La Imisebe ye-electromagnetic zingamaza kagesi kazibuthe ajatshuliswa izinto ezihlukahlukene ezikhipha ama-athomu, izinhlayiya ezishajiwe, ama-molecule, izimpondo. Inani elikhulu lezinto zikagesi nezintambo zikagesi zineMisebe ye-Electromagnetic.
Iyini i-Electromagnetic Radiation?
La Imisebe ye-electromagnetic Laziwa njengohlobo lokudluliswa kwamandla ngendlela lapho izindawo zikagesi noma kazibuthe zikhipha amagagasi ngendlela yamagagasi.
Ngokusho kwe-wave theory, yonke i-Electromagnetic Radiation inezinto ezibalulekile futhi iziphatha ngendlela ebikezelwayo, I-Electromagnetic Radiation yenziwe ngenkundla kagesi kanye nenkundla kazibuthe, inkambu kagesi ishintsha ngosayizi futhi iqondiswe ngokuhambisana nesiqondiso sokusabalala kwemisebe.
Kungase kubonakale kumangalisa ukuthi lezi zenzakalo ezibonakalayo ezihlukene zikhona ngaphandle futhi zinesisekelo esifanayo se-Electromagnetic Radiation, njengocezu lwento ekhipha imisebe, ishubhu le-X-ray, isibani sokukhipha i-mercury, ithoshi, isitofu esishisayo, njll. isiteshi kanye ne-alternator exhunywe entanjeni kagesi.
Imiphumela yehlukile izinhlobo ze-Electromagnetic Radiation emzimbeni womuntu nazo zihlukile, imisebe ye-gamma kanye i-x-ray wavelength ukungena, kubangele ukulimala kwezicubu, ukukhanya okubonakalayo kubangela ukuzwa okubonakalayo emehlweni, imisebe ye-infrared, iwele emzimbeni womuntu, uwushise, namaza omsakazo kanye nokudlidliza kwe-electromagnetic okuphansi kwe-low-frequency emzimbeni womuntu akuzwakali nhlobo.
Imishini yokuxhumana ihlinzeka ngendawo ye-electromagnetic ngesikhathi sokwamukela nokudlulisa ulwazi futhi ngenxa yokuthi atholakala ebangeni elincane ukusuka kithi, isibonelo, umakhalekhukhwini ngokuvamile useduze nekhanda, ukuminyana okugelezayo kwenkambu ye-electromagnetic kuzoba okuphezulu.
Amahhavini e-microwave anempilo yeshalofu, uma emusha futhi esebenza, ngeke kube khona imisebe ngesikhathi sokusebenza kusuka ngaphandle kwehhavini, uma ubuso bungcolile, umnyango awuhambisani ngokuphelele, khona-ke ukuvikelwa ihhavini ingase ingayeki yonke imisebe futhi ngisho namasimu azongena ezindongeni zekhishi kanye nefulethi lonke noma amakamelo aseduze.
Ama-propiedades
I-Electrodynamics yi-physics ye- Imisebe ye-electromagnetic futhi i-electromagnetism yinto ebonakalayo ehlotshaniswa nethiyori ye-electrodynamics, izindawo zikagesi nezizibuthe zithobela indawo ye-superposition, ngakho-ke insimu ngenxa yanoma iyiphi izinhlayiya ezithile noma indawo kagesi noma kazibuthe ehluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inikela ezinkambini ezikhona endaweni efanayo. ngezinye izizathu.
Futhi, njengoba kuyizinkambu ze-vector, wonke ama-vector enkundla kazibuthe nekagesi ayahlangana ngokuya ngokwengezwa kwe-vector, ngakho-ke ngokwesibonelo kumagagasi okukhanya ahambisanayo amabili noma ngaphezulu angasebenzisana futhi akhe noma acekele phansi, ukuphazamiseka kunikeza i-irradiance echezuka isamba sezingxenye zokukhanya zamaza okukhanya ngamanye.
Njengoba ukukhanya kuyi-oscillation, akuthinti ukuhamba ezindaweni zikagesi ezimile noma kazibuthe endaweni eqondile njenge-vacuum, nokho, emithonjeni yezindaba engaqondile njengamakristalu athile, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasimu okukhanya nogesi kungenzeka kanye nozibuthe omile, lokhu kusebenzisana. faka umphumela we-Faraday kanye nomphumela we-Kerr.
Ku-refraction, igagasi eliphambana lisuka endaweni eyodwa liye kwenye lokuminyana okuhlukile lishintsha isivinini salo nesiqondiso lapho lingena endaweni entsha, isilinganiso sezinkomba ze-refraction zabezindaba sinquma izinga lokuphikiswa, futhi sifinyezwa emthethweni we-Snell.
Ukukhanya kwamaza wamaza ahlanganisiwe kuhlakazekile ku-spectrum ebonakalayo edlula kuprism ngenxa yokuthi ubude begagasi buncike kunkomba ye-refractive ye-prism ephathekayo, okungukuthi, ingxenye ngayinye yegagasi ngaphakathi kokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe inani elihlukile liphindwe kabili.
Ithiyori
UJames Clerk uMaxwell ukhiphe i-waveform kusuka kuzibalo zikagesi nezizibuthe, ngaleyo ndlela ethola imvelo efana negagasi yezindawo zikagesi nezizibuthe kanye nesilinganiso sazo, njengoba ukushesha kwamagagasi kagesi anikezwe i-equation yamagagasi aqondana nesivinini esilinganisiwe sokukhanya, uMaxwell wabonisa. lokho kukhanya ngokwako kuyigagasi, izibalo zikaMaxwell zaqinisekiswa nguHertz ngokuhlola ngamaza omsakazo.
Ngokusho kwezibalo zikaMaxwell, ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kagesi kuhlale kuhlobene nenkundla kazibuthe, eshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu yamagnetic eguquguqukayo ihlotshaniswa nezinguquko ezithile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi endaweni kagesi, kumaza kagesi, izinguquko. emkhakheni kagesi zihlale ziphelezelwa igagasi ensimini kazibuthe ohlangothini olulodwa futhi okuphambene nalokho.
Izinkambu zikazibuthe zingabhekwa njengezinkundla zikagesi kolunye uhlaka lwereferensi futhi nezinkundla zikagesi zingabhekwa njengezizibuthe kolunye uhlaka lwereferensi, kodwa zinencazelo efanayo, njengoba i-physics iyafana kuzo zonke izinhlaka zokubhekisela, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwesikhala nezinguquko zesikhathi kungaphezu kwesifaniso lapha.
misebe engakanani
Inani elincane lezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezihilelekile ekusebenzelaneni, i-photon iyona kuphela i-quantum yokukhanya noma olunye uhlobo lokukhanya. Imisebe ye-electromagneticNgokufanayo, amandla e-electron eboshwe ngaphakathi kwe-athomu anqunywa futhi angaba khona kuphela ngamavelu athile ahlukene.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamathuba amile kususelwa kunqubo yesinyathelo esisodwa ehambelana nethiyori ka-Einstein yokumuncwa nokuphuma kwemisebe, isimiso sikaGauss sisetshenziselwa ukukhomba i-entropy, kanti umthetho wesibili unikeza isimo sokulingana okuguquguqukayo noma umthetho wemisebe I-Quantum Planck Theory, lesi simo asivumelani nombandela wokulingana oguqukayo we-Einstein.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwase kwenziwe intuthuko enkulu kwezesayensi yemvelo, i-Newtonian physics yangaleso sikhathi yamukelwa kabanzi emphakathini wesayensi ngenxa yekhono layo lokuchaza ngokunembile futhi libikezele izenzakalo eziningi.
Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, izazi zefiziksi zathola ukuthi imithetho yemishini yakudala ayisebenzi esikalini se-athomu, futhi ukuhlola okufana nomphumela wesithombe kagesi kwakuphikisana ngokuphelele nemithetho yefiziksi yakudala. yemibono manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-quantum mechanics.
Izimpawu ze-Electromagnetic Radiation
I-Las imisebe i-electromagnetic Banezici ezimbalwa ezithakazelisayo, esizibala ngezansi:
I-Electromagnetic Radiation yenzeka lapho izinhlayiya ze-athomu, njenge-electron, isheshisa inkambu kagesi, ibangele ukuthi isheshise, amagagasi kagesi kanye nezici zawo kuchazwa kafushane kumaphuzu ashiwo ngezansi.
I-Wavelength
Isandiso segagasi saziwa njengebanga eliphakathi kweziqongo eziqhubekayo zamagagasi, ikakhulukazi emaphoyinti kugagasi kazibuthe kagesi noma igagasi lomsindo, lona lifinyelelwa njengebanga lomjikelezo ophelele wokugegetheka.
- C: ijubane lokukhanya
- a: ubude begagasi
- v: imvamisa
C = awu
Ukuvama
Inombolo yemijikelezo ngesekhondi ichazwa ngokuthi imvamisa. Ichazwa ngokuthi u-Hertz, uma u-"E" kungamandla, "h" iwukungashintshi kwe-Planck okulingana no-6.62607 x 10 -34 futhi "v" imvamisa lapho singathola khona ubudlelwano obunikezwe ngezansi.
E = nxa
Ngakho singabona ukuthi imvamisa ilingana ngqo namandla.
Isikhathi
Isikhathi ngokuvamile sibonakala ngophawu 'T'. Isikhathi esiphelele esisithathayo ukuze igagasi lihambe ubude begagasi obu-1.
Isivinini
Ngokuphathelene ne- Imisebe ye-electromagnetic, isivinini ngokuvamile sivezwa ngokuthi:
Isivinini segagasi ku-vacuum ye-electromagnetic wave = 186,282 miles/sekhondi noma 2.99 × 10 8 m/s.
Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Electromagnetic Radiation kanye ne-radioactivity?
Lona uhla olubanzi kakhulu lwe-spectrum ye-electromagnetic njengoba inganqunyelwe amandla aphezulu, imisebe ye-gamma ethambile ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwamandla ngaphakathi kwe-nuclei ye-athomu nangaphezulu, ngesikhathi sokusabela kwenyukliya imisebe ye-gamma ibhubhisa kalula ama-molecule, kuhlanganise ne-biological, kodwa, ngenhlanhla, azidluli emkhathini.
Imisebe ye-Gamma i-Electromagnetic Radiation ene-wavelength emfushane kakhulu, engaphansi kuka-0.1 nm, ekhishwa yinuclei ye-athomu ejabulile ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwemisebe nokusabela kwenyukliya futhi isuselwa ekuncipheni kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhiswayo endabeni, ukubola kwazo, ngemva kokuqothulwa kwamapheya ama-antiparticles, ngemva kwalokho. ukudlula kwezinhlayiya ezishajwa ngokushesha ku- Izinguquko Zekhemikhali Yendaba, emisebe yokukhanya kwe-laser, emkhathini wezinkanyezi.
Imithelela Yebhayoloji Yemisebe ye-Electromagnetic
Amagagasi kanye nemiphumela yezinhlayiyana kuchaza ngokugcwele ukukhishwa nokumuncwa kwe-spectra ye-Electromagnetic Radiation, udaba ukwakheka kwendawo lapho ukukhanya okusakazeka khona kunquma ubunjalo bokumuncwa kanye nobubanzi bemisebe, la mabhande ahambisana namazinga avumelekile wamandla kuma-athomu.
Amabhande amnyama ku-spectrum yokumuncwa abangelwa ama-athomu njengendawo ephakathi nendawo phakathi komthombo nesibukeli, ama-athomu amunca amaza athile okukhanya phakathi kwe-emitter nomtshina abese ewakhipha nhlangothi zonke, kuvela ibhande elimnyama ne umtshina, ngenxa yemisebe ehlakazwe ugongolo.
Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, amabhande amnyama ekukhanyeni okukhishwa inkanyezi ekude abangelwa ama-athomu asemkhathini wenkanyezi, kwenzeka into efanayo emisebeni, ebonakala lapho igesi ephumayo ikhanya ngenxa yokuthakazelisa kwama-athomu nganoma iyiphi indlela. indlela, kuhlanganise nokushisa.
Njengoba ama-electron ehlela emazingeni aphansi wamandla, i-spectrum iphumela ngaphandle, imelela ukweqa phakathi kwamazinga e-electron amandla, kodwa umugqa uyabonakala ngoba futhi ukukhishwa kwenzeka kuphela emandleni athile ngemva kwesasasa.
Isibonelo i-spectrum yokukhishwa kwe-nebulae, njengoba ama-electron ahamba ngokushesha eshesha kakhulu lapho ehlangabezana nesifunda samandla, ngakho anomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza iningi lemvamisa ephezulu Imisebe ye-electromagnetic kubhekwe emvelweni.
Lezi zenzakalo zingasiza ikhemikhali ehlukile ukunquma ukwakheka kwamagesi akhanyisa emuva kanye namagesi akhanyayo, i-spectroscopy inquma ukuthi yiziphi izakhi zamakhemikhali ezihlanganisa inkanyezi ethile, i-spectroscopy nayo isetshenziselwa ukunquma ibanga lenkanyezi esebenzisa ukugudluka kuya kokubomvu.
Imisebe ye-ionizing
Inhloso yalesi sigaba ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngezisekelo zemisebe ye-ionizing Kukho konke, amandla aphuma emthonjeni ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi imisebe, izibonelo zihlanganisa ukushisa noma ukukhanya okuvela ukwakheka kwelanga, ama-microwave avela kuhhavini, ama-X-reyi nemisebe ye-gamma evela ezintweni ezikhipha imisebe.
Kwaziwa nangokuthi imisebe enamandla anele ukuze kuthi lapho kukhona ukusebenzisana ne-athomu, ikwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-electron ahlanganiswe kakhulu ne-orbit ye-athomu, okubangele ukuthi i-athomu inamathisele noma i-ionize.
emisebeni ye-non-ionizing
Imisebe engenzi ionizing isekugcineni kwe-wavelength ende ye-spectrum futhi ingaba namandla anele okujabulisa ama-athomu nama-athomu okubangela ukuba adlidlize ngokushesha, lokhu kusobala kakhulu kuhhavini we-microwave lapho imisebe ibangela ama-molecule amanzi anyakaze ngokushesha okudala ukushisa.
Imisebe engenzi ionizing isukela emisebeni yefrikhwensi ephansi kakhulu, eboniswa kude kwesokunxele, ngefrikhwensi yomsakazo, i-microwave, nezingxenye ezibonakalayo ze-spectrum ebangeni le-ultraviolet.
Izicelo ze-Electromagnetic Radiation
- I-Electromagnetic Radiation ifinyelela ukudluliswa kwamandla nge-vacuum.
- Njengoba amagagasi kazibuthe kagesi edlulisela amandla, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, kuhlanganise nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana.
- I-Electromagnetic Radiation iyisisekelo sokusebenza kwe-radar, yona esetshenziselwa ukuqondisa kanye nokubona ukude ucwaningo lweplanethi yethu enguMhlaba.
- Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet iyisibulala-magciwane ngokwemvelo futhi ibhubhisa amagciwane, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, emoyeni noma emanzini.
- Imisebe ye-infrared isetshenziselwa ukubona ebusuku futhi iwusizo kumakhamera okuphepha.
- Imisebe ye-infrared ibonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa yizikhulu ukubamba isitha.
I-Electromagnetic Radiation isithinta kanjani?
Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi Imisebe ye-electromagnetic inethonya elibi kumuntu, yonke indawo sizungezwe izinto zikagesi zasendlini, izintambo, ukweqisa kwemiphumela enjalo kuhlanganisa nezinguquko kusizinda sokuzivikela komzimba womuntu, okuholela ezifweni ezahlukahlukene ebezingavinjelwa ngokuba sendaweni enjalo futhi imvelo enempilo.
Uhlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi luphinde lube nokuzwela okuphezulu emiphumeleni ye-Electromagnetic Radiation, njengoba kuvezwe yimiphumela yocwaningo.
Imisebe ingadala:
- Ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
- Ukuphazamiseka kokulala.
- Ukukhubazeka okuphawulekayo emsebenzini wokubuka.
- Ukuncipha kwamasosha omzimba, ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene kwezinqubo zokwakha impilo.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yenhliziyo.
