I-Alchemy ichazwa ngokuthi isethi yemibono kanye nezifundo zokuhlola mayelana nezimo zamakhemikhali ezakhiwe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo nakuzo zonke iNkathi Ephakathi. Ihloselwe ukuthola izakhi zendawo yonke, ukuguqulwa kwezinsimbi, i-elixir yokuphila, njll.
i-alchemy ingenye hlanganisa phakathi kwesayensi, imimoya, ubuciko, phakathi kwezinye izimfundiso ukuthi, kuze kube namuhla, isaqhubeka nokuheha abantu abaningi. Lapha sizokutshela kabanzi mayelana nencazelo ye-Alchemy, umsuka wayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezimangalisayo.
Iyini i-Alchemy?
I-Alchemy isipiliyoni sezinto zamakhemikhali ngaphambi kwendlela yesayensi, ngenhloso yokwazi ukuguqulwa kwendaba, kanye nezisusa ezibhekwa njenge-esoteric noma ezenkolo.
Igama elithi alchemy lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki -khima, okusho ingxube noma ukuhlanganiswa koketshezi, nesiqalo sesi-Arabhu kuya-. Ithiyori evamile mayelana ne-etymology yegama yile.
Umsuka we-alchemy
Ubuchwepheshe baseGibhithe lasendulo babuhlanganiswe nefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo e-Alexandria, lapho kuthiwa i-alchemy ifinyelele endaweni yayo ephakeme kakhulu. I-Alchemy yayiyisandulela solwazi lwezinhlelo zomzimba, amakhemikhali kanye nezinkanyezi, futhi yafinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo e-Alexandria. Lonke ulwazi olwatholwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi lwalunezinjongo ezingokomoya, njenge-alchemy yensimbi. Ku 1543, ithiyori ye-heliocentric ye UNicolaus Copernicus wabeka Umhlaba ngaphandle kwenkaba ye-Universe.
Isazi se-alchemist uRobert Boyle wethula indlela yesayensi ngo-1661, encwadini yakhe ethi The Sceptical Chemist. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho i-alchemy yaqala ukuthathelwa indawo indlela yesayensi, hhayi ngenye indlela. Lapho lonke ucwaningo lwesayensi lisebenzisa indlela yesayensi, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kuyanyamalala futhi isayensi yamakhemikhali isala. Ngokufanayo, isayensi yezinkanyezi izalwa ngezinkanyezi.
Igama elithi alchemy lisetshenziswa namuhla ukubhekisela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela okungenzeka kufake izingcezu ezincane zomlingo, njenge-alchemy yothando. I-Alchemy isipiliyoni sezinto zamakhemikhali ngaphambi kwendlela yesayensi, ngenhloso yokwazi ukuguqulwa kwendaba, kanye nezisusa ezithathwa njenge-esoteric noma ezenkolo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-alchemy?
Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu zabantu alchemical: ama-alchemists angaqondakali noma esoteric, amaqili kanye nama-alchemists e-artisan noma angaphandle. Okulandelayo sizokutshela kancane mayelana ngamunye.
i-artisan alchemy
Ukuqala kwe-alchemy kungalandelelwa cishe ku- Inkathi yamatshe. Kusukela ocwaningweni lwamasampula e-ceramic avela ezindaweni zokuvubukula, kuye kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi kwakukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwesici, lapho kubonakala khona ekuqaleni kwezitsha ezilula ze-ceramic, futhi kamuva kwezinye izingqimba zesayithi ezatholwa. amasampula anombala aphakamisa ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwamaminerali athile.
Ekuphetheni, kucatshangwa ukuthi ababumbi be-Neolithic bafunda ukukhomba ngokusemthethweni lawo maminerali abasiza ukubala izinto ngezinhloso ezahlukene. Kusukela lapha, kukhona i-hypothesis yokuthi kungani i- i-malachite, enikeza umbala oluhlaza, kanye i-azurite, umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ziyizinsimbi zethusi zokuqala eziphawula ukuqala kokusansimbi.
I-alchemy esoteric noma engaqondakali
Izincazelo ezisekela i-alchemy enjalo zivela eGibhithe lasendulo. Kuvame ukuthiwa emzini wasendulo Mendes, indoda eyayizibiza I-Bowling Democritus, eyaziwa nangokuthi I-Democritus yamanga, cishe unyaka ka-2000. C. wabhala I-Physyka hawu mystika (izinto ezingokwenyama nezingaqondakali) lapho esebenza khona ukwenziwa kwegolide, isiliva, amatshe ayigugu nezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo. Uphenyo olwenziwe ngale ncwadi luqinisekisa ukuthi izindlela zokupheka ezisohlwini zifana nezingcweti zaseGibhithe, zasePheresiya, eBabiloni naseSiriya. Ngokunjalo, U-Boros Democritus wachezuka ezenzweni ze-alchemy ye-artisan ngendlela ephawulekayo, wethula ukubhula ngezinkanyezi nokuhumusha okungaqondakali, egxile ekuguqulweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngalokho osekwenziwe, kwamukelwa umbono osekelwe emfundisweni yamaGreki yezinto ezine.
Ekufuneni umsuka we-alchemy esoteric, kuyadingeka ukubuyela emuva ngesikhathi uye eZosimus yasePanopolis (namuhla eyi-Ahmin, eGibhithe), obhekwa njengomkhulumeli wezimfundiso zamaGnostic, lapho cishe ngonyaka ka-300 AD, wabhala i-Encyclopedia. ku-Hermetic Art. I ubuciko be-hermetic Iqanjwe ngonkulunkulu wamaGreki uHermes.
Igama layo livela ku- "trimegistus", umkhulu kathathu, ngomlingo, ubuciko, nefilosofi, ekuqaleni eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Chemeia. Kamuva, lapho amaSulumane anesithakazelo kulobu buciko ehlala e-Alexandria, anezela isiqalo -Kuya ukuyiqamba, ngakho lokhu kuzoba I-Alchemy, noma i-Alchemy ngezilimi zaseNtshonalanga. Njengereferensi ye-alchemy esoteric kunezibalo ezifana, isibonelo, uMary the Jewess, Agathodemon, noCleopatra.
Abaqola
Babengabalingiswa ababethi bangama-alchemists nabaphethe itshe lesazi sefilosofi ababevame ukusebenza ndawonye. Abanye ababusi namakhosana baye baziwa ngokushintsha umthofu ube igolide ukuze andise ingcebo yabo. Amasela ayekwazi ukudaya izinsimbi ukuze abukeke njengegolide noma isiliva.
Kuyo yonke ikhulu leshumi nesithupha, ama-alchemists amaningi asebenza ukwenza ukuguqulwa. Eyokuqala yalezi kwakungaba mnyama, kanti owokugcina mhlawumbe I-Cagliostro, aziqambe yena. Kwaba nokwanda okukhulu ekhulwini le-XNUMX lalaba baqili. Phakathi kwalaba abaqola kwakukhona UMarco Bragadino, ogama lakhe lokuqala lalingu UMarcus Antonius Magus Veranus Bragadino.
Isinyathelo esiya kwisayensi
Njengesiphetho, singakusho lokho I-Alchemy yaba nezinguquko eziningana emlandweni, futhi wayengumanduleli walokho manje osekuyisayensi, njengoba sikwazi.
Phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neleshumi nesithupha, kwaba nokushushiswa kwama-alchemists namaqili.. Eqinisweni, bagwetshwa intambo. Lokhu kuhambisana nesikhathi esingokomlando lapho uParacelsus eseqophelweni eliphezulu, esekelwa imibono enengqondo nenamandla yesonto. UParacelsus wayesenhlanganweni ye-exoteric Alchemy, ngakho-ke udale isiyalo asibiza i-latrochemistry, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zamakhemikhali ngezinjongo zokwelapha. Lokhu bekuyintuthuko yokuqala ebheke kwisayensi yanamuhla.
Ngethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lube usizo kuwe ekufundeni okwengeziwe nge-alchemy.