Kokubili umsuka kanye ne ukuziphendukela kwezilwane, ziyizihloko eziphikisana kakhulu ezingayeki ukudonsa ukunaka kochwepheshe kuphela, kodwa nakubantu abaningi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunzima ukuziba ukuthi imvelaphi yethu ixhumene nalezi zinkinga. Ngakho-ke kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizocubungula imininingwane.
Izimpawu zePrimate
Kokubili umsuka kanye nokuvela kwezilwane ezinkanyameni ziyizihloko ezidale impikiswano enkulu kanye nokuqagela okuningi kusukela ekuqaleni kophenyo olujabulisayo.
Kodwa uma sifuna ukwazi ziyini izinkawu, dKufanele sikhumbule ukuthi i-Primate Order ingenye yezinkulu futhi ihlanganisa izilwane ezincelisayo ezifana nama-lemurs, ama-tarsier, izinkawu, izinkawu kanye nabantu. Nokho, ingenye esongelwa kakhulu yisandla somuntu.
Kodwa into yokuqala okudingeka siyazi ukuthi yini izilwane zokuqala yini futhiYiziphi izici ababelana ngazo nalezi zamanje? Nokho, kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezikhona zama-primates, kuhlangana izici ezihlukahlukene ezizihlukanisa nazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
Iningi lama-primates esikhathi sethu linomkhuba we-arboreal futhi ngenxa yalokho liye lashintsha imizimba yazo, ukuze zenze umsebenzi wazo wansuku zonke ube lula.
Yile ndlela izinyawo nezandla zabo eziye zashintshwa ngayo ukuze zikwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwamagatsha. Ngaphandle kwabantu, kuyenzeka ukuthi kulezi Izinhlobo zezilwane izinzwane zabo ezinkulu zihlukaniswe kahle kwezinye izinzwane, okubavumela ukuba babambelele ngokuqinile.
Izandla zakhe nazo sezishintshile. Nokho, ukulungiswa okunjalo kuncike ohlotsheni ngalunye, nakuba okubaluleke kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo isithupha esiphikisayo esibavumela ukuba baqonde izinto kangcono, njengoba nje nathi bantu sisenza.
Kodwa akuzona kuphela lezis izici ze-primate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izandla zamalungu alolu hlelo azinazo izinzipho noma izinzipho ezigobile njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Endabeni yakho ziyisicaba ezinomkhawulo oshubile.
iminwe ekhethekile
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iminwe yakho inamaphedi okuthinta nezigxivizo zeminwe. Kubo, ukubaluleka akukhona ukuhlonza, kodwa kunalokho kubasiza ukuba babambelele kangcono emagatsheni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ezintendeni zezandla naseminweni, banento ebizwa ngokuthi Ama-corpuscle kaMeissner. Lokhu kujwayela kubanika umuzwa othuthuke kakhulu wokuthinta.
Esinye isici esihlukanisa ama-primates ukuthi isikhungo sazo samandla adonsela phansi siseduze nemilenze. Lawa okungamaphethelo abaluleke kakhulu kule mashi.
Kulokhu kufanele sengeze ukuthi ithambo lesithende lide kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
Kodwa ukujwayela okukodwa kubalulekile ezimfaneni, kungamehlo azo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, okokuqala, zinkulu kakhulu maqondana nemizimba yazo futhi, endabeni yama-primates asebusuku, zinkulu kakhulu.
Lawa mehlo aphumela ngaphandle namakhulu abangelwa ukuba khona kwe-orbit, engelutho ngaphandle kwethambo elingemuva kweso.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuphambene nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezingabangane basebusuku, ezithembele emizweni eyahlukene ukuze zihambe ebumnyameni.
Elinye iqiniso elibalulekile ukuthi izinzwa ze-optic eziye zavela ekuziphendukeleni kwezilwane zasendle azidluli ngokuphelele ebuchosheni, njengakwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphandle kwama-primates, ulwazi olungena esweni lesokudla lucutshungulwa engxenyeni yesokunxele yobuchopho futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.
izinzwa nobuchopho
Ezinyameni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ulwazi olungena ngeso ngalinye lucutshungulwa nhlangothi zombili zobuchopho. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okunjalo kwezinkawu kuzivuna ngokubona kangcono imvelo.
Esinye isitho somzimba esihlukanisa ama-primates izindlebe zazo. Lokhu kwethula ikholi i-blister yokuzwa, eyakhiwe ngamathambo e-tympanic nawesikhashana, avale kokubili indlebe ephakathi nengaphakathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphunga lincishisiwe, ngakho lo mqondo uyekile ukuba isici esivelele salo Myalelo.
Kodwa uma kukhona okumele kugqanyiswe mayelana nokuvela kwezinkawu, ngokungangabazeki yilokho okwenzeka ebuchosheni bazo. Kuvele ukuthi ubukhulu bazo abuyona into enqumayo, yingakho izilwane eziningi zezilwane ezinobuchopho obuncane kunanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane esincelisayo esivamile.
Ukusho icala elilodwa, amahlengethwa anobuchopho -ngokuhlobene nomzimba wawo- cishe obulingana nowanoma iyiphi inkalakazana.
Okuhlukanisa le ngxenye yomzimba kuma-primates yizinhlobo ezimbili ezingenakuphindwa ze-anatomical phakathi kwazo zonke izilwane. Lezi yimigodi kaSylvia neCalcarina.
Khonamanjalo, imihlathi namazinyo ezidalwa zaloMyalelo azikashintshwa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke zenziwa kanje:
- 36 amazinyo
- 8 incisors
- Ama-canine ama-4
- Ama-premolars ayi-12
- Izinso ezi-12
Umsuka kanye nokuvela kwezinkawu
ukwazir zavela kanjani izinkawu i-debSihamba iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-55 (Ma) sibuyela emuva ukuze sihlangane nesidalwa sasendulo esixhumene kakhulu nofuzo lwezilwane zanamuhla, ezibizwa nangokuthi. ama-euprimates.
Kodwa kwakungeke kuze kube sekuqaleni kweMiocene, 25 Ma edlule, lapho izilwane ezifuze kakhulu zanamuhla ziqala ukubonakala.
Nakuba kukhona uhlobo lwezilwane ezimncane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-archaics, okulinganiselwa ukuthi ziye zavela e-Paleocene -okungukuthi, phakathi kuka-65 no-55 Ma- futhi zifana kakhulu nezinkawu, ukuxhumana okuqondile nezilwane zanamuhla akusavunyelwe.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kulinganiselwa ukuthi lezi zilwane zakudala zahlukana neqembu ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinkawu. Khona-ke zanyamalala ngokuphelele emhlabeni, ngendlela yokuthi azixhumene nazo.
Ngokusho kwezinsalela ezitholakele, ama-euprimates amadala kakhulu abikiwe asevele ekhombisa ukujwayela impilo ye-arboreal. Ngendlela yokuthi bethule izici eziningi ezibalulekile ezihlukanisa lolu hlelo. Lezi zici zihlanganisa ugebhezi, amazinyo kanye nesisekelo samathambo.
Izinsalela ezinjalo zatholwa eNyakatho Melika, kanye naseYurophu nase-Asia.
Esikhundleni salokho, izinsalela zokuqala zalezi zidalwa ngezikhathi ze-Middle Eocene zatholakala eChina. Lezi zimelela okhokho bokuqala bezinkawu, kodwa-ke kakade sezingasekho. Izidalwa ezisaphilayo zezigaba ezingasekho ze-Adapidae ne-Omomyidae kamuva zatholakala e-Egypt.
Inkomba yalezi zinsalela zibhala zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona, ngaphandle kwe i-malagasy lemur. Kulokhu akukho okusalele kokhokho bakhe. Kodwa-ke, kunezinsalela ze-fossilized of the ama-lorisiforms, iqembu lodade.
isehlukaniso esikude
Lawa mathambo atholakala eKenya futhi ahlehlela emuva cishe ku-20 Ma. Kodwa okutholakele okusha kuqinisekisa ukuthi base bevele bekhuphuka kulo mhlaba eminyakeni engama-40 edlule. Lokhu kucacisa ukuthi bobabili i-lemurs kanye ne-lorisiformes bahlukanisa ngaphezu kwe-40 Ma edlule, benza i-suborder eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-strepsirrhines.
Manje, ama-haplorhine, elinye i-suborder of primates, azovela eShayina maphakathi ne-Eocene, kanye ne-infraorder ye-tarsiers. Ngenkathi izinkawu, enye infraorder, ivele ezikhathini ze-Oligocene, 30 Ma ngaphambi kwesikhathi samanje.
Esimeni esiseduze kakhulu, okungukuthi, uhlobo lwe-Homo esiyingxenye yalo, ukubonakala kwayo kubuyela ku-7 Ma e-Afrika.
Kodwa ukuzalwa kwe-bipedalism akukacaci. Kwaziwa ngokuthi insalela yaseKenya okusele amathambo ambalwa kuphela amade okungaphakamisa ikhono elithile lokuhamba ezithweni ezimbili.
I-fossil ecace kakhulu yama-bipeds yangomhla ka-3,4 Ma, ngakho-ke ingaphambili kune-fossil edumile kaLucy noma i-Australopithecus afarensis.
ama-anthropoid
Manje qhubeka ukuhlukaniswa kwezinyamazana, Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunenkolelo yokuthi izinkawu ze-anthropoid zavela kuma-prosimians ngezikhathi ze-Oligocene, ezihlehlela emuva ku-40 Ma. Ukubhalwa kwezinsalela zazo kubonisa ukuthi zazikhona eNingizimu Melika kanye nase-Afrika nase-Asia.
Mayelana nezinkawu zomhlaba omusha, zakha iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi iPlatyrrhini, kanti lezo zezwekazi elidala ziphakathi kwamaCatarrhini.
Lo mehluko wenzeke njengomphumela wokuhlukaniswa phakathi kweMelika ne-Afrika. Lokhu kwaba lapho ubuningi bezwe buhlukana, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha amazwekazi, okwadala imiphetho ehlukene yokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwamaqembu womabili. Umsebenzi owathatha izigidi zeminyaka.
Kodwa uma ama-platyrrhines wonke e-arboreal, phakathi kwabazala babo be-catarrhine kukhona kokubili izinkawu ze-arboreal neziphansi.
I-orangutan, i-gorilla kanye ne-chimpanzee ama-catarrhine anobudlelwane obukhulu kakhulu bofuzo nathi.
ama-hominids
Izinkawu ezinkulu (ama-hominoids). Ngokulandela izakhi zofuzo kuyaziwa ukuthi kokubili izimfene kanye nabantu baphuma edlozini elilodwa. Leli qiniso selivele selingama-6 Ma.
Kumelwe kwazeke ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana zachuma kusukela egatsheni elisifaka kuHomo sapiens. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi yithi sodwa esisindile.
Lokhu kuhlukana kabili kweHominini kuhilela zonke izinhlobo zalesi sidalwa esisondelene kakhulu nathi ngokofuzo kunezimfene. Ikakhulukazi bebengama-bipedal.
Okhokho bethu abaqondile batholakala lapha, okuhlanganisa i-Australopithecus ne-Homo habilis kanye ne-Homo erectus. Ngaphezu kwalabo abangabhekwa "njengabazala" bethu, ngoba bavela ngokufana nathi, amaNeanderthals.
ama-hominids okuqala
Manje sizobona ukuthi yimaphi ama-hominids okuqala okukhona amarekhodi.
I-Australopithecus
Kungenzeka ukuthi usuvele wezwa leli gama. I-hominid edume kakhulu. Imele izinhlobonhlobo ezavela empumalanga ye-Afrika 4 Ma edlule, nakuba yanyamalala 2 Ma edlule.
Zibaluleke kakhulu ukwakha kabusha umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu, ngoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi uhlobo lwe-Homo lwavela kukhokho, 2 Ma edlule. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-Australopithecines inezici eziningi zezinkawu ezinkulu kunabantu besimanje.
I-Paranthropus
Kuyaziwa yibo bonke ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akwenzeki ngendlela eqondile. Ngokuqondene nalolu hlobo lomculo, kuyaziwa ukuthi igatsha elizimele leHominini yethu, nakuba bengathathwa njengokhokho bethu.
I-Paranthropus yayiphila cishe ngo-2.5 Ma edlule futhi yaphela ngo-1 Ma edlule, ngaphandle kokushiya noma iyiphi inzalo, nakuba yayimele isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwezinkawu ngaleso sikhathi.
Homo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqala kohlobo lwe-Homo (us), kubekwe phakathi kuka-2.5 noma 3 Ma. Iminyaka eminingi, u-H. habilis wayebhekwa "njenge-dean" yohlobo, kodwa ngo-2010 kwatholakala ubufakazi bolunye uhlobo. ubudala: H. gautengensis.
Ngokuphathelene ne-australopithecines, izibonelo zohlobo lwe-H. habilis zibonisa izici ezisondelene nalezo zabantu banamuhla. Kule physiognomy, umhlathi omncane we-prognathic uyagqama, ngaphezu kobuchopho obukhulu. Nokho, i-H. habilis yaqhubeka ifana neHominini yakudala, izingalo zayo zizinde ngokulingana nomzimba wayo.
Igama elithi H. habilis kufanele lisinikeze umbono wobuhlakani balesi sidalwa. Kuvele ukuthi kuhlobene namathuluzi amatshe abekwe eduze kwamathambo awo amadala. Ngendlela yokuthi lokho abambiza ngokuthi “indoda enekhono”.
Khona-ke, ukuqhubeka nokuvela kwezinkawu, kuba yithuba le-H. erectus. Lokhu cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1.8 edlule.Abanolwazi bacabanga ukuthi yavela engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Afrika futhi inomlando wokuba ngabokuqala kwabaphilayo ukushiya lelo zwekazi.
Izinsalela zakhe zamathambo ziye zatholwa kukho konke lokho okwakusho indlela yakhe ende: India, China, Java kanye ne-Europe.
ukufana nomuntu wesimanje
Cishe ekupheleni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezilwane, i-H. erectus, ngokungafani no-H. habilis, kakade yabonisa ukufana kwabaningi. Izici zobuntu okwamanje. Ayemakhulu, njengoba ayengafinyeleli ngaphansi kuka-1.85 m ukuphakama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko ongokomzimba kwabobulili obuhlukile wawubonakala kancane kunakubomzala wabo wakudala. Nakuba ingqondo yakhe yayikhudlwana, cishe 775 noma 1,100 cc. Lokhu kusondele kakhulu ku-1,130 noma 1,260 cc wethu namuhla.
Ngokuphathelene nezici zobuso, u-H. erectus wathatha esinye isinyathelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkawu. Kuvele ukuthi yayinekhala elibheke phansi, njengelethu.
Lesi sici kukholakala ukuthi siwushintsho ukuze uphile ezindaweni ezibandayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lokhu kwasiza ukufudumala umoya ngaphambi kokuba ungene emaphashini.
Ngenxa yezinsalela ezitholakele, kucatshangwa ukuthi u-H. erectus wayeyi-hominin yokuqala ukusebenzisa umlilo nokuba “nendlu” ezinzile. Ukuqothulwa kwayo kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-50 edlule, nakuba ngaphandle kokungabaza kwakungenye yezidalwa ezithuthuke kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwezilwane, kwaze kwafika kubantu besikhathi sethu.
Abantu be-Archaic kanye namaHomo sapiens
Ukulandela umkhondo wokuvela kwezinkawu, sesisondela ekupheleni kweketango, lapho umuntu wanamuhla esevele eqala khona. Kukude izimpawu zezinkawu zasendulo, noma ingabe sinephutha?
Kodwa ake sibone ukuthi indaba yethu iphela kanjani.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi uhlobo lwethu lwemvelo luwukuvela kwe-H. erectus, into eyayizokwenzeka eminyakeni engu-500 edlule. Izinsalela ezitholwe kulezo zikhathi ezikude zihlukene, zifana kakhulu neHomo sapiens, nakuba inomehluko obonakalayo kukwakheka kwawo. Laba ngabantu okuthiwa ngama-archaic.
Ama-Archaics ahluka kubantu banamuhla ngezindlela eziningi, ikakhulukazi ogebheni lwekhanda olushubile. Futhi bane-brow ridge evelele kanye nesilevu esifiphele.
Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zakwazi ukuphila emhlabeni kwaze kwaba yiminyaka ephakathi kuka-30 10 no-XNUMX XNUMX edlule. Into enjalo isinika ukuqonda ukuthi sithola ukuhlala nabo isikhathi esithile.
Ekugcineni, ekugcineni kwalendlela ende yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungakaqhubeki, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi asikho isivumelwano sesayensi ngabantu bakudala. Nokho, kukhona ukuthambekela phakathi kwezazi ze-paleontologists, ezizichaza njenge-subspecies ye-H. sapiens.
Ngokwe-nomenclature ye Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic kwezilwane, i-subspecies iqanjwe ngokufaka igama le-subspecies egameni lesayensi. Ngale ndlela, umuntu wesimanje kuzoba ama-Homo sapiens sapiens, kuyilapho ama-archaic asungulwa njenge-Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, i-Homo sapiens heidelbergensis njalonjalo esimweni ngasinye.
Nokho, impikiswano ayipheli. Kodwa akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi ngisho naphezu kokuhlukahluka okungaka, sonke sakha uhlobo olufanayo.