini
I-hummingbird yaziwa njengenyoni encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ubukhulu buncike futhi buyahlukahluka, kanye nesisindo sawo, ohlotsheni noma umndeni okukuwo, onesilinganiso esisuka ku-5 cm (2 amayintshi), okuyinto encane kunazo zonke, kuze kufike ku-25 cm (amayintshi angu-10). enkulu kunazo zonke.
Izinhlobo ze-Hummingbird
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo emndenini we-trochilid. Lezi zizoba nezinhlobo eziyi-124 kanye nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-320 zezinyoni ze-hummingbird. Le nyoni encane yasezindaweni ezishisayo futhi engavamile yaziwa ngamagama anhlobonhlobo. Phakathi kwabo singathola; fly bird, quindes, hummingbird, quindes, phakathi kwamanye amagama omdabu. Ezinye ezidume kakhulu yilezi:
- I-Los Colibries coruscans (Gould, 1846) - I-Hummingbird Ehlakaniphile.
- El Colibri delphinae (Isifundo, 1839) - Brown Hummingbird.
- Colibri thalassinus (Swainson, 1827) - Violet-eared noma Blue-eared Hummingbird.
- I-Colibri serrirostris (Vieillot, 1816) - I-Hummingbird enezindlebe ezinsomi.
- I-Colibri cyanotus (Bourcier, 1843) - i-Verdemar Hummingbird.
- I-Lophornis adorabilis - I-White-crested Coquette.
- I-Chalcostigma herrani - I-Hummingbird ka-Herran.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ama-hummingbirds anesilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila esiphakathi kweminyaka emi-4 nengu-5. Lokhu kuzoncika kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezikuzo. Kunezinhlobo ezikwazile ukufinyelela eminyakeni engu-12 ubudala, ezingahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo ezikuzo.
Lolu hlobo lusengozini kakhulu futhi lubuthakathaka kakhulu, yingakho abaningi bengafinyeleli unyaka wokuphila. Njengoba isikhathi sabo sokufukamela sinzima kakhulu, siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sibuthakathaka, kukhona nesikhathi lapho kufanele bashiye isidleke. Kukulesi simo sokugcina lapho abasengozini enkulu yokuwela ezandleni zezilwane ezizingelayo.
Lezo zibonelo ezitholakala zihlala ezingadini noma emapaki ziyizisulu ezilula zamakati agcwele kulezi zindawo ngisho nakulabo bantu abangahloniphi futhi abafisa ukugcina izinyoni ezincane ezingavamile zivalelwe.
Ukuziphatha
Ukuziphatha kwalezi zinyoni ezincane ezingavamile kukhethekile, ngoba zihlala zodwa noma ezindaweni. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuthola ezingaphezu kwezimbili zalezi zinyoni ezincane ezingavamile, njengoba zicasuka kakhulu, zivame ukubona ukungezwani phakathi kwazo, ngakho-ke, azitholakali ndawonye. Futhi azithandi ukusondela kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, zithathwa njengemizulane. Zivame ukuba nolaka uma ziphazamisekile, ikakhulukazi ama-specimens amadala ahlasela ngaphandle kozwelo phakathi nendiza.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zinyoni zaziwa ngokuthi azihlali kakhulu. Ziyizindawo, njengoba ziphawula indawo yazo futhi azivumeli ezinye izibonelo ukuthi zingene kuyo. Uma kwenzeka, kungase kube nokulwa phakathi kwabo kuze kube sekufeni. Bavame ukusola kakhulu noma yimuphi umsindo noma ukunyakaza, yingakho kunzima kakhulu ukufunda.
Lapho behlala khona
Lezi zinyoni ezincane ezingavamile zihlala kulezo zindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo, kodwa zingatholakala nasezifundeni ezipholile. Phakathi kwalezi zifunda kukhona iNingizimu neNyakatho Melika. Ngokolwazi lwe-hummingbird esiluqoqile, Lezi zitholakala eMelika Ephakathi, zingatholakala kusukela e-Alaska kuya enkabeni nasenyakatho yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika.
Kulokhu, kungenzekaAngatholakala ezindaweni ezithile ezingaphansi kwe-subtropical njenge-Argentina, Uruguay, neChile. Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yalezi zinyoni ezincane ezingavamile ayitholakali kuphela ezindaweni ezinamathafa, ngoba zinamandla okukhuphuka amamitha angu-5.000 ukuphakama, ngakho-ke, zingatholakala ezindaweni.ukukhwehlela.
Udlani umzwilili
Ukuphakelwa kwalezi zinyoni ezincane exotic ngokusho imininingwane ye-hummingbird esiyiqoqile, Ngokuyisisekelo yakhiwe umpe izimbali ezinalo. Lena into engokwemvelo, eyakhiwe ngokuphelele ushukela, i-metabolism yayo iphezulu kakhulu, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla. Ngenxa yalokhu badinga ukudla ngoshukela osompeni bezimbali. Ngale ndlela bathola amandla adingekayo abawadingayo nadingwa yimizimba yabo emincane.
Njengeqiniso elibalulekile, lezi zinyoni ezincane zasezindaweni ezishisayo zikhangwa yilezo zimbali ezinombala ogqamile. Njengoba kunjalo ngemibala e-orange nebomvu, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi bayenqaba eminye imibala. Ama-hummingbirds ngeke adle kuphela ushukela ohlinzekwa umpe wezimbali, kodwa futhi kuzodingeka adle amaprotheni.
Bazothola la maprotheni ngokungenisa izinambuzane ezincane, njengezintuthwane, iminyovu, izinyosi, phakathi kokunye. Lokhu kudla kwamaprotheni kuzoba ingxenye yesine kuphela yalokho okudliwa yilezi zinyoni ezincane zasezindaweni ezishisayo. Ezikhathini ezingavamile ama-hummingbird aye abonwa edla ubisi lwesihlahla, lokhu kwamuva kuyinto engavamile kodwa akuyona into engenakwenzeka. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho isiqophamithi sishiya igebe kuleso sihlahla, bese siqala ukukhipha ubisi, ama-hummingbirds azolisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukuzondla.
ikhiqiza kanjani
Ama-hummingbirds azala ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kwawo. Amaduna abhekwa njengabazala abahle kakhulu, ososayensi bathi angakwazi ngisho nokushada neshumi nambili lazo. abesifazane. Kodwa kulokho kuphela abanikela ngakho, ngokubuyisela yizinsikazi eziphethe ukuchamisela amaqanda futhi ondle amazinyane azo.
Lezi zinyoni ezincane zasezindaweni ezishisayo zenza izidleke zazo zilenga emagatsheni, zinezimpaphe kanye nolwembu. Ezibanika isimo ngolimi ngisho nokunyathela phezu kwabo. Ngesikhathi sokufukamela amaqanda, avame ukuba nolaka kakhulu futhi abe nendawo. Ezinsikazi zizalela amaqanda amabili ngokwehlukana ngosuku bese ziqhubeka nokuwafukamela izinsuku eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-16.
I-Los izingane Zihlala esidlekeni sazo izinsuku ezingu-14, kuyilapho unina ezipha umpe ngezimbali. Ngemva kokuhlala amasonto angu-4 esidlekeni, bayaqhubeka nokusishiya futhi bazame ukuzitholela ukudla kwabo. Kodwa zibuyela esidlekeni sazo ebusuku zifuna ukuphepha. Kungesonto lesishiyagalombili lapho benquma ukushiya isidleke bayokwakha ikhaya labo.
Uma ukuthandile lokhu okuthunyelwe, futhi ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: