I-Mixtecos, isiko lendabuko elimangalisayo leminyaka eyinkulungwane elalihlala endaweni enkulu yamazwe ase-Mexico, anegama lawo futhi indawo yawo yemvelo ehlukahlukene futhi eyeqisayo isagcina ubuhle bakudala. Hlangana ne Izindawo zokuhlala e- Mixtec! Ungaphuthelwa!
Izindawo zokuhlala e- Mixtec
Ama-Mixtec kwakuyiqembu lendabuko elahlala e-Oaxaca, ikakhulukazi indawo esentshonalanga nezingxenye zezifunda zasePuebla naseGuerrero, eMexico. Nokho, indawo yabo yokuhlala eyinhloko isesifundeni sase-Oaxaca eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico.
Isifunda saseMixtec nakuba sihlanganisa izifundazwe ezintathu, entshonalanga ye-Oaxaca kanye nezindawo ezingomakhelwane zaseGuerrero nasePuebla, iningi lalesi sifunda litholakala endaweni enkulukazi yaseSierra Madre de Oaxaca, ehlukaniswe nezintaba ezimaphakathi nezwe laseMexico ngumfula iRafts.
I-Mixtec imele elinye lamaqembu abaluleke kakhulu e-Mesoamerica, edume ngobungcweti bawo kwezinye izinto zobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla, njengokusebenza kwensimbi, edala izingcezu zobucwebe ezinhle kakhulu nezivelele, okwakwenziwa nge-ceramics, kwagqama ukwenza izitsha ezinhle ezihlotshisiwe.
Ulwazi olukhona ngomlando womuntu we-Mixtec luvela emivubukulweni, imibhalo yeSpanishi ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kanye namakhodi angaphambi kwe-Columbian agcina izinkomba zamakhosi akwa-Mixtec nezicukuthwane, phakathi kwezinye izinto. With izimfihlakalo ezinkulu ezizungeze lesi siko ezithakazelisayo.
Izindawo zokuhlala e- Mixtec
Indawo lapho leli siko lasungulwa futhi lathuthukiswa khona yaziwa ngokuthi i-Mixteca enkulu, okuyindawo enkulu yendawo, lapho ukuphakama kwamatshe nezintaba, izigodi eziwumngcingo, imifudlana, imihosha nemifudlana kuvame kakhulu. Isifunda sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu ezinkulu, okuyilezi:
- I-Mixteca Alta: enendawo ephakeme ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle ehluka phakathi kwamamitha angu-2500 no-2000 noma amafidi angu-8200 kuya kwangu-6500.
- I-Mixteca Baja: indawo ephakathi kwamamitha angu-1700 no-1500 noma amamitha angu-5600 kuya kwangu-5000.
- I-Mixteca de la Costa noma iCosta Mixteca: Itholakala ngasogwini lwasePacific.
Yayibonakala ngokuma kwezwe okumazombezombe okwenza kube nzima ukuxhumana phakathi kwamalungu esiko elifanayo, lokhu mhlawumbe kuyimbangela yokuba khona kwezilimi zesigodi ezihlukene ngaphakathi kolimi lwe-Mixtec. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezilimi okungenani eziyishumi nambili ezihlukene ze-Mixtec.
Isimo sendawo yesifunda esithintekile ezicini eziningi, isibonelo, imisebenzi yezolimo. Ezolimo zazisetshenziswa abantu bakwaMixtec kusukela ezikhathini ezikude, kucatshangwa ukuthi cishe kusukela ngonyaka we-1500 ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu uhlobo lomhlaba.
Indawo engcono kakhulu itholakala ezigodini zasezinkangala, ezibonakala ngokuba mncane futhi ezinye izindawo ezisogwini. Nokho, kuzo zonke izindawo yavunwa futhi yakhiqizwa, ngakho izifunda ezintathu iMixteca Alta, iMixteca Baja kanye neMixteca de la Costa zahwebelana ngemikhiqizo ehlukene.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukhokho, ukotini, usawoti, izinto ezivela kwamanye amazwe, nezilwane ezingavamile kwavela ogwini, kuyilapho ummbila, ubhontshisi, upelepele, izinsimbi namatshe ayigugu kwakuvela ezintabeni eziphakeme.
Izikhungo zeMixtec
Izikhungo zokuqala zeMixtec kwakuyizindawo ezincane eziseduze nomhlaba okhiqizayo wezolimo. Cishe ikhulu leminyaka ngemva kokuba Izinyamazane Eziyisishiyagalombili zihlanganise i-Tilantongo ne-Tututepec, abakwaMixtec banweba amandla abo kanye nezindawo zabo eSigodini sase-Oaxaca, isifunda esasilokhu singamandla e-Zapotec.
Lokhu kuphethwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngoba ngo-1932, u-Alfonso Caso, umvubukuli womdabu waleli zwe, wathola eMonte Albán, indawo lapho inhloko-dolobha yaseZapotec ikhona, izinsalela zezicukuthwane zaseMixtec ethuneni, zibala ukuthi zivela khona. ekhulwini leshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu.
Indawo ebiyelwe kwakuwumbukiso wethalenta lezingcweti, yayineminikelo ebalulekile, kuhlanganise nobucwebe begolide nesiliva, izitsha ezihlotshiswe ngobunono, amakhorali, amathambo e-jaguar aqoshiwe, njll.
Esigabeni sokugcina senkathi yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, i-Mixtec yanamathela embusweni wama-Aztec, iphendula futhi ihlonipha umholi nenkosi yalo mphakathi omkhulu. Bamnika izingcezu zegolide, isiliva nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu nezihlotshiswe kakhulu, ezihlotshiswe ngamatshe ayigugu, ikakhulukazi ama-turquoise.
Yingakho izingcezu eziningi ze-Mixtec zitholwe endaweni eyayiyi-Aztec ngaphambili, isibonelo, eThempelini Elikhulu laseTenochtitlan hhayi ngenxa yokuthi indawo yesiko le-Mixtec inwetshiwe kulezo zindawo.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, ungalindi ukuze uhlole ezinye izixhumanisi ezithakazelisayo kule bhulogi: