I-Los Izinguzunga zeqhwa okuthatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuhlanganisa, okwamanje nangenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu, zenza izinguquko ezinkulu. Lapha uzothola lonke ulwazi ofuna ukulwazi mayelana nezinguzunga zeqhwa, ziyini?Ziyini izici zazo? nokunye okuningi
Ayini amaqhwa?
Izinguzunga zeqhwa ziyizindikimba zeqhwa eziqinile oqweqweni lomhlaba futhi ziwumkhiqizo wokunqwabelana okuqhubekayo kweqhwa, ukunqwabelana nokucwebezela kweqhwa, okushiya umkhondo wokudlula kwawo endaweni ezungezile.
Zikhona ngenxa yezinga elisheshayo lokukhithika kwaminyaka yonke, elidlula izinga lokuncibilika enkathini yasehlobo. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenza izinguzunga zeqhwa zibekwe ezigxotsheni zeplanethi. Nokho, zingase zakheke kwezinye izindawo ezinezintaba.
Izinga lokukhula kanye nemininingwane yokuthi zisungulwa kanjani eminyakeni edlule, yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Glaciation. Akuwona wonke amaqhwa afanayo, ngezinye izikhathi athatha izici zendawo lapho akhiwe khona.
Kuwo wonke umhlaba, kunezindawo ezifanelekile zokwakheka nokuhlukaniswa kwazo. Ngokusho kokuma kwazo, kuzoba namasimu eqhwa, izigodi, ama-niches, phakathi kwabanye. Zibuye zimodelwe ngokwesimo sezulu esikhona endaweni. Ngakho-ke, zizoba se-polar, ezishisayo, ezipholile, ezishisayo, ezi-poly-thermal noma ezibandayo.
Ezigidini zeminyaka edlule ingxenye yesine yeplanethi yayimbozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa. Njengamanje, ngenxa yezizathu zezulu, leso sibalo singaphansi ngo-20%. Nakuba izifundo zesayensi ziphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kuncipha ebusweni bawo kungenxa yezinqubo ezihambisana nemvelo ye-ice block.
Iziqiwu zamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni wonke zinqwabelana ezingcwecweni zeqhwa. Indawo enkulu yeqhwa isatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziseningizimu nenkabazwe kanye nasesiqhingini saseGreenland esiqhingini. Izwekazi laseMelika, enendawo edlula kalula amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyishumi.
Izici
- Bakha ingxenye yeshumi yoqweqwe lomhlaba.
- Angatholakala ezindaweni eziseduze nezintaba.
- Ziyingxenye yezinsalela ze-Ice Age.
- Imvelaphi yeqhwa layo isuka eningizimu nenkabazwe nasesiqhingini saseGreenland.
- Zibaluleke kakhulu, ekusindeni kwezinhlobo zabantu, izitshalo nezilwane.
- Bakha amanzi ahlanzekile amakhulu kunawo wonke eMhlabeni.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwengxenye yobuningi bawo, kubangela izinguzunga zeqhwa.
- Ziqoqwe ngokwendawo yazo futhi zingaba nezimo ezipholile, ezipholile kanye ne-subpolar.
Yiziphi izingxenye zeqhwa?
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye eziyingxenye yesakhiwo sezinguzunga zeqhwa. Ebukhoneni balokhu kwakheka okuhle kwemvelo, kuhle ukuthi babe namathuluzi adingekayo wokuhlonza kwabo.
Ngezansi kunezingxenye ezihlukene zezinguzunga zeqhwa.
Isekisi leqhwa
Yaziwa ngokuthi yi-glacial cirque, indawo enamatshe esesimweni sesitsha futhi enomumo oyisiyingi. Lokhu kubangelwa ukudilika kwenhlabathi unomphela ezindaweni ezinqwabelene kanye nemihuzuko yeqhwa.
Lezi zindawo zihambisana nezindawo lapho iqhwa linqwabelana khona ngenani elikhulu elincibilika ngalo, esimweni sokunqwabelana. Ngokuphambene nalokho, indawo yokuhuzuka yileyo lapho isivinini lapho iqhwa lincibilika khona sikhulu kunejubane elinqwabelana ngalo.
Ulimi lwe-glacial
Ziyizindimbane zeqhwa ezehla ezintabeni ngenxa yethonya lamandla adonsela phansi. Lokhu kwehla kwehle kubangela inqwaba yamadwala ukuba adonswe emithambekeni yezintaba endleleni yawo.
Lokhu kunyakaza kwamadwala kuchaza izakhiwo ezingaphansi kwemithambeka, ebizwa ngokuthi i-moraines. Ukuthi abakona okunye, ukuthi amaketanga impahla glacial ngaphandle compacting.
Indawo ye-Ablation
I-ablation zone yindawo lapho ukugqokwa kweqhwa neqhwa okukhulu kakhulu kwenzeka. Lokhu kulahlekelwa okukhulu okuphawulekayo kungenxa yokuncibilika kweqhwa noma ukushintsha kusuka esimweni esiqinile kuya esimweni segesi, okungukuthi, ngenxa yokuhwamuka kweqhwa.
Zonke lezi zinqubo ziletha umnikelo wenqwaba yamanzi emifuleni ekhona, amachibi nezilwandle.
i-moraine
Njengoba izinguzunga zeqhwa zinyakaza, izingqimba zeqhwa zibangela ukuguguleka endleleni yazo. Izinsalela zezinto ezichithiwe zihlangana neqhwa futhi zithuthwa yiqhwa.
Kunezinhlobo ezine zama-moraine futhi ngayinye yazo ibalulwe ngezansi.
- Uhlangothi: zingatholakala ekugcineni kwezilimi ze-glacial, ezibangelwa ukuthintana kweqhwa nemiphetho yezindonga ekuthuthweni kwayo.
- Ephakathi: Iwumkhiqizo wokuhlanganiswa kwama-moraine amabili asemaceleni, aphuma ezilimini ezihlukene zeqhwa.
- Ingemuva: umsuka wawo ubangelwa ukugoqana kwenhlabathi engaphansi kweqhwa.
- Isikhumulo: Ziyimfucuza ekhiqizwa ukuthuthuka kweqhwa. Itholakala engxenyeni yokugcina yeqhwa, okwamanje intambo iqala ukuncibilika futhi ukulahlekelwa kwenzeka ngenxa yenqubo yokuhwamuka.
Ukwakheka kwezinguzunga zeqhwa
Izinguzunga zeqhwa zakhiwa kulezo zifunda zomhlaba, okunqwabelana kwazo kweqhwa phakathi kwesizini eyodwa yasebusika nenye, kungaphezu kwezinqubo zokuhlangana, ukuhwamuka kanye ne-sublimation, okufana nokusho uguquko olusuka esiqinile ukuya esimweni esinegesi.
Le nqubo inochungechunge lwezigaba okumelwe zigcwaliseke, ngaphambi kokuba izinguzunga zeqhwa zihlanganiswe. Lezi zigaba yilezi:
- Isitoreji seqhwa.
- ukucinana
- ukwakheka kweqhwa elicwebezelayo
Ama-glaciers awuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemicimbi futhi njenganoma yiluphi uhlelo, adinga ibhalansi. Ibhalansi yeqhwa iwumehluko owenzeka phakathi kwezinzuzo nokulahlekelwa kwenqwaba yeqhwa.
Yonke inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ingafaniswa nezibalo zezitatimende zama-akhawunti, ibhalansi yezomnotho yomuntu siqu. Okusho ukuthi, lapho ibhalansi ingalungile, indawo engaphezulu ilahlekile ku-glacier futhi lapho ubuso bukhuphuka, khona-ke kuthiwa kukhona ibhalansi enhle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinguzunga zeqhwa kufanele zithole indawo yokulinganisa ukuze zizinze ubukhulu bazo. Lapho, ngenxa yokuqoqwa kweqhwa, i-glacier izuza isisindo, iyaziwa ngokuthi ukuqoqwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ilahlekelwa, ibizwa ngokuthi i-ablation.
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene lapho iqhwa lifinyelela ukunqwabelana kokuningi, phakathi kwazo singabala:
- Ukubanda kwamanzi.
- Isenzo semimoya, lapho uthutha iqhwa.
- Ukuwa kweqhwa, ngqo ku-glacier.
- Isithwathwa.
- Ama-avalanche athwala iqhwa neqhwa.
ukwakheka kweqhwa elicwebezelayo
Iqhwa elicwebezelayo lenzeka ezindaweni lapho izinga lokunqwabelana kweqhwa lidlula ukuncibilika kweqhwa. Ukukhiqiza ukuthi izingqimba ezingezansi zihlanganiswe umphumela wesisindo owenziwe yizingqimba ezingaphezulu.
Ukuthi ukunqwabelana kweqhwa ezingqimbeni ezingaphezulu zeqhwa kungakhiqiza iqhwa kubangelwa ikakhulukazi izinqubo zokuhlanganisa nokuguquka. Lezi zinqubo zithintwa inani lokushisa kanye nomswakama ohlobene wendawo yokubunjwa.
Ezifundeni ze-hemisphere eseningizimu, lapho ngenxa yezizathu zezulu inqubo yokuhlanganisa ihamba kancane, isigaba se-agglutination senzeka kancane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukwakheka kweqhwa eliqhwa kungathatha amakhulu eminyaka.
Amakristalu eqhwa angaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, la mandla akhiqiza izinguquko ezinkulu kangangokuthi abangela izinguquko ekuhambeni kwalezi zindimbane zeqhwa.
Ngokwezimo zezulu zesifunda, lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa zitholakala khona, kuzothinta ukunwetshwa kwazo zonke. Futhi konke, ngenxa yebhalansi eyenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziqoqwe phezu kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kanye nenani elincibilikayo.
Ukwakheka kweqhwa elicwebezelayo ezifundeni ze-terra firma, ukungezwa kwezinto kwenzeka ebusweni be-glacial mass. Nokho, ukuzuza okukhulu okunjalo kungenxa yokudalwa kwesithwathwa.
Izithwathwa ziwumkhiqizo wokuguqulwa komhwamuko wamanzi, zize zibe khona esimweni esiqinile. Futhi lokhu okwenzekayo ukuthi ubani owenza umnikelo wezinto ezibonakalayo ezisekelweni zeqhwa hhayi iqhwa.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-glacier
Izinguzunga zeqhwa zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningana, kodwa ezivame kakhulu yilezi: ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa nokubukeka kwazo noma isakhiwo sangaphandle. Okulandelayo, ngayinye yazo iyashiwo.
ngokwezinga lokushisa
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zeqhwa ezikhona ku-glacier, i- tempered ihlukaniswa, ihlukaniswa kwezinye izinhlobo zeqhwa, ngoba isezingeni lokushisa, lapho abanye bengancibilika khona. Kukhona nesigaba seqhwa, amazinga okushisa alo angaphansi kwezinga lokuhlangana.
Izigaba zamaqhwa, ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa, zichazwe ngezansi:
iqhwa elipholile
Izinguzunga zeqhwa ezipholile zihlukaniswa kwezinye, njengoba zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu neziphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa layo yonke isisindo liseduze kakhulu nezinga lokushisa elincibilikayo.
i-subpolar glacier
Yilawo maqhwa, okuthi phakathi kobuningi bawo agcine amazinga okushisa eseduze nokuncibilika, kodwa ezindaweni ezingaphandle ahlala enamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu.
iqhwa elishisayo
Bangaphakathi kwalesi sigaba, lezo zindimbane zeqhwa, amazinga okushisa azo angaphansi kakhulu kwephuzu elincibilikayo. Izingcindezi eziphezulu ezibhekene nazo, kusuka ngaphansi nangaphezulu. Ikhuthaza okuqukethwe kwamanzi ukuthi kuhlale kuyiqhwa.
Yenza lokhu kuvivinya komcabango olandelayo: vala amehlo akho bese ucabanga ukuthi usentabeni ephakeme kakhulu futhi amakhaza awabekezeleleki. Bakunikeza inkomishi yenkomishi enoshokoledi obilayo, ungesabi ukuthatha ama-sps amakhulu, ngoba ezindaweni eziphakeme uketshezi lufinyelela endaweni yokubilisa engaphansi kuka-100 ° C.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okuchazwe ngaphambilini kungokwereferensi. Njengoba lokhu kwakheka kwemvelo kwakha izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwesinye isifunda kuya kwesinye. Aphinde athonywe izinga lokushisa nokuphakama.
Ngokusho kwefomu langaphandle
Ngayinye yalezi zakhiwo zeqhwa inemininingwane yayo. Akukho okufana nokunye, noma ngosayizi, umbala kanye nokuma. Isigaba esisetshenziswa kakhulu yilokhu okulandelayo:
iqhwa le-alpine
Kulesi sigaba kukhona izinguzunga zeqhwa ezincane, ezitholakala ezigodini ze- Izintaba. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zaziwa nangokuthi isigodi noma izinguzunga zeqhwa ze-alpine.
Zinesilinganiso sokuqoqwa kweqhwa, siphakeme impela futhi ukufuduka kwalo kungaphansi kwamamitha angama-70 ngenyanga.
i-ice cap
Zibonakala ngokuba khona kwe-stratification enkulu yeqhwa, engamboza izintaba. Ubuningi balezi ziqhwaga zeqhwa buphansi kunalezo ezitholakala ezinguzunga zeqhwa zezwekazi.
iqhwa elichichimayo
Lolu hlobo lweqhwa luphakelwa amaqhwa nezilimi zeqhwa. Zingatholakala engxenyeni engezansi yezigodi, kude nenqwaba yeqhwa.
Zikweleta ukuma kwazo ngenxa yokunyakaza okukhiqizwa kumakepisi, kusukela ezintabeni eziphakeme kuya olwandle.
cap yezwekazi
Kuzo zonke izinguzunga zeqhwa, lezi zinkulu kunawo wonke. Bangayibona kalula, ngoba bayizindawo ezibanzi zeqhwa, ezishintshashintsha indawo ezungezile.
Ezinye izindawo eziseningizimu nenkabazwe kanye nesiqhingi saseGreenland ziwukuphela kwezindawo lapho kunezinguzunga zeqhwa zezwekazi. Ukuba amachibi amakhulu amanzi ahlanzekile.
I-Plateau
Izinguzunga zeqhwa, zinendawo encane, zifana kakhulu ne-cap. Angatholakala kwezinye izintaba ezinkulu nasemathafeni. Ziyisici sezifunda zase-Iceland nase-Arctic Ocean.
piedmont
Izinguzunga zeqhwa ze-Piedemonte zibonakala ngenxa yokuthi zihlala endaweni esezingeni eliphansi. Isisekelo sazo sibanzi impela, futhi ziwumkhiqizo wokuhlangana kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ezimbili zasezintabeni.
Iqhwa elikhulukazi lase-piedmont litholakala e-Alaska futhi lingaba ngu-5.000 km².
i-outlet glacier
Iwuhlobo lweqhwa elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumodela isisekelo samadwala, phezu kombhede weqhwa. Ukugeleza kwalezi zinqwaba kufana kakhulu nemisinga yomfula, zihamba amabanga amade ngesivinini esikhulu. Ukukhiqiza izinguquko ezibalulekile ezindaweni abahamba ngazo.
imithombo yamanzi
Ngenxa yokuthi izinguzunga zeqhwa zakhiwe amanzi amaningi ayiqhwa, zifakwa njengengxenye yomjikelezo we-hydrological noma umjikelezo wamanzi. Yingakho ethathwa njengamachibi amanzi, avela ezimvula.
Kulezi zindikimba zeqhwa, ngaphezu kwama-70% amanzi ahlanzekile asemhlabeni aqukethwe. Umsuka wamanzi asuka ezingqwembeni zeqhwa uvela emithonjeni emibili, okungukuthi:
- Umkhiqizo wokuncibilika kweqhwa neqhwa.
- Sibonga imvula.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sesimiso sokuxhumana samanzi esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinguzunga zeqhwa siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Inemikhumbi yokuhlunga noma ye-percolation, imigede, imifantu kanye namaphasishi amanzi azungeza ngawo.
Umthombo wamanzi unamadiphozithi phakathi kwe-glacial mass. Ukuba nalezi zakhiwo kwenza ukwazi ukuthi uhlale unezinqolobane zakho futhi unganciki ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ukuze uzihlinzeke wena.
Izinsiza ze-glacier zivela:
- Isithwathwa.
- I-Firn, okuyingxenye ephakathi phakathi kweqhwa neqhwa, esele kwezinye izinkathi zonyaka.
- Imifantu noma i-crevasse.
- Amachweba.
Umjikelezo wangaphakathi we-hydrological glaciers uvamise ukwenziwa kusebenze enkathini yasehlobo, lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kukhulu futhi kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamanzi.
Endabeni yezinguzunga zeqhwa ezishisayo, ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi kubangelwa ukuncibilika futhi okusefayo kuze kufike lapho kuncibilika khona. Lokhu kushintshisana kwamanzi phakathi kwezingqimba ezihlukene zeqhwa akuqhubeki nohambo lwakho ngenxa yokuthi izingqimba zokugcina azingeneki.
ukuguguleka kweqhwa
Lolu hlobo lokwakheka kwemvelo lungabangela nokuguguleka kwemvelo lapho zitholakala khona. Amatshe nezinsalela kufakwa ezingcwecweni zeqhwa, zivela ekungqubuzaneni nasekushibilikeni kwezinto ezingamatshe nezinye izinhlayiya ezincibilikisiwe.
I-Boot
Njengoba iqhwa livela, phezu kwedwala eliphukile, ingxenye yezinto ezitholakala endleleni yawo ihlanganiswa neqhwa.
Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kwenzeka lapho umkhiqizo wamanzi wokuncibilika, unyonyoba phakathi kwemifantu yamadwala futhi kwenzeka ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi.
Njengoba amanzi eba yiqhwa, amadwala aseduze neqhwa ayanda futhi aphuka. Ihlanganisa ingxenye yengqikithi yesisindo seqhwa.
Ukuhuzuka
Ukuguguleka ngokuhuzuka kwenzeka ngenxa yokushelela kwezinto ezinamatshe, okuthi uma zidlula zibumbe izinhlangothi bese zinqwabelana phansi kweqhwa.
Imiphumela ekukhululekeni ngemva kokubhekana nenqubo yokuguguleka, amanye amamaki endaweni enamatshe, ebizwa ngokuthi i-glacial striae. Le mizila ibangelwa amaphuzu acijile amatshe axegayo ngesikhathi sokuguguleka.
izinga lokuguguleka
Isivinini okwenzeka ngaso ukumodela kweqhwa, ngenxa yokuguguleka, sincike kwezinye izici ezibalwe ngezansi:
- Isivinini sokususwa kwe-glacier.
- Ukuminyana kweqhwa.
- Izinga lokuqina kwedwala, elisuswa yi-glacier.
- I-Erosivity yama-agent asebenzayo we-glacier.
Ukulungiswa kosizo
Kunezici eziningi ezithinta ukuguqulwa kokukhululeka kanye nezindawo. Lawa ma-ejenti aguqulayo asukela emanzini, emoyeni futhi kwezinye izimo iqhwa leqhwa lingasebenza.
izigodi zeqhwa
Izigodi zeqhwa ngaphandle kwesenzo sokumodela seqhwa, zingaba nesimo sikanxantathu esihlanekezelwe, okuyisici kangangokuthi sisuka ekugugulekeni kwamanzi.
Kodwa ngenxa yeqiniso lokuthi phakathi nezinguzunga zamaqhwa izigodi zezintaba zakhula futhi ingxenye yazo eqondile yaba nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezinto ezinamatshe, zathatha isimo sesicathulo sehhashi, esaziwa ngaso namuhla.
Kuyo yonke le nqubo yenguquko kuvela i izigodi ezimisiwe, okuyizakhiwo ezivelayo, lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa seziqala inqubo yazo yokuhoxa noma yokuhlehla.
Imifantu ekhiqizwe umphumela wokuqothuka kanye nokuhuzuka kunxeshezelwa ngezinto ezivela emachibini asePaternoster, azalwa ku-moraines esibulalayo.
Engxenyeni engenhla yezinguzunga zeqhwa, kunezakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-glacial cirques. Amasekisi amise okwesitsha esiyicylindrical, esinezindonga ezingalingani.
I-glacial cirques iyindawo ekahle yawo wonke amaqhwa akhiqizwayo ukuze agcine enqwabelana. Ekuqaleni zingabonakala njengokungahambi kahle emaceleni entaba. Kodwa kamuva, ukuminyana kwayo kuyanda ngokulungiswa kweqhwa.
Lapho iqhwa seliqala inqubo yalo yokuncibilika, ama-cirque ahlala ehlala amachibi abizwa ngokuthi iTarn. Lawa machibi angase abe ngenxa yezindonga ezakha ama-moraines, kokubili ukuphela nangemuva.
amagquma
Amagquma angolunye ukuguqulwa kokukhululeka, umkhiqizo wesenzo sezinguzunga zeqhwa. I-pass izalwa ngokuhlukana phakathi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ezimbili, ephakathi kweziyingi zazo futhi yaguguleka ukuze kwakhiwe iphasi noma umhosha.
ama-fjords
Lezi zakhiwo zibunjwe njengama-cove ajulile kakhulu futhi zakhiwe umphumela wokukhukhula kwezigodi eziye zafanekiswa isenzo seqhwa. Zimise okwesicathulo sehhashi futhi ingxenye yaso engezansi ayibonakali, njengoba ingaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngaphezu kwezinguquko ezibangelwa izinguzunga zeqhwa ezinhlelweni zezintaba, lezi zinguquko zenzeka entabeni eyodwa. Izinguquko ezinjalo kulezi zinhlobo zezimo zibizwa ngokuthi imiphetho nezimpondo futhi zishiwo ngezansi.
imiphetho
Unqenqema luwumkhiqizo wokunwetshwa kwama-cirque, ngenxa yokuqoqwa kwezinto ezinamatshe kanye nomphumela weqhwa. Isekisi kulolu hlobo lokubunjwa alikho ngaphakathi kwendilinga. Itholakala ekugcineni komugqa ohlukanisayo.
uphondo lweqhwa
Lezi zimise okwezimpondo, njengamaphethelo, futhi ziwumphumela wokuhudulwa kwamatshe nezinye izinhlayiya lapho kudlula iqhwa neqhwa.
Iziyingi ezakha emaphethelweni entaba, yizona ezidala lezi zinguquko ekukhululekeni, ngenxa yokudlula kwezinguzunga zeqhwa.
ama-mackerel amatshe
Lolu hlobo lokulungiswa kosizo lubangelwa ukuhamba kweqhwa emadwaleni. Okubangela ukuthi athathe umumo anamaqhubu abukhali.
Anjalo amandla okuhuzuka kwezinguzunga zeqhwa lapho edabula amagquma, kangangokuthi lapho evuka ashiya imithambeka enemiphetho ethambile, ehlala ibheke phezulu ibheke lapho umsinga weqhwa wathatha khona.
izigubhu
Ama-drumlin angamagquma amancane, anemithambeka ebushelelezi futhi ukwakheka kwawo kufana kakhulu ne-cetacean elele. Zavela ezikhathini zeqhwa.
Kanye nalezi zakhiwo, izinsalela ze-moraines nazo zingabonakala. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zibuye zithathwe njengesandiso salokhu, phansi kweqhwa.
ama-glacial stone deposits
Endaweni ye-ablation noma indawo yokulahlekelwa yiqhwa neqhwa, amanzi amaningi akhiqizwa. La manzi, njengoba eqhela endaweni eyiqhwa, adonsa inqwaba yenhlabathi endleleni yawo.
Uma nje ijubane lamanje lamanzi liphezulu, izinhlayiya zenhlabathi ecolekile zisala ngemuva. Kodwa njengoba ijubane lomsinga liqala ukuncipha, izinsalela ezimahhadla ziqala ukuzinza phansi namagatsha alelo fomu lamanje lamanzi.
Le nqubo yokuguguleka yokusiza, iqala izakhiwo ezimbili ezintsha, ngokuya ngendawo lapho ivela khona. Uma kwenzeka ku-cap glacier, ibizwa ngokuthi i-alluvial plain. Nakuba, uma ikhula esigodini sezintaba, ibizwa ngokuthi isitimela sasesigodini.
Amadiphozithi axhumene neqhwa
Njengoba iqhwa lilahlekelwa isisindo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ukugeleza kweqhwa kuyama. Imisinga yamanzi ekhiqizwa ukuncibilika, idlula imigudu ehlukene eyakhiwe phakathi neminyaka edlule, ishiya imikhondo yemfucumfucu.
Le nqubo yokuncibilikisa iveza amadiphozithi amakhulu ane-stratified, athatha amafomu ahlukahlukene kakhulu, okuhlanganisa:
- amagquma.
- amafu e-cumulus
- Amasimu.
Yilezi zakhiwo, ezinikezwa igama lamadiphozithi axhumene neqhwa.
Amagquma athatha isimo samagquma avelele, abizwa nangokuthi ama-kames futhi awalutho ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezisuka ekuncibilikeni kweqhwa, i-deposit sediment ihlala engxenyeni engaphakathi ye-glacial block.
Kuphinde kuvame kakhulu ukuthola amasimu e-kame ekugcineni kwesigodi, inqobo nje uma iqhwa eliwuqhwa selingene kuleso sigodi.
Okunye ukwakheka ngamadiphozithi axhumene neqhwa, yi-eskers. Lawa amadiphozithi asesimweni semiqansa engajwayelekile, ukuhambisana kwawo kususelwa kutshe, isihlabathi nezinye izinto.
Izinguzunga zeqhwa nezinsiza zemvelo
Nakuba kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, kulezi zindawo ezingenamakhaya kukhona nokuphila. Ngayinye yezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-microorganisms kuye kwadingeka ukuthi iguqule izakhi zofuzo ukuze iphile futhi yande.
Flora
Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala kulezi zindawo zenze izinguquko ezingapheli, eziningi zazo ezithathe izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lokhu kuhlelwa kabusha kofuzo yikhona okusivumela ukuthi siphile ezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu.
Ngokwemvelo, izitshalo zalezi zindawo ezikude zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: lezo ezingajwayela ukuphila emhlabeni kanye nalezo ezavela ukuze zizinze emanzini.
izitshalo zomhlaba
Ziyimikhuba yasemhlabeni, zikhula emadwaleni, enhlabathini nasematsheni, okuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene, azimbozwa yiqhwa neqhwa.
izinhlobo zezimbali
Kulezi zindawo ezineqhwa, izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zezitshalo eziqhakaza zingaphila. Okusho ukuthi, banezimpande ezichazwe kahle, iziqu namaqabunga. Lezi yi-Antarctic carnation kanye notshani base-Antarctic.
I-Antarctic Carnation, lapho izimo zezulu zivuma, ikhula izimbali ezincane ezimhlophe.
Ukuze bathuthukise ikhono labo lokuphila, baye bahlotshaniswa nezindawo ezivikelwe imiphakathi yolembu.
ulele
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala ezindaweni ezinoqhwa, ama-lichens ajwayele ukujwayela isimo sezulu esibi.
Amandla ayo okuzivumelanisa nezimo nokumelana nawo kungenxa yokuthi iwumkhiqizo wobudlelwane be-symbiotic phakathi kwe-algae kanye nesikhunta.
Ahlala ezindaweni ezinamatshe noma amatshe angazange ambozwe yiqhwa noma iqhwa.
Amakhowe
Ziyizinhlobo ezincane ze-micro and macroscopic, phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-60. Izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zikhula phakathi kwe-mosses, kanti elinye iqembu lihlala ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ubulembu
Ngokuvamile ziyizidalwa ezincane, ubude bazo obungeqi amasentimitha amabili futhi zinemikhuba enwabuzelayo. Azifani nezinye izitshalo, njengoba zingenazo izicubu ezikhethekile zokuthwala wonke ubisi ukuze zizigcine zisuka endaweni eyodwa ziye kwenye esitshalweni.
Fauna
Izilwane zalezi zindawo ezibandayo zaphoqeleka ukuba zivumelane nemikhuba yazo yokudla, amafutha omzimba noboya ukuze zihlale kulezi zindawo.
Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamabhere eMhlabeni, yilona lodwa elinoboya obumhlophe njengezwe lapho litholakala khona. Ukudla kwabo kuhlanganisa ukudla inyama, ikakhulukazi inyama yezimvu zamanzi.
Uye waba noshintsho ezithweni zakhe zengemuva nangaphambili, ukuze akwazi ukuhamba nokubhukuda amabanga amade. Izindlebe nomsila wayo akukukhulu, okwenza kube lula ukulondolozwa kokushisa komzimba.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zamabhere, ibhere elimhlophe alilali. Nokho, lapho ezinsikazi sezivundisiwe, zivame ukufuna indawo yokukhosela ngesikhathi sasebusika.
impungushe yase-arctic
Lolu hlobo lwezilwane lwaziwa nangokuthi impungushe emhlophe. Inezindlebe ezincane impela futhi ikhava yayo yezinwele imhlophe, ukuze ikwazi ukuzifihla endaweni.
Ukuze ihlale isebenza ngesikhathi sasebusika, ifudukela ezindaweni ezahlukene ukuze ithole inyamazane yayo, ehlanganisa izinyoni ezincane nezilwane ezincelisayo.
i-arctic hare
Unogwaja wezigxobo, uphakathi kwezilwane eziye zakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimbi kakhulu zezindawo ezipholile. Indawo yayo yemvelo itholakala ezindaweni ezibandayo zaseGreenland.
Uboya balezi zilwane bumhlophe ebusika obubandayo, kodwa uma zithuthela kwezinye izindawo ezifudumele noma lapho kufika ihlobo, izinwele zazo ziba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuphaphathekile.
Ukudla kwabo ngokuyisisekelo kuqukethe ukusetshenziswa kwamahlumela emifino, amaqabunga amathenda kanye nama-strawberries athile.
Uphawu
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimvu zamanzi ezikhona kule planethi, akuzona zonke ezikwazi ukubekezelela amakhaza ashubile eqhwa. Enye ekwazile ukuguqula umzimba wayo ukuze uvumelane nesimo uphawu lwaseGreenland noma uphawu lweHarp.
Izibonelo zabantu abadala zinongqimba lwesikhumba olunombala osiliva, ubuso bunamathunzi amnyama kanye nebala elimnyama engxenyeni yomgogodla. Lapho esemancane, uboya buphenduka bube mhlophe ngokuphuzi.
Ngokuvamile, zingatholakala ziqoqwe ngamakholoni, lapho zingakhoselana khona.
Imikhomo
Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi zemikhomo olwandle kule planethi, imikhomo echitha isikhathi eside kakhulu kula manzi abandayo umkhomo waseGreenland.
Umzimba walawa ma-cetaceans mikhulu impela, i-dorsal fin yawo uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zikhulu impela. Zingafinyelela ubude ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni okungamamitha angaba ngu-20 futhi zibe nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100.
Ukudla kwazo kusekelwe ku-krill futhi zingadla inqwaba yalezi zilwane ezincane, ngokuvula nje imilomo yazo ngenkathi zibhukuda. Imikhuba yabo yokufuduka imifushane impela.
amaphengwini
Yinyoni yasolwandle, kodwa ayinayo imikhuba yokundiza. Ziyizilwane ezajwayela kahle kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi. Ukungakwazi ukundiza kunxeshezelwa ngamakhono okubhukuda.
Ngenxa yokuthi zinamaphiko anikezwe amathambo futhi umzimba wazo uyi-fusiform, zingafinyelela isivinini esikhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi zihambe amabanga amade kalula.
Ikhono lokumelana namakhaza angcolile liyafinyelelwa, ngenxa yezingxenye eziningi zezimpaphe zabo namafutha abawagcina emizimbeni yabo.
UWalrus
Kuyisilwane esincelisayo sasolwandle, esidabuka ezindaweni zase-arctic. Ukuqina kwesikhumba sazo kanye nokunqwabelana kwamafutha kuzivumela ukuba zimelane nokubanda kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Ukudla kwabo ngokuyisisekelo kuhlanganisa ukudla ama-molluscs, izinhlanzi nezilwane ezincane.
ingwe yasolwandle
Lesi silwane sasolwandle asivamile ukwakha ikoloni, sihlala sodwa isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwaso. Ngaphandle ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, enendlela yokubhekana nezinsikazi.
Zilinganisa isilinganiso samamitha ama-3 futhi zinesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-300. Zidla izinyoni, ezinye izinhlobo zezimvu zamanzi, ama-krill nokuzingela ophengwini. Ziyizilwane ezinodlame impela.
Elephant seal
Ziyizilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, zingafinyelela kumamitha ama-5 futhi zinesisindo samathani ama-4. Isikhumba salezi zilwane sijiyile futhi ukunqwabelana kwamafutha ku-epidermis kwenza kube lula kuzo ukunqoba amakhaza ashubile ezindaweni ezinoqhwa.
Zingabonakala kalula, ngoba abantu abadala, phambi kwamakhanda abo, banohlobo oluthile lomboko olufana nse nolwendlovu. Ukudla kwabo kuhlanganisa ukubamba izinyoni nezinye izimvu zamanzi.
Izinguzunga zeqhwa ezimangalisayo, ilukuluku nokunye
Nakuba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuhlasela lezi zindawo zemvelo ezintekenteke, zisakwazi ukujabulela indawo yazo enhle nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezenza ukuphila kuzo.
IPerito Moreno Glacier
Le qhwa enhle itholakala phakathi kwe-Argentina neChile, endaweni edumile futhi yaseCordillera de los Andes. Ngaphakathi kwesici esithakazelisayo salokhu kwakheka kwemvelo, ukuqhubekela phambili okungaguquki kwendawo yeqhwa kuyagqama, okubangela ukunqwabelana, ukuqhekeka kanye nokugoqana kwezitini ezinkulu zeqhwa, ukusuka ku-façade yayo ububanzi bayo bungaphezu kwamamitha angu-5000.
Ngo-1947, ngenxa yentuthuko eqhubekayo, yawela umzila we-Los Témpanos futhi yakwazi ukuthinta ingxenye yenhlonhlo yaseMagallanes. Ngemuva kwalo mcimbi, ukuphuma kwamanzi eLake Brazo Rico kuphazamisekile.
Lesi simo esenzeka ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwePerito Moreno, sibangela izinga leLake Brazo Rico ukuthi lenyuke ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-20. Lokhu kubangela izingcindezi ezinkulu ku-dike eyakhayo, idedele ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi ibangele ukugoqana okukhulu kweqhwa.
Lesi simo esimangalisayo nesiyingqayizivele kule planethi senzeka njalo eminyakeni emine. Kuyathakazelisa kangangokuthi izinkulungwane zezivakashi ziza kule ndawo zizobukela umbukiso.
Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi uyazibuza ukuthi uzofika kanjani lapho? E-Perito Moreno Glacier Park, kufanele uqashe insiza yokuqondisa izivakashi ukuze ujabulele le nto enhle ngaphandle kwezihibe.
Kodwa uma ungomunye walabo abathanda ukuhlela ukuphuma kwakho, kufanele nje uthathe umzila we-11 usuka e-El Calafate futhi uhambe amakhilomitha ambalwa unqamule iNhlonhlo yaseMagallanes.
Njengeseluleko sokugcina lezi zindawo ezinhle zingabonakali, kuwukuhlonipha izincomo ezinikezwe abaqaphi bepaki.
I-Taku Glacier
Inhloko-dolobha yase-Alaska iJuneau, okungase kuthiwe iyisiqhingi, esizungezwe izintaba. Ngemuva kwazo zonke lezi zintaba kukhona i-Juneau Ice Plains, futhi ingxenye enkulu yaleli thafa eliyiqhwa isendaweni yaseCanada.
Ingxenye yaleli qhwa ibangela iqembu elibalulekile lezinguzunga zeqhwa, okugqama phakathi kwazo iqhwa le-Taku, ekugcineni eningizimu yedolobha. Ithathwa njengendawo enkulu kunazo zonke e-Alaska. Futhi kuze kube muva nje, ibibhekwa njengeqhwa elithuthuke kakhulu.
I-Taku Glacier iwugqinsi futhi ijule kunazo zonke ezinye izinguzunga zeqhwa eMhlabeni. Icishe ibe amakhilomitha angu-1,5 ugqinsi namamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-55 ubude.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwakamuva lwembula ukuthi le qhwa yangena esigabeni sokuhlehla, njengoba kuye kwenzeka ngezinguzunga zeqhwa zase-Alaska. Ngenxa yezici ezikhethekile zobuningi bayo, yayimelene nokucekelwa phansi kwesimo sezulu.
Esikhathini esingekude kakhulu, inqubo yokuqoqwa kwezitini ezinkulu zeqhwa cishe izoqala. Ukubangela ukuwa kwemigudu yokuhamba yemikhumbi yabahwebi, imikhumbi yokuhamba ngezinyawo nezikebhe zokuthutha abagibeli.
UMer de Glace
Emithambekeni ye-Mont Blanc massif kunedolobha elihle laseFrance elibizwa ngokuthi i-Chamonix. Kuyindawo ekahle yokujabulela imidlalo yeqhwa, ngenxa yendawo yayo ekahle I-Los Alps.
Kodwa futhi kuyisiqalo ukuvakashela i-glacier ulwandle lweqhwa noma i-Mer de Glace. Yiqhwa ende kunazo zonke kulo lonke elase-France, cishe amamitha ayi-7000 ubude namakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-0,4 ubukhulu.
Uma ufuna ukuvakashela lesi simangaliso semvelo, kufanele ufike esiteshini esincane esibomvu sesitimela edolobheni lase-Chamonix. Lo mzila ubathatha ukhuphuke ikhilomitha, phakathi kweFrench Alps futhi uhambo luthatha cishe imizuzu engama-30.
Ngaphambi kokufika esiteshini esilandelayo nokukhangwa yizindawo ezinhle zezwe. Ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka banenketho yokukwazi ukujabulela izindawo ezinhle ezingenayo imfucuza.
Ngaphezu kokujabulela i-Mer de Glace glacier, ungaphinde ulinge ukuvakashela umhume weqhwa. Kuyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngokwemvelo, kodwa lokho akuphazamisi ubuhle baso.
Ungafika kanjani emhumeni weqhwa?
Kumelwe bathathe isitimela esiteshini saseMontenvers futhi bajabulele umzila nezindawo ezinikezwa yimvelo. Lapho befika ekupheleni komzila, kufanele bagibele imoto yekhebula ebayisa ngqo emhumeni. Kuyoba isenzakalo esingasoze salibaleka!
Athabasca Glacier
Ubuso balesi siqeshana esikhulu seqhwa cishe 12 km2. Ibekwe phakathi kwezintaba ezinkulu, okugqama phakathi kwazo iMount Athabasca kanye ne-Snow Dome. Iphinde ihambisane neMount Andromeda kanye neWilcox Summit.
I-Athabasca Glacier ihlanganisa izifunda zesigodi, kuze kufike e-Columbia Icefield. Le ndawo, iyinsalela yeminyaka yegolide ye-Ice Age. Iqhwa lihamba njalo, lifinyelela kumasentimitha angu-2 ngosuku.
Uma uvakashela i-Athabasca Glacier, awukwazi ukuzibamba kodwa uncome ubuhle benkundla yeqhwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqhubi bezokuvakasha abaningi basendaweni ukuze banikeze ukuhamba okuqondisiwe kuyo yonke i-glacier.
Lokhu kwakheka kwemvelo kuyingxenye yeJasper National Park, evula iminyango yayo phakathi kukaMeyi no-Okthoba, ukuze kujabulele zonke izivakashi zayo. Izisebenzi eziphethe leli paki, zinikeza lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze ujabulele kangcono umfula weqhwa.
Bangakwazi ukuzijwayeza ukuqwala izintaba, njengoba amapaki ayehlelwa kuwo wonke umzila ukuze abantu abaqwala izintaba bajabulele futhi bazi. Bangakwazi futhi ukujabulela indawo enhle yechibi kanye nempophoma.
Kuyo yonke iNyakatho Melika, i-Athabasca iyiqhwa elivame kakhulu, ngenxa yokufinyelela kwayo kalula. Ungafika lapho usuka e-Jasper futhi usuka e-Banff futhi ngo-Highway 93, usuka ezinkundleni zeqhwa.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuvakashela epaki akufanele kwenziwe ngaphandle kokuba khona komhlahlandlela oqinisekisiwe. Lokhu ukuvikela izimpilo zabo, ngenxa yengozi yezingozi.
I-Jökulsárlón Glacier
Leli chibi eliyiqhwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kudlula amahora amangaki, ngeke liyeke ukukushiya ukhubazekile ngaphambi kobuhle obungaka, obakhiwe amabhlogo eqhwa. Bazomangala ezinye izimvu zamanzi ezidlalayo kanye nokudansa kwe-Icebergs.
I-National Natural Park yasungulwa ngo-2008, ngombono wokuphromotha izindimbane zeqhwa ezijoyina ezinye izinguzunga zeqhwa: i-Vatnajökull, i-Skaftafell ne-Jökulsárgljúfur.
Indawo ekhanga kakhulu yaleli paki yizintaba zeqhwa. Lezi ziphuma emabhulokini amakhulu, zingachitha zintanta emanzini, kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezingu-60 ngaphambi kokufika emfuleni i-Jökulsá.
Iqhwa laseJökulsárlón linendawo eyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 m², ukujula okungamamitha angama-300. Uyinsizwa phakathi kwazo zonke izinguzunga zeqhwa, njengoba ingaphansi kweminyaka engu-80 ubudala.
Kulezi zindawo ezinhle, izindawo zakhuthazwa amafilimu:
- I-Tomb Raider, ngo-2001.
- James Bond, ngo-1985 nango-2002.
- Batman, isiqalo.
- Kufriziwe.
- Uchungechunge lwe-Game of Thrones.
Kunezincomo eziningi ukuze ukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele ukuvakasha kwakho kule ndawo enhle. Phakathi kwalezo ezingabalulwa cabangela isikhathi sonyaka abazohamba ngaso, isikhathi sokuhlala, phakathi kokunye.
- Ukuvakasha kufanele kuhlelwe kanye ngosuku, ukuze bakwazi ukujabulela indawo, ngaphandle kokucindezeleka kwesikhathi.
- Uma uya e-Iceland ngenkathi yasehlobo, uzothola ibhonasi eyengeziwe emahoreni okukhanya kwelanga. Njengoba kuyisikhathi lapho ilanga lihlala amahora acwebezelayo.
- Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma benquma ukuhamba ngenkathi yasebusika, ngeke bakwazi ukujabulela ubuhle bechibi. Ngalesi sikhathi imikhumbi ayikwazi ukuhamba.
I-Gray Glacier
Itholakala ngaphakathi kweTorres del Paine National Park. Iqiniso elilula lokuthi bavakashela eGrey Lake kuzoba umbukwane impela. Ihlala igcwele izinguzunga zeqhwa ezintanta yonke indawo.
Uma okufunayo kuwukuthuthukisa i-adrenaline yakho, kufanele ugibele esikebheni futhi ube nenjabulo yokuba seduze nezindonga zala mabhuloki amahle eqhwa.
Ayikho indawo oke wayivakashela ngaphambilini uma iqhathaniswa nalokho amehlo akho azokwazi ukukubona uma ufika kulesi singungungungu esihle seqhwa. Imifantu eyakha ebhulokhini ichaza imigqa eyigugu nengaphindaphindeki.
Zinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogqamile oheha abawubonayo. Ziyimilingo, zikuyisa ezindaweni ezikude, zikwenza ukhohlwe yikho konke okukuzungezile. Ziyakugcwalisa futhi zikuxhumanise, ngamandla avela enkabeni yoMhlaba.
Ukuze bafike eGrey, kufanele bahambe ngomkhumbi besuka ogwini lwasePuerto Natales. Zingafinyelelwa nasemhlabeni, kodwa akukho lutho oluqhathaniswa nokuhamba ngesikebhe.
Uma isikebhe sesifikile esikhumulweni semikhumbi saseGrey Lake, kufanele bawele ibhuloho elimisiwe phezu komfula iPingo. Ngokushintshashintsha okukhiqizwa yimimoya, izivakashi eziningi zithola i-vertigo esabekayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwebhuloho, bazothola indawo enhle enezihlahla kanye nogu lolwandle oluyitshe eliwumbukwane. Emaminithini ambalwa ohambweni ungabona iGrey Lake, nomdanso wayo wamabhulokhi amancane eqhwa.
UJorge Montt Glacier
Le glacier emangalisayo inendawo engu-460 km2 futhi isendleleni yokuhlehla ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-20 ngosuku. Ngenxa yokuthi igeleza iqonde olwandle, ibhekwa njengeqhwa lasolwandle.
Labo abavakashela le ndawo ekhangayo bangajabulela izigigaba ezijabulisayo, ukuxhumana nemvelo. Ukuze ufinyelele i-glacier, izivakashi kufanele zihambe nge-kayak, bese zikhuphuka amagquma ziye ezindaweni zokubuka.
Ukuze ufinyelele kuyo, kufanele uthathe umgwaqo oya e-Tortel cove, uphethe i-Carretera Austral, e-Chile. Uhambo ngomgwaqo lucishe lube amakhilomitha ayi-100. Kodwa kuwufanele ukuthatha lolu hambo.
I-Uppsala Glacier
Le qhwa ibalwa phakathi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ezinkulu zesifunda sase-Argentina. Ingaphezulu layo limboze isigodi, esondliwa iqembu lezinguzunga zeqhwa futhi singaphakathi kweLos Glaciares National Park, e-Argentina.
Ubani ophethe ukutholakala kwayo, kwakuyisazi sokuma komhlaba esazalelwa eSweden uKlaus August Jacobson, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lapho ekanye nesazi sezinto eziphilayo sase-Argentina uFrancisco Pascasio Moreno, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uPerito Moreno.
Iqhwa lingamakhilomitha angu-54 ubude, liyibeka isithathu phakathi kwezinde kunazo zonke eNingizimu Melika.
Ukuze bafike endaweni eyiqhwa, kumelwe bathathe uhambo lwesikebhe besuka eLake Argentino. Ukusuka lapho ungajabulela khona izindawo ezinhle ezimbozwe ama-icebergs.
Uma uvakashela lesi sifunda sase-Upsala, ungakhohlwa ukuza namakhamera akho nezinto zokusebenza zefilimu. Izigqoko noma ama-visors, i-sunscreen, izingubo ezifanele ngokuya ngesizini abavakashela ngaso.
I-Crown Glacier
Amasistimu we-glacial ayingxenye ye-cryosphere futhi i-Venezuela ayinayo nhlobo yalezi zindawo ezinhle. I-La Corona noma i-Humboldt Glacier itholakala eSierra Nevada esifundazweni saseMérida endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-4940 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Le glacier incibilika ngesivinini esisheshayo, uma lo mkhuba uqhubeka lobu buhle bemvelo bungashabalala ngokushesha. Ukwenza lelo zwe libe ngelokuqala eNingizimu Melika ukuphelelwa yiqhwa.
I-Humboldt ibalwa njengeyesibili ephakeme kunazo zonke eVenezuela. Iziqongo zayo ezimazombezombe zikhoselisa iqembu labahlanu abasaphila ezintabeni. Lezi yizinguzunga zeqhwa zaseCorona naseSievers.
Ezinye izinguzunga zeqhwa zincane futhi zitholakala e-Pico Bolívar. Lezi zakhiwo, ngenxa yokuthi zitholakala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ezishisayo, cishe zizonyamalala, ngenxa yomphumela we-greenhouse.
Ukufika ku-Corona Glacier kulula kakhulu. Ingafinyelelwa ngohlelo lwemoto yekhebula ye-Mucumbary, esifundazweni sase-Mérida, noma ngezwe, ukuwela i-Merida moor.
Kulabo abathanda ezokuvakasha okwedlulele, bangakhuphukela phezulu neqembu labaqondisi bezivakashi abasuka e-Parque la Mucuy, edolobheni laseTabay. Lolu hambo luthatha izinsuku ezintathu.
Uhambo ludlula ehlathini lamafu, ludlula eLaguna Coromoto, eLaguna Verde, luze lufike esicongweni. Konke lokhu ngaphansi kokuqondisa kochwepheshe abazokwenza ujabulele lolu hambo lwemilingo ngokugcwele.
Ukubaluleka kwezinguzunga zeqhwa
Iqhwa elitholakala phezu kwezinguzunga zeqhwa lisebenza njengongqimba oluvikelayo. Inesibopho sokuvikela uqweqwe lomhlaba, izilwandle nolwandle.
Lezi zingqimba zeqhwa zinesibopho sokusebenza njengezibonisi ezinkulu, ezixosha amazinga okushisa aphezulu ku-stratosphere, okugcina iplanethi esimweni sezulu esimnandi.
Ukwakheka kwezinguzunga zeqhwa izigidi zeminyaka. Irekhodi elenziwe ososayensi, mayelana nokunyakaza nokuhlehla kwalezi zingqimba ezinkulu zeqhwa. Bavumela ukulinganisa ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezenzeke esimweni sezulu.
Ziyingxenye yendawo enkulu yokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile, yayo yonke iplanethi.Ingxenye yeshumi yeplanethi imbozwe yilezi zinqwaba zeqhwa futhi eziningi zazo zitholakala eningizimu nenkabazwe.
Lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa zingena enkathini yokuncibilika, zinikeza amanzi amaningi emisinga yolwandle. Lezi ziguqulwa ngokwezinga lokushisa, isivinini semisinga yazo kanye namazinga amanzi azo.
Izinguzunga zeqhwa ezincibilikayo zikuthinta kanjani ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle?
Izinqubo zokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa zithinta ngokuqondile ukuphakama kwamazinga eqhwa Ulwandle lwaseCaribbean kanye nezinye izilwandle. Lokhu kuphinde kube nomthelela omkhulu ogwini, ngenxa yokuguguleka kwamanzi.
Izinguzunga zeqhwa zase-Antarctica naseGreenland yizo ezinikeza amanzi amaningi olwandle nolwandle, ngenxa yokuncibilika kwazo. Njengamanje isivinini sokuncibilika siphezulu kunejubane lokugcina.
Uma lo mkhuba uqhubeka eminyakeni embalwa kakhulu, kulindeleke ukuthi ukunyuka kwamazinga amanzi kuzodlula amandla okugcina ezinye ugu. Yini ezodala umonakalo omkhulu Izinhlekelele zemvelo, kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Ingabe ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kungabathinta abantu nesimiso semvelo?
Konke kunembangela nomphumela. Uma ibhalansi ilahlekile komunye wabalingisi bohlelo, ithinta bonke abanye abaphila ndawonye kulelo hlelo.
Izinga elincibilika ngalo iqhwa lasolwandle nezinguzunga zeqhwa, izilwandle nezilwandle kuyobhekana nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi azo. Ngenxa yomphumela wemisinga yolwandle, lawa mazinga okushisa aphezulu azohamba azungeze yonke imizimba yamanzi emhlabeni.
Uma kwenzeka ukungalingani esimweni sezulu samanzi, zonke imvelo zizothinteka, okuholela ekwehleni kokuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba.
Ukuzalana kwezilwane zasolwandle kuzophazamiseka futhi, ngenxa yalokho, nomjikelezo wazo wokuphila. Ukukwazi ukunyamalala ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane esikhathini esingeside kakhulu.
Izizinda eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zizolahleka, ngakho-ke uchungechunge lokudla kwezinhlobo zezilwane, izindawo ezihlala kuzo kanye nokuthuthuka okuvamile kokuphila kuzolahleka.
