I-Las Izintaba, kuhambisana nezimo zemvelo lapho kukhiqizwa khona ukuphakama koqweqwe lomhlaba olungaphezu kwamamitha angu-700. Ukuba namandla okuba indawo lapho imifula emikhulu izalelwa khona futhi iyikhaya lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ePlanethi Yomhlaba. Thola konke mayelana nabo lapha.
Izintaba
I-Las izintaba, yilezo ezakha ukuphakama noma ukuvelela kwezwe, njengomphumela noma umphumela wamandla e-tectonic noma i-orogenesis. Okusho inqubo eyenziwa geologically lapho izintaba zidalwe noma zithuthukiswa, kanye nezintaba eziphezu komhlaba.
Kungenxa yokuthi lezi ziphakama zifinyelele ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-700 ukusuka endaweni ephansi. Bavame ukugxila kulokhu:
- Cordilleras, okuwuchungechunge olubanzi lwezintaba ezixhumene ndawonye.
- Izintaba noma izintaba, okuyiqembu lezintaba lapho isiqongo sazo sithuthukisa umkhondo noma ukusaha noma ukubukeka okuphukile.
Izintaba zona zingaba zincane noma zibe zifushane ngobude, noma zifinyelele amakhilomitha amaningana. Ukhumbula ukuthi ukuphakama kwayo kuhambisana nempendulo, kule ndaba yokwakheka komhlaba, kwabaningi Izimo zemvelo ekhona
Ikuphi intaba ende kunazo zonke eMelika?
Impendulo yalo mbuzo isikisela indawo iphi i-aconcagua, ngenxa yokuthi iPaki Yesifunda ebizwa ngaleli gama yilona elinentaba eneqongo eliphakeme kunawo wonke elirekhodiwe eNingizimu Nenkabazwe YaseNtshonalanga. Ukhumbula ukuthi lokhu kuphakama yikhona okulandela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Hindu Kush-Himalayas (HKH), okuyizinhlelo zezintaba ze-Himalaya, ezise-Asia.
Kuwukuthi i-Aconcagua, itholakala eMnyangweni wase-Las Heras, esiFundazweni sase-Mendoza, e-Argentina Republic. Inobude obungamamitha ayi-6.962 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle (masl). Ihlanganisa uhla lwezintaba Zesistimu ye-Andean futhi izixhumanisi zakhona ziyi-32°39'13″ S 70°00'40″ W. Lapho iminyaka yakhona ye geological ihambisana ne-Miocene.
Umsuka Wezintaba
Umsuka we- izintaba Ihlotshaniswa namandla e-endogenous (i-orogenesis), okuwukunyakaza kwangaphakathi okuvela kuqweqwe loMhlaba. Okube sekushintshwa (okukhiqiza izinguquko), ngezinto ezahlukahlukene zangaphandle njenge:
- Isimo sezulu
- Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi
- Ukuthutha
- Inzungu
- iminyaka yeqhwa, phakathi kwabanye.
Izikhathi Zokwakhiwa Kwezintaba
Izikhathi ezichaza ukwakheka kwezintaba yilezi:
- Isi-Caledonian: Kubhekiselwa ekuphakameni kwezintaba okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-400 edlule.
- I-Hercynian: Ziyizindawo eziphakeme ezenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-270 edlule.
- I-Alpine: Kubhekiselwa ekubunjweni kwezintaba ezakhiqizwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-35 edlule, okungaba ukhahlamba lwezintaba, lapho kungase kube khona noma kungabi khona ukuphakama kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokwe-geologically zithathwa njengezibunjwa ezincane ezisakhuphuka, ezinomsebenzi oqhubekayo.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezintaba
I-Las izintaba, akhiwa ngokulandela ukulandelana okubizwa ngokuthi i-orogenesis, okwenzeka ngemva kokuguqulwa koqweqwe loMhlaba. Ukuthatha lokho ngokuvamile kuwumphumela wokuthintana noma umthelela phakathi kwamapuleti etectonic amabili aphikisanayo. Ukukhiqiza ukugoqa kwe-lithosphere, okuwungqimba olungaphezulu olutholakala eMhlabeni.
Lokhu kukhiqiza izingqimba ezimbili, eziqondiswe ezinhlangothini eziphambene (phezulu naphansi). Ngale ndlela, ukuphakama okuya phezulu, nokunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kwe-tectonic kanye nezici zangaphandle, kugcina kwakhe izintaba.
Izingxenye zeNtaba
Izintaba zibheka izingxenye ezilandelayo, okuyizi:
- Unyawo noma Isisekelo: Kubhekiselwa endaweni esekelayo yentaba, eyenza ingxenye ephansi kakhulu.
- Phezulu, Okuphakeme noma Okuphakeme: Lokhu kuchaza indawo ephakeme kakhulu lapho intaba iphela khona, lapho kuthathwa khona ukubaluleka kokuphakama kwayo okuphezulu.
- I-Hillside noma Isiketi: Kubhekiselwa encazelweni yomthambeka lapho isiqongo sihlangana khona nonyawo lwentaba.
- Isigodi: Kubhekiselwa engxenyeni yomthambeka ephakathi kweziqongo ezimbili ezilandelanayo, okungukuthi, phakathi kwezintaba ezimbili. Ukwakha ukudangala okufushane phakathi kwabo okubuye kubonakale njengosinki. Ukuba ukwehlukana abakutholayo phakathi komunye nomunye.
Izici
Ngokuphathelene nezici, i izintaba chaza okulandelayo:
- Ziyingxenye yokwakheka okujwayelekile.
- Kuyisenzakalo esingokwemvelo lapho ukuphakama koqweqwe lomhlaba kwenzeka.
- Phezulu kwayo kungase kwakheke isiqongo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu.
- Inobukhulu obukhulu kunegquma futhi umqansa wayo ugqame kakhulu kunowegquma.
- Zitholakala noma yikuphi kuPlanethi Yomhlaba.
- Inamandla okwenza ngisho nangaphansi kwezinga lolwandle.
- Zingatholakala zodwa noma zakhe izintaba ezibuye zihlonzwe njengezintaba.
- Akhiwe ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba athathwa njengengxenye yosizo lwasemhlabeni.
- Ziyikhaya lezinhlobo zezilwane ezingenakubalwa.
- Asatshalaliswa okungenani kuma-75% ezizweni eziphelele zomhlaba.
- Kokubili isimo sezulu sendawo okuyo kanye nezitshalo nezilwane zayo kuzoncika ngokukhethekile ekuphakameni kwayo. Ukurekhoda ukuhlukahluka ngokuhlobene nokukhuphuka.
- Ingathuthukisa izinguzunga zeqhwa noma iqhwa ezindaweni eziphakeme.
- Uma ingekho ivame ukumila ihlathi elinamaqabunga abanzi, kanti engxenyeni engenhla iba uhlaza lwehlathi lomhlonyane. Kakade uhlaza seluyindlala ngokuphelele.
Isimo Sezulu saseNtabeni
Isimo sezulu e- izintaba Ngokuvamile kuxhunyaniswa nezinto ezimbili, okuyizi:
- I-Altitude, lapho itholakala khona.
- Ukuphakama, chaza.
Okusho ukuthi lapho intaba iphakeme, izinga lokushisa liyehla futhi ngenxa yalokho kwehla nomfutho. Njengoba lokhu kuchaza ukushintsha kuka-5°C (5 degrees Celsius), ukuya phansi, ngekhilomitha ngalinye elengeziwe lokuphakama.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba intaba ibhekwa, kuvamile ukuqinisekisa ekukhuphukeni kwayo ukuthi Umswakama Iyanda maqondana naleyo eyabhaliswa phansi kwentaba. Lapho futhi, lapho uthola phezulu ungathola ukuthi amanzi nomswakama endaweni kuba yiqhwa. Futhi echaza umoya owomile ogqamile onezimvula ezingazodwa.
Izimila
Uhlaza olukhona ezintabeni lushintsha ngokuphelele futhi luzoxhomeka kokubili isimo sezulu nendawo lapho lutholakala khona. Ukuba nalokho kukho konke kuzo zonke izitshalo ziyashintsha futhi kuhambisana nekhono lazo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ezinyaweni zezintaba, uhlaza luhlala luchichima, nokho, njengoba ukuphakama kushintsha, kuba namandla ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi okumele kumelane nakho. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ukuphakama kwezitshalo kuncipha, okungukuthi, izihlahla ezinkulu zibheke kakhulu ezinyaweni kanye nezihlahla nezindawo ezinotshani zibheke phezulu.
Izilwane zasendle zaseNtabeni
Izilwane ukuthi izintaba, ibuye ihambisane nokuphakama, lapho ukuphakama okuphezulu, okuphansi kokukhona kwezilwane, ngoba ukuvikelwa kwayo okuyinhloko yizitshalo eziqukethe futhi lokhu kuncipha ngokuphakama.
Kuwukuthi izilwane ezesabekayo kakhulu yilezo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinonda kakhulu wezitshalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ukuphakama kukhula, izilwane ziba lula, okungukuthi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezinambuzane ezincane.
Izinhlobo zezintaba
Izinhlobo zezintaba yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Mayelana nobude: Igquma, okuyilona elincane kakhulu futhi lilandelwa yizintaba eziphakathi nendawo nezintaba eziphakeme.
- Ngokusho kwe-Origin: Lezi zentaba-mlilo, okuyimiphumela yokuphuma kwe-lava ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu elibe seliphola. Okugoqiwe, okuwumkhiqizo wephutha le-tectonic futhi eligoqiwe, eliwumphumela wokugoqa okuxhumene namaphutha e-tectonic.
- Kucatshangelwa imodi yeQembu: Ezintabeni, ezihlangana ngobude nezindimbane, ezenza ukuhlangana kwazo ngendlela ewumngcingo, ecindezelwe noma efinyeziwe, egcina ibonakale njengenhlangano eyindilinga.
Inani labantu abahlala kuzo
Imiphumela yocwaningo oluhlukene ibonise ukuthi cishe amaphesenti ayishumi abantu abahlala embulungeni bahlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Ukukhumbula ukuthi lapho ukufinyelela kwezindlu kukhawulelwe kakhulu, izinga lempilo lezakhamuzi liba sengozini nakakhulu.
Lapho ngokwehlukana, imfuneko engokwenyama okufanele laba bantu babe nayo iqinile uma iqhathaniswa nabanye, ngoba ukuphakama akuyena umngane omuhle, maqondana nokusebenza okufanele umzimba womuntu ube nakho. Ukuphakama kokuphakama, i-oxygen ephansi futhi ethonya abanye, ngaphandle kokuthi isidingo se-caloric kufanele sibe sikhulu, ukuze kusize ukulwa nokubanda okumele kubekezelelwe.
Ongoti bayakucacisa ukuthi ezindaweni ezisezintabeni banendawo ekahle yokuhlala, izigodi, ngoba zivikela amagquma, zihlale zinemifula amanzi aqinisekisiwe ngayo futhi umhlaba uvundile, unomsoco kanye nomswakama. .
Ukubaluleka Kwezintaba
Ukubaluleka kwe izintaba ilele eqinisweni lokuthi ngayinye yazo, ukuba khona kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuze imbulunga ithuthukise ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lapho ngaphezu kwalokho okunye okuguquguqukayo okuduma kakhulu, ukuthi ilawula isimo sezulu kanye nezigameko zemimoya.
Isebenza njengesithiyo ngokumelene nokukhuphuka kanye/noma izikhukhula, ukuvimbela ukudlula kweziphepho ezesabekayo. Kanye nalezi, kutholakala ukuthi ziwumthombo onamandla wamanzi, ngoba umthombo wemifula emikhulu uvela ezintabeni.
Kodwa njengoba inezinzuzo ezinkulu, ingase futhi ibangele izinhlekelele, lapho unezintaba ezingenazo uhlaza futhi ezingaqinile. Ukubangela ukudilika komhlaba okucekela phansi yonke into esendleleni yakho, ngezinhlobonhlobo Izinhlobo zomthelela kwezemvelo futhi ngokuvamile ukulahlekelwa ukuphila kwabantu.
Izintaba Eziphakeme kakhulu Emhlabeni
Izintaba eziphakeme kakhulu ngokwezwekazi ngalinye yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Asia: Ephakeme kakhulu e-Asia i-Everest (8.848 masl), ilandelwa i-K2 (8.611 masl) ne-Kanchenjunga (8.598 masl).
- I-America: Ephakeme kakhulu eMelika yi-Aconcagua (amamitha angu-6.962 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle), ilandelwa i-Nevado Ojos del Salado (amamitha angu-6.891 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle) kanye neNtaba iPissis (amamitha angu-6.792 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle).
- I-Afrika: IKilimanjaro (amamitha angu-5.895 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle) iphakeme kakhulu e-Afrika futhi ilandelwa yiNtaba iKenya (amamitha angu-5.199 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle).
- IYurophu: EYurophu, ephakeme kunazo zonke iNtaba i-Elbrus (amamitha angu-5.652 5.205 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle), bese kuba iNtaba iDij-Tau (amamitha angu-5.200 XNUMX ngaphezu kogu lolwandle) neShjara (amamitha angu-XNUMX XNUMX ngaphezu kogu lolwandle).
- I-Antarctica: E-Antarctica intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke yiVinson Massif (4.895 masl), bese kuba yiMount Tyree (4.852 masl) kanye neMount Shinn (4.661 masl).
- I-Oceania: La intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke e-Oceania yiPuncak Jaya (4.884 masl), bese kuba yiPuncak Trikora (4.730 masl) kanye neMauna Kea (4.205 masl).
