Izitshalo zimelela omunye wemithombo esemqoka yokudla kwabantu, kunezinhlobo zezithelo ezibalulekile ekudleni kwabantu, esinye sezihlahla ezifunwa kakhulu isihlahla sikalamula, esidume kakhulu ngesithelo saso samawolintshi futhi nokuba isitshalo esikhula kahle. idinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu, njengoba ibhekene nenani elikhulu lezinambuzane ezilimazayo, ngakho-ke ake sifunde ngezifo ezivame kakhulu zesihlahla sikalamula esizichaza esihlokweni esilandelayo.
isihlahla sikalamula
Izitshalo zimelela isici esifanele ekuthuthukisweni kwesintu, ngokuba enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kokuvela komphakathi, kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi banesibopho sokwenza inqubo ye-biochemical ye-photosynthesis, inikeze umoya-mpilo odingekayo kubo bonke. izinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zingenye yemithombo eyinhloko yokudla, ngokuhlinzeka ngezithelo ezifanele ukusetshenziswa komuntu, kulokhu uhlobo lwesihlahla sikalamula luvelele.
Isihlahla sikalamula yisihlahla esincane sezithelo esingapheli (asilahlekelwa amaqabunga awo ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka), isithelo saso saziwa kakhulu ngokuba ne-asidi kanye nephunga elimnandi kakhulu, elisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukudla. Iwuhlobo lwezinhlobo ezinwetshwe emhlabeni wonke, ijwayela kalula izinhlobo zenhlabathi ehlukene futhi imelana nezimo zezulu, nakuba ingavamisile ukuphila ezimweni eziphansi zokushisa.
Lolu hlobo lwesitshalo luyingxenye yomndeni wakwaRutaceae kanye nohlobo lweCitrus, yingakho saziwa ngokuthi iCitrus x Lemon, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezakhiwo zesithelo saso. Ngokusho kocwaningo, bacabanga ukuthi iwuhlobo oludabuka e-Asia esifundeni esisempumalanga, enezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo nama-hybrids anikeza ukuhlukahluka kwesithelo ngokuma nangosayizi.
Isihlahla sikalamula isihlahla esingafinyelela kumamitha ayisi-6 ukuphakama, sinesiqu esincanyana, amaqabunga anesikhumba esithambile esinobukhulu obuphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-10 nonqenqema olumangelengele, sinezimbali ezimhlophe, ezinephunga elimnandi futhi ezivame ukuhluma ngazimbili. (akuvamile ukuba uwedwa); isikhathi esiveza inani elikhulu lezimbali kusentwasahlobo kodwa ama-bulb amaningana angabonwa unyaka wonke.
Isithelo saso, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ulamula, siluhlaza ekuqaleni bese siphenduka sibe phuzi.Sithathwa njengesikhanga kakhulu lesi sihlahla, yingakho sifunwa kakhulu ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene zokondleka kanye nokwelapha, phakathi kwezinye. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunenqwaba yezitshalo eziqinile ezizinikele ekutholeni izithelo zayo futhi zingabonakala nasemasimini amancane njengesitshalo sezithelo zokuhlobisa.
Lolu hlobo lwesihlahla ludinga ukuchayeka ngokwanele elangeni futhi lutshalwe ezindaweni ezishisayo, okugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi lukwazi ukumelana no-6 degrees Celsius kuphela. Kumele iniselwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ehlobo, lapho kungakuhle ukufafaza amaqabunga esitshalo ngamanzi futhi kugcinwe kumanzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Uhlobo lwenhlabathi esetshenziswayo kufanele kube yilo elixutshwe nenhlabathi engu-25%, i-peat engu-25% kanye no-50% wezibi zamaqabunga, nakuba ingashintshwa kalula kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlabathi.
Isihlahla sikalamula sinobuhle obuhle njengesihlahla sezithelo, yingakho sifunwa kakhulu, kodwa sigqamisa iqiniso lokuthi sinezinkinga ezimbili eziphawuleka kakhulu, okokuqala, ukumelana kwaso okuphansi namazinga okushisa aphansi futhi okwesibili, izinambuzane ezivame ukunamathela kuzo. kulula kakhulu, kuletha imiphumela ebulalayo esitshalweni.
Izifo Zesihlahla Solamula
Izihlahla zikalamula ziwuhlobo lwesihlahla samawolintshi esisetshenziswa abantu, okokuqala ukuze bathole izithelo zabo, bamele umthombo oyinhloko wokudla komuntu, kodwa futhi bagqama ngokudinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu ukuze balondoloze izimo zabo zokuphila. isitshalo. Ngokuyinhloko sibhekisela ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni ezinamathela kukho, ngezansi sizoxoxa kancane mayelana nezifo ezinamandla kakhulu zesihlahla sikalamula:
I-Alternaria Alternata
Lolu hlobo lwesifo lukhiqizwa ukhunta i-Alternaria, iwuhlobo lwe-ascomycete fungus, lesi sigaba saziwa kakhulu ngokuba yizifo zezitshalo ezinkulu kakhulu. Kungase futhi kuthinte abantu, ukutholakala ngaphakathi ezindlini futhi kubangele i-rhinitis yokungezwani komzimba futhi kuthinte ngisho namashubhu e-bronchial ukuze kubangele ukuhlaselwa yisifuba somoya. Ziwuhlobo lwesikhunta njengezinhlamvu endaweni futhi zithuthwa ngomoya, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuchayeka kuso okuqhubekayo.
Izinhlamvu ze-Alternaria zilengiswa emoyeni, zihlangana nomhlabathi, izinto, amanzi, futhi ikakhulukazi izitshalo; ngokunamathela kulokhu kwakamuva, ikhiqiza amakoloni amade akhula ngokusobala ngemibala emnyama nempunga, enze isihlahla sibe buthaka size sife. Ukuwohloka kubonakala ekuqaleni emaqabunga futhi ekugcineni esiqwini, kuwuhlobo lwesifo oluthuthuka ngokushesha kakhulu; Kulesi simo, kunconywa ukunciphisa ukuchelela kwesihlahla ukuphulukisa izindawo ezithintekile.
Igciwane Lokudabuka
Lolu hlobo lwesifo lutholakala ku-citrus kuphela, owaziwa nangokuthi ukudabuka kwe-citrus. Kubhekwa njengesifo esiyingozi kunazo zonke esihlahleni sikalamula, ngoba singasibulala lesi sitshalo emasontweni ambalwa. Ibangelwa yigciwane i-Closteroviridae futhi isakazwa ikakhulukazi ama-aphid, iyisinambuzane esincane esifana kakhulu namazeze, adla izitshalo aze azibulale noma azingcolise ngegciwane.
Igciwane lokudabuka linezimpawu ezihlukene kakhulu, okokuqala ngokubheka ubuthakathaka besihlahla, ukukhiqizwa okuphansi kakhulu, ukuqhakaza ngaphandle kwenkathi futhi kungavumeli ukukhula kwaso ukuthi kuqhubeke. Kubhekwa njengegciwane elinobudlova kakhulu, libulala isihlahla ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, nakuba kunezimo lapho isihlahla sewolintshi sifa emasontweni amathathu nje. Alikho ikhambi lalesi sifo, isinyathelo esinconywayo ukugawula isihlahla esihlaselwe yigciwane futhi sishiswe ngaphambi kokungcolisa ezinye izinhlobo.
I-Exocortis
Kuyisifo esisuka ku-citrus exocortis viroid (CEVD) simele isimo esibonakala kakhulu ezihlahleni zewolintshi, esibangelwa ukunganakekeli kahle kwezitshalo zezitshalo. Kuyi-ejenti ye-pathogenic ehlasela kuphela izinhlobo zesihlahla sikalamula, ulamula kanye ne-pummelo, ithinte kuze kufike ezingeni lokukhiqiza izikali kanye nokuqhekeka okuthile endaweni yamagxolo, iphinde ibangele amachashaza aphuzi namanye amahlumela aluhlaza, abe nomthelela ekukhuleni kwesitshalo kuze kube sekupheleni. idala i-dwarfism.
Leli gciwane linciphisa impilo yesitshalo kodwa ligqama ngokuwohloka kancane kakhulu, ngaphezu kokuba nomthelela ekuvunweni kwezihlahla ze-citrus ezithintekile. Ukwelashwa kwalezi zimo kuwukugawula isihlahla bese sishisa, ukugwema ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi singadlulisela igciwane kwezinye izinhlobo eziseduze; Ngendlela efanayo, kuyatuseka ukuthola izinhlobo zezihlahla zikalamula ngaphandle kwegciwane le-exocortis futhi usebenzise amathuluzi okuthena afakwe amagciwane.
I-penicillium
I-Penicillium ithathwa njengesifo esivame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zesihlahla sikalamula, iwuhlobo lokuthinta oluqala ngokuba khona kwesikhunta esiluhlaza noma esimhlophe esithinta lawo malamula awile, lolu hlobo lwesikhunta lwaziwa ngePenicillium Italicum. Lolu hlobo lwesikhunta luthonya kuphela isithelo somuthi, lapho izinhlamvu ezisemoyeni, ezihlala esithelweni esinempilo, zidlula esikhumbeni saso futhi zibole.
Izimpawu eziyinhloko ezivezwa esithelweni amachashaza ayindilinga esikhunta esikhumbeni sesithelo, sisakazeka kuso sonke size sibole. Kubhekwa njengokulula ukubhekana nalolu hlobo lwesifo, ngoba kuphela ukufakwa kwesikhunta esenziwe ngethusi kuyadingeka ukulwa nalolu hlobo lwesikhunta futhi kuncishiswe izingozi zesitshalo.
psoriasis
I-Psoriasis uhlobo lwesifo esisakazwa igciwane elitholakala emoyeni futhi lithinta indawo yangaphandle yesitshalo.Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi lithinta nabantu, lidala izinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu zesikhumba. Endabeni yezitshalo, bethula izikali emagatsheni nasesiqwini, kwamanye amazwe kubhekwa njengokubulalayo ngenxa yethonya lesimo sezulu nesimo sendawo.
Izihlahla zikalamula ezithintwa yilolu hlobo lwesifo zibonakala ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile, lapho ingxenye yamagxolo esihlahla iqala ukuhlukana futhi kungabonwa ngisho ne-gummosis, le yakamuva eyaziwa ngokuphuma okuqhubekayo ngendlela yenjoloba amagatsha naseziqwini, kubhekwa njengohlobo lwesikhunta esithinta ngokungaqondile isikhumba sangaphakathi sesitshalo esivezwayo. Alikho ikhambi eliqondile lalesi sifo, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukukhuhla izindawo ezithintekile bese uzimboza ngomuthi ofanele.
Izinambuzane Zikalamula
Ukuthinteka kwezitshalo kubhekwa njengento engenakugwenywa ngenxa yokuthi zivezwa ukuthintana ngqo nomoya, amanzi kanye nemisebe yelanga, okungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa amabhaktheriya nama-microorganisms athinta izitshalo, kulokhu. sizokwazi ezinye izinambuzane eziyinhloko ezivame ukunamathela ezihlahleni zikalamula futhi zivame kakhulu ezihlahleni zewolintshi:
UMinelayer
Abavukuzi bathathwa njengezibungu zezinambuzane ezivame ukuba nezicubu zamaqabunga njengendawo yazo yemvelo, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni nasezingadini. Ziwuhlobo olunzima kakhulu ukuziqeda ngoba zenza izivikeli zinambuzane ngokudla ngaphakathi kwezicubu zamaqabunga esihlahla, kodwa aziwohloki ngokushesha isihlahla ngoba ziqala ukudla ezindaweni ezinenani elincane le-cellulose.
Izihlahla zikalamula ziyizinhlobo ezithinteka kakhulu abavukuzi bamaqabunga, zithonya ngaphezu kwanoma yini izinhlobo zezihlahla ezinamahlamvu amancane kakhulu. Enye yezimpawu ezisemqoka zokuba khona kwe-leafminer amabala ansundu, lapho amaqabunga agcina egoqeka aze abune futhi awe esihlahleni. Kunezindlela zokulwa kusetshenziswa i-Neem Oil noma amanye amazwe asebenzisa izitshalo zoxhaka ezizungeze lezi zinhlobo ukuze zivikeleke.
Izintwala
Ama-aphid iyinambuzane encane kakhulu (engamasentimitha angu-0,5 ubude) engamalungu omndeni wezinambuzane, afana kakhulu namazeze kodwa i-taxonomy yawo ihluke ngokuphelele, idla izitshalo bese ekugcineni iyazibulala, iyizinambuzane ezinemibala ehlukahlukene kakhulu phakathi kohlaza, ophuzi nophuzi. mnyama. Zimelela esinye sezinambuzane eziyinhloko ezibeka izitshalo engcupheni futhi zithanda kakhulu izihlahla ze-citrus.
Zivela kulezo zindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu wendawo kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-15 degrees Celsius. Zihlala phezu kweziqu zezimbali kanye nemiqumbe yazo, okubangela ukuba zihluleke ukukhiqiza amaqabunga amasha futhi izithelo zazo zithinteke ngenxa yokukhubazeka ngenxa yalokhu azikwazi ukudliwa. Kuyafaneleka ukuyivimbela ngokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane esitshalweni, kodwa uma sezikhona izintwala, ingelashwa nge-Neem Oil.
I-Cottony Mealybug
Ihambisana nohlobo lwesinambuzane esinesimo esisaqanda, ngaphezu kokuba nesembozo se-cottony, lo kasilika unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela amaqanda awo. Iwuhlobo lwezinambuzane ezihlasela izitshalo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisawolintshi nezithela izithelo. I-cottony mealybug ivame kakhulu ezikhathini zasehlobo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nendawo eyomile.
Izitshalo zisebenzisa izikhathi zasehlobo ukuze ziqede ukukhula ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuba zibe nesimo sezulu esibandayo, ngakho-ke kufanele kuqashelwe ngalesi sikhathi ngoba zingathinta kakhulu isitshalo. Noma yiliphi iphutha phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokunakekela isihlahla sikalamula kungabangela ukuthi i-cottony mealybug isihlasele ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwamaqabunga neziqu.
Indlela yokulwa nazo ngokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo lapho ngokuvamile zixutshwa ezingxenyeni ezilinganayo zamanzi kanye ne-isopropyl alcohol, konke lokhu ebhodleleni eliyi-litre, bese kufakwe isipuni sensipho yokuwasha izitsha noma insipho kule ngxube, ekugcineni simboze insipho. ibhodlela futhi ugovuze; Le ngxube kufanele ifuthwe esihlahleni sikalamula njengendlela yokwelapha i-cochineal.
Isicabucabu esibomvu
Isicabucabu esibomvu sihambisana nezimbuzane ezidla izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukahlukene, zilinganisa cishe amasentimitha angu-0,5 futhi zibe nombala obomvu ovame ukuthandwa kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nalezo ezomile ehlobo. Ibonakala ngokukhiqiza ubulembu lapho isinambuzane sisuka eqabungeni siye eqabungeni, yingakho singadideka nezicabucabu.
Azilona uhlobo lwezinambuzane kodwa zingaba yingozi kakhulu, ngoba zingasenza buthaka isitshalo ngokudla njalo kumaseli aso; Lolu hlobo lwezimbuzane luhlala emakoloni atholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, lapho akhiqiza khona imicu kasilika ngobuningi. Kunezindlela zokugwema nokuzilawula futhi lokhu kuwugibe oluphuzi lwe-chromatic, olubekwe eduze kwesihlahla.
Ezinye izinkinga
Isihlahla sikalamula sihambisana nohlobo lwesihlahla samawolintshi esikwazi ukumelana naso kodwa okumele sinakekele ngokucophelela futhi ikakhulukazi ukongiwa kwazo zonke izithelo zaso, kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane zivame ukuhlasela lolu hlobo hhayi ngokwemvelo kodwa ngenxa yamaphutha ekunakekelweni kwawo nokwenza ukuthi zibambelele. ukumgulisa. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zigqanyiswe ngezansi:
Amashidi aphuzi
Kungenye yezinto ezithinta ulamula ezikhona, imizwa eluhlaza yamaqabunga ibonwa futhi lokhu kubangelwa ukuntuleka kwe-iron, ukugwema lobu bunzima uma wenza umquba ucebile kule mineral, ezinye izinto ezingase zidale ukudlula ukuchelela okubangela ukulahlekelwa kwesakhi ngokugeleza, ngokunciphisa imvamisa yokuchelela umuthi uzolulama ngokushesha.
Amaqabunga alahlekelwa umbala
Ukuntuleka kombala wamaqabunga kuyisici esibangelwa ukuntuleka kokukhanya, ngokubeka isitshalo endaweni enokuchayeka okukhulu kokukhanya sizolulama umbala waso wemvelo.
ukuwa kweqabunga
Kunezizathu eziningana eziholela ekuweni kwamaqabunga esihlahleni sikalamula, okuvame kakhulu ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa, ukuchayeka emoyeni, ukuntuleka kwamanzi noma ukufa kwemvelo kwesitshalo; Ukuze unciphise ukulahlekelwa kwamaqabunga esihlahleni, kunconywa ukugcina ukuchelela njalo, ukubeka izindawo ezigxiliwe emaqabunga futhi ugcine kude nemidwebo ebusika.
Isitshalo asikhuli
Uma kwenzeka ingaphakathi ebhodweni, kungabangelwa ukuthi lesi sitshalo asinaso isikhala esengeziwe sokunweba izimpande zaso, ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi sisitshale kahle ngezikhathi zasentwasahlobo lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-15 degrees Celsius. Nakuba uma itholakala emasimini, ukuntuleka kokukhula kungabangelwa ukuntuleka komanyolo, kuhle ukusebenzisa umquba wezilwane noma i-guano.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: