Izifo zikatamatisi, Izinambuzane kanye Nokwelashwa

Izifo zikatamatisi zingenye yezinkinga ezinkulu zabantu abalima noma abanakekela amasimu ezithelo. Yingakho sikumema ukuthi ufunde lesi sihloko lapho izinambuzane nezifo ezihlukahlukene ezihlasela izitshalo zikatamatisi zivezwa, ukuvimbela kwazo kanye nendlela yokuqeda lobu bubi ngendlela yemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali.

Izifo zikatamatisi

Izifo zikatamatisi zingenye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu ama-horticulturists. Yingakho isidingo sokuqaphela ngesikhathi ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-ejenti oluhlasela isitshalo futhi ngaleyo ndlela lukwazi ukusebenza ngesikhathi ukuze kuzuze izitshalo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukusetshenziswa komquba kufaneleka kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kuletha imiphumela yokubambisana, ngoba ukweqisa kwamakhemikhali, ngaphandle kokudala ukumelana, nokuphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibanzi, isithelo siyangcoliswa bese sidliwa abantu, okuletha imiphumela impilo yesikhathi eside.

izinambuzane zikatamatisi

Kunenqwaba yezifo zikatamatisi nezinambuzane eziwuhlasela ngokweqile, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi abantu abaphethe ukulima noma ukunakekela izinsimu zezithelo bazi ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela bahlonze ngendlela efanele futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakwazi ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa okudingekayo ukuze kubulawe amagciwane. . Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezivame ukutholakala ezitshalweni zikatamatisi yilezi:

• Isicabucabu esibomvu (I-Tetranychus urticae)

Iwuhlobo lwezimbuzane ezimila ziphinde zizalane ngaphansi kweqabunga. Lesi zinambuzane sidla izitshalo ezitshalwe endaweni eyomile ezingaba yingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni. Lesi sinambuzane esincane futhi esicishe singabonakali siyisiyingi futhi singaba ngemibala ehlukene: osawolintshi, ophuzi, onsundu, obomvu, oluhlaza ngisho namnyama. Uma zisesimweni sesibungu ziba namapheya angu-3 emilenze futhi lapho seziba i-nymph ikhula ibe ngamapheya angu-4. Ezinsikazini, zinezindawo ezimbili ezimnyama ezingemuva ngemuva kanti eyeduna incane enesisu esicijile kanye nemilenze emide. Ngokuphathelene nombala, zivame ukuphaphatheka.

Ukuxilongwa:

Ukwazi ukuthi isitshalo singcolile, kuyadingeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo lezi zimpawu ezilandelayo: inani elikhulu lamaqanda alezi zibungu libonwa ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, kanye nama-nymphs kanye nabantu abadala, okubangela ukuguquguquka noma amabala aphuzi, angakwazi. kuholela ku-necrosis, kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhula nokukhula kwayo. Amachashazi aphuzi avela endaweni engaphezulu yeqabunga. Ungabona futhi i-spider web ebavikela kuma-acaricides.

•  Impukane emhlophe (I-Trialeurodes vaporariorum kanye ne-Bemisia tabaci) 

Kuyizinambuzane ezidla ngaphansi kweqabunga, okungenye yezitshalo ezivame kakhulu ezitshalweni zikatamatisi, okwenza umonakalo omkhulu. Ihlanganisa izigaba ezi-3 zezibungu, esigabeni sokugcina iba yindilinga futhi ibe phuzi, kulapho ibizwa ngokuthi i-pupa, lapho ikhula ize ifinyelele amehlo amhlophe, abomvu, okuyilapho zithathwa njengabantu abadala. Umzimba wakhe uphuzi. Bavame ukwenza ikoloni izingxenye ezithambile zesitshalo, bazenze buthaka.

Ukuxilongwa:

Izibungu zitholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga amadala, okwenza kube lula ukubonakala kwalawo anesibindi, okuwuhlobo lwesikhunta oluvela ngemva kokuba isitshalo sihlaselwe yilesi zinambuzane, okuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwaso. Lokhu futhi kubangela ukuthi amaqabunga aqale ukubola, aphenduke abephuzi futhi abe necrotic aze awe, kanye nokuvuthwa okungavamile kwesithelo.

• I-Heliothis (i-Helicoverpa armigera)

Lona ohlotsheni lwebhu, owaziwa nangokuthi isibungu seklabishi. Idlula ezigabeni ezingu-6 zezibungu. Zethulwa ziyindilinga ezinombala ophuzi ogqamile oshintsha ube nsundu. Uma sebekhulile bashintsha umbala okhilimu ngebhande elintekenteke elinsundu emaphethelweni. Ezinsikazini zibonakala zinsundu ngokugqamile okusawolintshi kuthi abesilisa babe luhlaza ngokumpunga. Amaqanda abo afakwa ngamunye emahlumela noma efihlekile amaqabunga nezithelo.

Ukuxilongwa:

Izibungu zibanga izimbobo ezithelweni naseduze neziqu, okwenza kungenzeki ukuthi zivuthwe kahle njengoba zivame ukuwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lezi zibungu zilimaza iningi lezithelo nembewu, zibangele izimbobo ezinkulu, yingakho ziba izinambuzane ezingcolile ngokulimaza izitshalo ezinkulu.

• Umvukuzi (Liriomyza spp.)

Lena impukane ejwayele ukushumeka amaphiko ayo engxenyeni encane yesitshalo, ibangele amagalari ngokudla kuwo. Isibungu saso esifakwa ngaphakathi kwensikazi futhi sivezwa simise okweqanda obala, kamuva sibe mhlophe size sibe phuzi ocher, sidlule ku-metamorphosis (i-pupa) ukuze sifinyelele esigabeni sokugcina. Eziduna zincane kunezinsikazi, azihlonyiselwe izindlela zokwenza imigodi, ngakho ezinsikazi zenza umsebenzi ukuze eyeduna ikwazi ukudla kamuva.

Ukuxilongwa: 

Kukhona ukulunywa okwenziwa abavukuzi abadala ukuze bafake izibungu, okwenza amagalari amakhulu avimbele ukuvuthwa kanye nokukhishwa kwezitshalo. Lezi zemibukiso zibonakala engxenyeni engenhla yamaqabunga, nakuba zingabonakala futhi ngaphansi, kamuva okuba yi-necrotic, okuphawulekayo ukunciphisa umthamo we-photosynthetic nokuvumela ukungena kwesikhunta kanye namagciwane.

• I-Aphid (I-Aphis gossypii ne-Myzus persicae)

Lolu hlobo lwezinambuzane aluhlobene nezeze, igama laso lihlotshaniswa nokuthi zimunca ubisi lwesitshalo. Zinamandla amakhulu okuzala okwenza kube esinye sezinambuzane ezibhubhisa kakhulu ku-horticulture. Izinsikazi ziyi-viviparous futhi ukuzala kwazo ku-asexual futhi zingakhiqiza inzalo efika ku-100, ngakho ukwanda kwazo kungafinyelela emazingeni ashaqisayo. Ingavezwa ngemibala ehlukahlukene kusukela eluhlaza, ophuzi, omhlophe noma onsundu, onikezwe ngoqhwaku olude ukuze amunce ijusi yesitshalo. Zitholakala engxenyeni eluhlaza, amagatsha, iziqu kanye namahlumela athambile esitshalo.

Ukuxilongwa: Lapho ukhipha ubisi esitshalweni, kuvame ukugoqa noma ukushwabana. Kukhiqizwa uhlobo oluthile lwama-molasses olungavala iningi lesitshalo futhi luhehe izintuthwane ezilimaza isitshalo. I-petiole ikhubazekile futhi ikhubaza izithelo. Futhi ukuheha abanesibindi. Lesi zinambuzane siyakwazi ukudlulisa amagciwane afana ne-cucumber mosaic. Lesi zinambuzane sande ikakhulukazi ekwindla nasentwasahlobo.

• Uhambo (UFrankliniella occidentalis)

Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-spider mite, iwuhlobo oluncane. Ikhula ngezigaba ezimbili futhi ikhule phakathi kwezicubu zezitshalo, izithelo nezimbali. Zibonakala zimhlophe noma ziphuzi ngokuphaphathekile futhi uma sezikhulile ziba negolide. Njengabantu abadala banamapheya amabili amaphiko. Insikazi ijwayele ukuba nkulu kancane kuneyeduna. Sebephenduke izinambuzane eziyingozi ezitshalweni zikatamatisi, njengoba bekhipha uketshezi kumaseli ezitshalo. Isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwayo yizinsuku ezingu-20, okuzonqunywa ukushisa kwemvelo. I-cuan ingaba phakathi kuka-20 no-30 degrees Celsius.

Lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme, ukukhula ngokushesha. Amaqanda afakwe ku-cuticle yezicubu, achanyuselwa ngokushesha, abe izibungu ezihamba phambili futhi aqale inqubo yawo yokudla ngokushesha.

Ukuxilongwa:

Ezindala zithanda ingxenye engaphezulu yamaqabunga, kanti iminyovu ibheka ngaphansi. Amaqabunga aqala ukubola, kangangokuthi ihlumela alikwazi ukuvuleka. Ngenxa yamathe e-thrips, amabala e-chlorotic (aluhlaza okotshani) aqala ukuvela emaqabunga nasezithelweni ezimhlophe. Indle yalesi sifo ingenza isitshalo nesithelo sibe necrotize.

• Ibhu likatamatisi (Tuta Absoluta)

Leli bhu libuye laziwe nge-tomato armyworm noma iminer, i-lepidoptera noma i-nocturnal butterfly izalela amaqanda afika ku-260 asuka komhlophe abe phuzi futhi kamuva abe mnyama uma sekusondele, ashintshe abe luhlaza ngomugqa omnyama ekhanda. I-pupa yenzeka phansi futhi lapho isikhulile iba nsundu ngokumpunga futhi ibe nama-labial palps agobile. Njengama-thrips, benza amagalari amakhulu emaqabunga, iziqu, nezithelo.

Ukuxilongwa: 

Zishiya izinsalela zendle lapho zenza amagalari, izibungu zinezikhathi lapho ziphuma khona emagalaji. Amabala avela eqabungeni. Izibungu zidla izithelo eziluhlaza kuphela, ziletha izifo ze-cryptogamic, okungukuthi, ukuvela kwesikhunta noma ama-parasites, okubangela ukuthi isithelo sibole, njengoba izimbobo kanye nengaphakathi liphenduka libe mnyama.

Izifo ze-Tomato Virus

Lezi zifo zikatamatisi zisakazwa kakhulu ama-aphid, amathrips kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe. Amagciwane agcina eqeda isitshalo, okuholela ekutheni singakhiqizi. Ikakhulukazi, izimpawu zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zifana kakhulu, yingakho kunconywa izifundo zaselabhorethri. Lapha sisho amanye amagciwane avame kakhulu ezitshalweni zikatamatisi.

• I-tomato black plague noma i-tomato wilt virus (TSWV)

Leli gciwane elaziwa nangokuthi i-suntan virus, lisakazeka kalula ezindaweni ezomile futhi lisakazeka ngokushesha futhi alikwazi ukumelana kakhulu uma lihlaselwa. Iziveza eqabungeni elinezilonda ze-necrotic ezinombala wethusi, nakuba iqala ngezindandatho ze-chlorotic eziba mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuvela uhlobo lomdwebo ongabonakali onemibala ekhanyayo esithelweni, esivimbela ukuba sibe nombala ofanayo ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Ukudluliselwa kwayo ngokuyinhloko ngama-thrips futhi kwenziwa ngokulunywa kwesitshalo esinempilo futhi idluliselwa kusuka kwesinye isitshalo kuya kwesinye.

• I-Tomato Mosaic Virus (TMV)

Igciwane le-mosaic liphakathi kwezifo eziyinhloko zamatamatisi, eziveza ukuguquguquka nokuguqulwa kwesimo, kanye nokubonakala kwezindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ne-chlorotic, isithelo sincishiswa ngosayizi, i-necrosis yangaphakathi nangaphandle; uma kwenzeka amahlamvu ajwayele ukugoqa. Ukuqina kwayo kuzonqunywa ngisho nokuvela kokukhanya kwelanga esitshalweni, izinga lokushisa kanye nenani le-nitrogen eliqukethwe emhlabathini. Ukusabalala kwawo kwenzeka ngokuthinta isitshalo esinesifo esinempilo, imiphumela yomoya noma ngabatshali. Uhlobo lwayo lungagcinwa iminyaka futhi lusuka embewini engcolile.

• I-tomato yellow curl virus, noma i-spoon virus (TYLCV)

Leli gciwane laziwa nangokuthi i-spoon virus, likhubaza ukukhula kwesitshalo kanye nokuncipha kwamaqabunga, lapho i-petiole igoqeka futhi isithelo singafinyeleli ekuvuthweni nombala uvame ukuphaphatheka. Leli gciwane lisakazwa yi-whitefly. Lapho isitshalo sithinteka kakhulu, asikhiqizi izithelo, kodwa uma kwenzeka lapho isithelo sesivele sakhiwe, asithinteki neze.

• I-tomato ringspot virus (TRSV)

Leli gciwane linezinhlobo eziningana futhi lingelinye elicashile kakhulu, lisakazwa kalula lisuka ezitshalweni ezigulayo liye ezitshalweni ezinempilo ngokusebenzisa impova kanye nama-dagger nematodes, uhlobo lwesikelemu esikhona emhlabathini. Lawa mabala angabonakala kakhulu, abephuzi kuze kube kuncipha usayizi wotamatisi. Leli gciwane lingaba khona ezitshalweni ngendlela engabonakali, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula kwalo ngesikhathi, okwenza leli gciwane lingelapheki, okufanele kulindeleke ukuthi linyamalale ngokwalo.

• I-tomato ringspot virus (CMV)

Kulokhu, izitshalo sezivele zikhona amaqabunga aqinile, akhubazekile, okungukuthi, aveza i-necrosis kokubili esiqwini kanye ne-petiole kanye nokuncipha okuphawulekayo kweqabunga leqabunga, elingabangela ukufa kwesitshalo. Ngokuqondene nesithelo, siveza izindandatho eziphuzi ezihlala ngisho nalapho utamatisi usuvuthiwe.

• I-Potato y virus (PVY)

Igciwane lomndeni wakwaPotyviridae. Kubhekwa njengesibili ngokubaluleka kwezifo zikatamatisi, ezibonakala ngokuveza amabala aphuzi kanye necrotic emapheshaneni futhi esithelweni kukhona ubufakazi bokuguqulwa kwe-homogeneity yombala.

Izifo Ezibangelwa Amagciwane Utamatisi

Kucatshangelwa ukuthi amabhaktheriya ayizinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic, okungukuthi, azinayo i-nucleus esebenzisa amanxeba kanye nokuvuleka kwemvelo kwesitshalo ukungena nokufaka okubangela izifo zamatamatisi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyadingeka ukufunda ukuzibona ukuze zihlasele ngokushesha, njengoba zinamandla okubhubhisa enwetshiwe, okubangela i-necrosis nokubola okulandelayo, okudinga ukulawulwa okufanele. Izifo ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• amabala amagciwane (I-Xanthomonas campestris pv. I-Vesicatoria):

Kuyisifo samahlamvu esibhebhetheka ezikhathini ezishisayo nezina, ikakhulukazi ehlisa izinga lesithelo. Izimpawu zayo zifana ne-bacterial freckle. Ibonakala iyichashaza elimnyama, elinemicu elikhula libe ngu-8mm ububanzi, ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni eqabunga.Lapho isimo siba sibi, lesi sitshalo sigcina sesihlubukile (ukuwa kwamaqabunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi). Ingangcolisa isithelo nembewu yaso futhi ithanda izinga lokushisa elifudumele, ukusuka ku-20 kuya ku-30 ​​degrees Celsius. Isakazeka ngembewu ethelelekile, ibonakala ngesonto ngemva kokutheleleka.

• I-bacterial Freckle (I-Pseudomonas syringae p.v. utamatisi):

Leli gciwane lingahlasela noma iyiphi ingxenye yesitshalo, kodwa livame ukuhlala emaqabunga, bese liba esiqwini futhi kamuva esithelweni. Abonakala njengamachashaza anomswakama okuthi kamuva abe necrotic, azungezwe i-halo ephuzi engahlangana ukuze yakhe amachashazi amakhudlwana. Izigaxa ezinsundu ezishonile zivame ukuvela esithelweni, okulimaza kakhulu utamatisi. Inokumelana okukhulu, okusakazeka ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinomswakama kuya ezibandayo. Izimpawu zayo zivela ngemva kwesonto lokutheleleka, ukusakazeka kwaleli bhaktheriya kungenziwa futhi ngokufakelwa kabusha.

• Umdlavuza Wamagciwane (I-Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis)

Lesi ngesinye sezifo zikatamatisi, esaziwa nangokuthi i-vascular necrosis, iyathathelana kakhulu futhi iyabhubhisa. Kubonakala njengokusha emaphethelweni e-lamina kanye ne-necrosis emaqabunga kuze kube sekufeni kwesitshalo. Esithelweni kubonakala njengendawo ewuqweqwe olune-halo emhlophe, njengoba isifo siqhubeka sihlasela isiqu. Ukutheleleka kwayo kunganikezwa ngembewu noma yisithombo (ukufakelwa), uma inhlabathi isingenwe yilesi sifo, i-pathogen ingena esitshalweni ngamanxeba angadalwa umoya osempandeni noma isiqu esihlaselayo. I-bacterium isakazeka ezindaweni ezinomswakama futhi ithanda ukuchelela ngokuchelela.

• I-Potato mildew noma i-late blight (Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora)

Iwuhlobo lwe-parasite olungena ezitshalweni zikatamatisi, iyi-pathogen ekhiqiza ukufiphala kwamaqabunga okuthi ekuqaleni abe namafutha futhi kamuva agcine esenecrotizing iqabunga. Ibonakala kakhulu ngaphansi ngendlela yempushana emhlophe, esiqwini ibonakala isesimweni samachashaza ansundu njengasesithelweni, ekugcineni iba yimbi phezulu ibangele ukubola kanye nephunga elibi.

• I-Oidium (I-Leveillula taurica)

I-powdery mildew noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-blanquilla. Lesi ngesinye sezifo zikatamatisi ezibonakala njengamachashaza amhlophe ngaphansi kweqabunga elivame ukuphenduka i-necrotic phakathi nendawo.Lokhu kubangelwa ukhunta olunegama elifanayo, ukutheleleka kusuka emaqabunga amadala kuya emaqabungeni amancane, Ivimbela ukuvela kwesitshalo, okubangela ukubola futhi, njengomphumela ohlukile, ukushiswa kwezithelo ezivezwa emisebeni yelanga.

• I-Alternariosis noma ukubola kokuqala (Alternaria solani)

Lesi sifo sebhaktheriya se-phytopathogenic esizibonakalisa ezitshalweni ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinomswakama ezinokushisa okuphezulu. Kulesi simo isithelo sivame ukubola, singahlasela namahlamvu kanye nesiqu. Amaqabunga aphuzi avela emaqabunga, bese aphenduka abe nsundu futhi amaqabunga ayawa, amagciwane akhuphukela phezulu, izilonda ziphenduka i-chlorotic halo. Ngokwengxenye yaso, isiqu sivezwa ngokumnyama okude. Ukubhujiswa kwezicubu zeqabunga kungabonakala esithelweni, okuthinta kakhulu izinga likatamatisi.

• Ukubola okumpunga noma isikhunta (I-Botrytis cinerea)

Endabeni yaleli bhaktheriya elisakazeka ngokushesha, livela ngobuningi bezinhlamvu ze-asexual ezibola futhi zikhubaze utamatisi. Ijwayele ukuthambisa isithelo lapho kukhule khona izinwele ezimpunga, okuwukubonakaliswa kwesikhunta. Lokho kuthambisa kuhambisana nefomu elibolayo nelimanzi. Kwenzeka ezimeni ezinomswakama ophezulu. Okungamiswa ngokubeka isithelo ngqo elangeni noma emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, yingakho sithathwa njenge-parasite ebuthakathaka. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, indawo enomoya omuhle kanye nokuthenwa njalo kanye nokubulala amagciwane okulandelanayo nge-fungicide kuyanconywa.

• I-Cladosporiosisfulvia fulva)

Leli gciwane lihlala ngokukhethekile emaqabunga esitshalo sikatamatisi, lapho kubonakala khona amabala aphuzi ngaphansi futhi ohlangothini olungaphezulu luba mpunga. Zisukela emaqabungeni amadala kuya kwelincane, njengoba ukhunta lukhula, amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi futhi agcine ewa. Endabeni yesithelo, izingxenye ziba phuzi ngokuphaphathekile, ezigcina sezibola. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lesi sikhunta singaphila emaqabunga omile atholakala phansi. Yingakho kunconywa ukususa ukhula, ukuphatha inhlabathi lapho imbewu entsha izokhula khona.

• I-Fusarium wilt (I-Fusarium oxysporum)

Lesi sikhunta singesezifo zikatamatisi, uhlobo lwaso oluyinhloko ukubuna okugcina kusibulala isitshalo. Ingena ngempande. Ukuze uthole lesi sikhunta, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukwenze ngokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri ngoba ukubonakaliswa kwayo kufana kakhulu nezinye isikhunta. Endabeni yokuhlasela isiqu, iyakwazi ukwenza i-necrotize imikhumbi, ivimbele isitshalo ukuthi singadli. Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokugwema lesi sifo ukushintshanisa izitshalo nokusebenzisa i-nitrous nitrogen esikhundleni se-ammonia.

• I-anthracnose (I-Colletotrichum spp.)

Endabeni yalesi sikhunta, kuvame kakhulu ukuyithola ezindaweni ezishisayo nezinomswakama, ezibonakala ngezilonda ezimnyama, ezizungezwe umbala ophuzi obonakala ngokungcono ezungeze izinzwa zeqabunga. Ezithelo, lokhu kukhula kutamatisi uma usesikhathini sokuvuthwa futhi izimpawu zawo zibonakala lapho utamatisi usuvuthiwe. Kuvela amabala amnyama namanzi, okubangela ukuthomba nokubola okulandelako.

Ngokuqondene nempande, iphinde ibe mnyama ngombala ize ibole. Ukuze ugweme ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo, kunconywa ukuhlanza inhlabathi kahle, amanzi nokuvundisa, kanye nokususa ukhula noma ukhula.

• Ukugqwala (I-Puccinia graminis)

Lolu uhlobo oluhlaselayo lwesikhunta oluhlasela izitshalo eziningi zasengadini, ikakhulukazi izitshalo zikatamatisi. Ivela kakhulu esimweni sezulu esinemvula kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo. Amaqabunga aqala ukuveza ama-pustules amancane ngaphansi kwawo aphenduka abomvu, awolintshi noma aphuzi aphenduka abe mnyama kancane kancane. Engxenyeni engenhla yeqabunga, ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe kubonakala. Amaqabunga athintekile agcina efa futhi ewa, lapho ukutheleleka kubi kakhulu, cishe ukubola okuphelele kwenzeka, okudala ukufa kwesitshalo, kungavela ngisho nasesithelweni.

Uzigwema Kanjani Izifo Zotamatisi

Izifo zikatamatisi zingabangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka ongathinti izithelo kuphela kodwa namaqabunga, iziqu kanye nama-petioles. Lokhu kubangelwa ukusebenzisana kwamagciwane kanye nemvelo. Ukuze uvimbele ukusakazeka kwezifo ezihlukahlukene, kunconywa ukulandela amathiphu alandelayo:

• Sebenzisa imbewu enempilo, ukuqinisekisa isimo esihle, cwilisa emanzini ashisayo imizuzu embalwa, bese ufaka i-1% ye-sodium hypochlorite isikhathi esiphezulu semizuzu engu-40. Ungasebenzisa futhi i-10% hydrochloric acid amahora ayi-10.
• Gwema ukutshala eduze kwamasimu ashiywe.
• Ukutshala kufanele kuniselwe kuphela lapho kudingekile, kodwa esimweni sezulu esishisayo zama ukusebenzisa izindlela zokunisela ezigcina izinga lokushisa liphansi.
• Yenza izifutho ngenhlanganisela yethusi, i-mancozeb (isibulali-sikhunta esikhethiwe nesine-spectrum esiphezulu esivimbela ukuvela kwesikhunta), i-zinc kanye namanye ama-antibiotic atuswayo.
• Gwema ukusebenza lapho izitshalo zimanzi, lokhu kuzovimbela ukusabalala kwezifo.
• Lahla noma yiziphi izitshalo ezikhombisa izimpawu zesifo.
• Sebenzisa njalo i-Actigard, eyisivikelo sesitshalo esinamandla ngokumelene nezifo ezinjengesikhunta, i-bacteriosis, emuncwa amaqabunga neziqu, isebenze isitshalo ukuze sikhiqize izithelo ezinhle. Kunconywa ukuthi uyisebenzise njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-15 futhi wenze isicelo sokuqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokufakelwa kabusha. Lo mkhiqizo usetshenziswa kangcono ntambama, ngaphambi noma ngemva kwezihlambi zemvula ezilindelekile.
• Kutuswa ukufafaza ngempushana yobisi olukhihliziwe ukuze uvimbele izitshalo ukuthi zingashi ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet.

Ukwelashwa kwemvelo

Omunye wabalingani abangcono kakhulu bokutshala utamatisi ezinsimini zezithelo ezincane ukumnika kukagalikhi, okulwa ngokuphumelelayo nama-aphid, izicabucabu ezibomvu kanye nokubola. Kunconywa ukufafaza izinsuku ezinhlanu zilandelana ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga noma into yokuqala ekuseni.

Ukwelashwa kwe-nettle noma i-horsetail slurry kuphumelela kakhulu ekwelapheni isikhunta, izibungu nama-aphid, kanye nezinye izifo zamatamatisi, ngoba ukuvutshelwa kwawo kudala amabhaktheriya asiza ukulungisa i-nitrogen enhlabathini, ayiguqule ibe ngumanyolo ophilayo. Akunconywa ukulungisa isikhunta ezitsheni zensimbi ngenxa yokugqwala okungakhiqizwa, okulimaza okuqukethwe. Ukulungiselela kwayo kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kusetshenziswe amanzi emvula, uwayeke abiliswe izinsuku ezingu-20, bese wehlisa ilitha ngalinye le-slurry engeza amalitha angu-15 amanzi.

Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo Zotamatisi Okujwayelekile

Izitshalo zikatamatisi zidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ngenxa yenani lezinambuzane, isikhunta kanye nama-bacterium ezingawathola, yingakho kuphakanyiswa ukushintshanisa izitshalo, okungukuthi, uma imifino ikhulile, sebenzisa leyo ndawo izitshalo zikatamatisi, ngale ndlela. i-monocultures kanye nokwanda kwezinambuzane ezithile. Kuyadingeka futhi ukunakekela umhlaba ngomanyolo owanele nomswakama (ngaphandle kokufinyelela izikhukhula), okudingekayo ukuqinisa ukuzala, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokwelashwa kwe-organic ukuze kungaphazamisi ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo. Ukunisela kunconywa ukuthi kwenziwe ngendlela yokuconsa ukulawula inani lamanzi eliwatholayo.

Kunconywa ukususa izingxenye ezithintekile zesitshalo, futhi kwezinye izimo kufanele zisuswe ngokuphelele. Ukuze usebenze emasimini noma emasimini, amathuluzi okusebenza kufanele abulawe amagciwane ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukubhebhetheka kwezifo ezithile. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi akunconywa ukutshala eduze kwama-marigolds ngoba akhanga ama-aphid, ngokungafani ne-basil, okuyi-repellent par excellence hhayi kuphela yalesi sitshalo kodwa nezicabucabu ezibomvu, izibungu nezibungu.

Futhi, ukuvimbela izitshalo ukuthi zingangenwa izintuthwane, ungenza izinyathelo zekhofi futhi ngaleyo ndlela usike indlela yazo, ungasebenzisa futhi i-nettle macerate futhi ugcine lesi sitshalo singenamaqabunga anesifo. Okokugcina, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-nitrogen noma umanyolo kungagcina kukhanga izinambuzane ezithile ezizobhubhisa izitshalo.

 Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo Katamatisi

Ubuwazi ukuthi utamatisi wokuqala eYurophu ayengabomvu kodwa aphuzi, yingakho abhapathizwa njenge-apula legolide futhi abhekwa isikhathi eside njengesithelo esinobuthi. Kwakukhona isitshalo sikatamatisi esinezithelo eziningi emhlabeni esinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-522, notamatisi angu-32000.

Ngokufanayo, utamatisi omkhulu kunawo wonke orekhodiwe emhlabeni unesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-3,51 kanti isitshalo eside kunazo zonke safinyelela kumamitha angu-19,8. Lesi sithelo sakhiwe ngamanzi angama-95% ezinhlobonhlobo zaso ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi. I-tomato ayinayo izinhloso zokupheka kuphela, ibuye ibe nemithi yayo, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo esimweni samadoda kusiza ukugcina ukusebenza okunempilo kwe-prostate.

Ngikumema ukuthi ubuke le vidiyo ezokufundisa ukuthi ungasiphatha kanjani isitshalo sikatamatisi. Cindezela okuthi dlala futhi ufunde okwengeziwe!

Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezitshalo, landela lezi zixhumanisi:

Izinhlobo zezitshalo

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