Thola izibonelo eziningi zama-autotrophs kulo lonke lesi sihloko, kodwa hhayi lokhu kuphela, ungafunda futhi ukuthi ziyini, ukubaluleka kwazo nokunye okuningi ongafuni ukukuphuthelwa, ungakhohlwa ukwabelana ngalolu lwazi olubalulekile nabathandekayo bakho.
i-autotrophic organisms
Kusukela esikoleni esiphakeme futhi kwezinye izimo kusukela esikoleni samabanga aphansi, konke okuhlobene nemvelo, izinto eziphilayo, izilwane, izitshalo nokunye okuningi kuyafundwa, phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-autotrophs, lokhu okuyizinga elibaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo okushiwo lokhu. , ngaphandle kwalokhu akukho okunye okunye obekuyoba khona futhi bekungeke kube khona.
Futhi nakuba ezikhathini eziningi kubonakala kusukela sisebancane kakhulu, mhlawumbe kuphuma ekubonweni noma kumane nje kunganikezwa ukubaluleka okufanele ngempela; laba abasemkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo babonwa njengabakhiqizi, kodwa kungani?Kungenxa nje yokuthi laba yilabo abakwaziyo ukuzikhiqizela ukudla noma ukuzikhiqizela ukudla, nabo babalulekile, okusho ukuthi babehlala emhlabeni Ekuqaleni. .
Kodwa bakufeza kanjani lokhu? Kulula kakhulu, bakwenza ngokusebenzisa izinto ezingaphili, ngokuqinisekile uyazibuza ngokwesibonelo, kungaba njalo ngezitshalo, ngoba ngokusobala lezi azinawo amandla okuya noma ukuhambisa ukudla kwazo, ngakho-ke zona ngokwazo ziyakukhiqiza ukuze zizondle. futhi zingafi, kodwa lokhu kubuye kube yisimo samabhaktheriya amaningi kanye nolwelwe, oluncike kwezinye izici ukuze luqhubeke luphila.
Lezi zinto ezingaphili ziguqulwa zibe yizinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile ukuze umzimba wakho usebenze kahle. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuze le nqubo yenzeke ngokuphelele futhi ngokwanele, amanzi kufanele atholakale, kodwa hhayi lokhu kuphela, kodwa futhi kufanele kube nokukhanya kwelanga, i-carbon dioxide noma ezinye izinhlobo ze-inorganic, kanye nosawoti wamaminerali.
Lezi zinokubaluleka okukhulu emvelweni, njengoba zikwazi ukuzikhiqizela ukudla kwazo ngakho-ke zihlala ziphila, kodwa hhayi lokho kuphela, kodwa futhi, zigcina ziphila ezinye izidalwa eziningi eziphilayo okungenzeka ukuthi zidla kuzo, njengesibonelo sabantu. zinganikezwa, ekubeni lezi zinambuzane ze-heterotrophic ezidinga abokuqala ukuba badle.
Bayini?
Lezi zinto eziphilayo sekuxoxiwe ngazo ngokujwayelekile, nokho, umqondo wazo awuzange uchazwe kabanzi, lezi zimane ziyilezo ezikhiqiza uhlobo lwazo lokudla noma umsoco; Ngisho nenqubo eshiwo yokuguqulwa abayenzayo kusukela ku-inorganic kuya ezintweni eziphilayo ibizwa ngokuthi "i-autotrophic nutrition".
Umthamo wayo uphelele ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa imisoco emzimbeni wakho ngokusebenzisa izakhi ze-inorganic, kodwa okokuqala kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iyini i-metabolism, lokhu kuyiqembu lokusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni ukuze kuguqule ukudla kube amandla, okudingekayo ukuze ukwazi ukwenza konke ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ukukhula, ukucabanga nokunye okuningi.
Ngaphakathi kwalezi zinto eziphilayo, imifino ehlukene ifakiwe (isanqante, amazambane, isithombo sebhitrudi, phakathi kwezinye), izitshalo ezihlukene ezisizungezile kanye namabhaktheriya amaningi; Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi eziningi zalezi zidalwa zihlala ezindaweni ezipholile, kodwa kusho ukuthini lokhu? Nokho, yilabo okunezikhathi zokukhanya kwelanga, okungukuthi, imisebe yelanga ingena kuzo isikhathi esithile nangazo zonke izikhathi ezithile.
Lolu hlobo lwezinto eziphilayo alunazo noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesidingo mayelana nezinye izinto eziphilayo, umsoco wazo uzimele; Ngokuqinisekile uyazibuza ukuthi ukukhulelwa kwe "autotrophs" kwavelaphi, ngoba lokhu kuyadingeka ukukhumbula njalo ukuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zenziwe nge-oksijeni, i-carbon, amanzi ne-hydrogen.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuthi ibe nodaba; ukwazi lokhu, izinto eziphilayo okukhulunywa ngazo zadalwa ekuqaleni kwezwe, ukuphila ngokujwayelekile, kuthathwe njengento eyisisekelo noma eyisisekelo futhi elula, eyayiphila nge-photosynthesis, ngokwayo, lapho itholakala khona yonke impilo yezilwane.
Ngaphakathi izibonelo zamaketanga okudla wonke umuntu azi ukuthi lezi zinto eziphilayo njengeziyinhloko, ziyisisekelo saleli chungechunge futhi zibalulekile ukuze kuphile zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Uma zibonwa ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi, lezi ziyakwazi ukushintsha isikhutha, amanzi, usawoti wamaminerali kube ushukela, umoya-mpilo, ushukela kanye nesitashi, ngemisebe yelanga.
Izinhlobo ze-autotrophic organisms
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa izinhlobo zalezi zidalwa ezaziwayo kuze kube yimanje, okuyilezi ezimbili, ama-photoautotrophs kanye nama-chemoautotrophs, ahlukaniswa ngale ndlela ngokwamandla asetshenziswa yilowo nalowo ukuze enze yonke inqubo esesivele ishiwo, eyokuqala ngo kusetshenziswa ukukhanya kwelanga futhi okwesibili ngamandla amakhemikhali, konke kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ezingxenyeni ezilandelayo.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuqala ngezinhlobo ezimbili ze-autotrophic organisms, izici ezithile ezifanele zizochazwa:
Ohlotsheni lwe-chemoautotrophic lokudla okunomsoco, umthombo wekhabhoni awukho, njengaku-photoautotrophic, nokho, okufanayo akwenzeki ngomnikeli we-"e" okuthi esimweni sakamuva "C. i-inorganic (S2-) futhi esimweni sangaphambili, kokubili umthombo wamandla kanye noMnikeli we-"e" yizinhlanganisela ze-inorganic (H2S, fe 2+, CH4, H2 NH4+, NO3, NO2), kodwa esimweni photoautotrophs umthombo wamandla ukukhanya.
Ama-Photoautotrophs
Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, lezi yilabo abathola amandla abo ngokukhanya kwelanga, lapho sikhuluma "ngesithombe" sibhekisela ku "photon", okungukuthi, sitholakala kuso, okuyizo lezo zinhlayiya ezikhiqiza ukukhanya. Ngakho-ke yiyona yokugcina enikeza amandla adingekayo ukuze akwazi ukuzondla ngokwanele futhi aphile esimweni lapho umzimba utholakala khona; konke lokhu nge-photosynthesis.
I-Photosynthesis iqondwa njengokusebenza kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa ezitshalweni ezine-chlorophyll nokuthi ngokukhanya kwelanga kushintsha i-substrate ye-inorganic ye-organic enamandla.
Kulokhu, izibonelo ezicacile zingaba i-algae, amabhaktheriya ahlukene nezitshalo; Iqiniso lokuthi i-photosynthesis ishintsha amanzi asenhlabathini kanye ne-carbon dioxide ibe i-Glucose, okuwuhlobo lukashukela olunikeza amandla emifino nasezitshalweni, akufanele ishiywe eceleni, laba bakamuva basebenzisa i-glucose ukuze bakhiqize i-cellulose abayisebenzisayo. ukwakha izindonga zamaseli nokukhula.
Kodwa emhlabathini akukhona amanzi kuphela kodwa kukhona umoya, ama-microorganisms kanye ne-organic matter, okutholakala ngayo imisoco, kodwa akukhona nje ukuthi kulula kunenkinga encane, kodwa kunezigaba eziningi ngaphakathi kwalokhu kudla okunomsoco, okunjalo. njengokulandelayo:
- imunca izakhamzimba ezingaphili
- Khona-ke amanzi nosawoti aguqulwa abe izindawo eziluhlaza zesitshalo
- Ukushintshana nge-oxygen ne-carbon gas kwenzeka
- Khona-ke i-photosynthesis iyaqala, ithola umoya-mpilo okwesibili.
- Kamuva, ukuthuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo nge-phloem kuqala kuso sonke isitshalo.
- Iqala ukuphefumula kwamaseli okukhiqiza amandla amaseli.
- Futhi ekugcineni, kukhona ukukhishwa kwezinto ezizosuswa yi-metabolism.
i-chemoautotrophs
Ngalolu hlobo, kubhekiselwa kulabo abangathola imisoco noma ukudla kwabo ngokusebenzisa ama-molecule amakhemikhali, kodwa ngobuningi, alawo ohlobo oluncishisiwe lwe-inorganic; Kuphinde kugqanyiswe ukuthi awasebenzisi imisebe yelanga ukuze akwazi ukuzondla noma ukuzondla. Lezi azinayo ikhabhoni kodwa zinawo amandla athile ezidala ngawo ukudla kwazo.
Lolu hlobo luvame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu, okungukuthi, lapho imvelo inamandla khona, ngoba lezi ngokuvamile yizindawo lapho zithola khona amakhemikhali anobuthi azivumela ukuthi zenze i-oxidation. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lwendawo yizintaba-mlilo, lapho kukhona amagciwane aphila kulolu hlobo lwendawo, oxidize isulfure futhi ngaleyo ndlela ondle; iqiniso lempilo yangempela lenzeka eYellowstone lapho kukhona amagciwane enza le nqubo eziphethwini ezishisayo.
Lolu hlobo lomzimba lungahlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Amagciwane e-iron: kulesi simo sokuqala, kubhekiselwa kulezo ezixuba kokubili i-manganese nensimbi ngendlela encishisiwe.
- ama-bacterium nitifying: yilezo ezisebenzisa izinhlanganisela ezincane ze-nitrogen ezingaphili njengendlela yamandla.
- amagciwane esibabule: Ekugcineni kukhona labo abasebenzisa i-hydrogen sulfide ukuze bathole amandla abawadingayo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ekujuleni kwezilwandle zomhlaba kunamagciwane amaningi asebenzisa le nqubo ukuze athole amandla nokudla kwawo, ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo eziseduze kakhulu nama-hydrothermal vents.
Impela uyazibuza ukuthi yini i-hydrothermal vent, ngoba ilula kakhulu futhi yileyo mifantu eyakha ekujuleni, yingakho amanzi ehlungwa lapho aze ahlangane namadwala emazingeni aphezulu, akhiphe amanzi. ukubilisa futhi kubuyela olwandle kodwa kulokhu kunamaminerali aphuma edwaleni elicishe lincibilike njenge-hydrogen sulfide.
Kungani i-autotroph ibalulekile ku-ecosystem?
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko kube nezinkomba ezihlukahlukene zokubaluleka okukhulu lezi zinto eziphilayo ezinazo empilweni yasemhlabeni, ukuba khona kwazo kubalulekile ngisho nalapho kunganikezwa ukubaluleka okudingekayo, ngoba lezi zingamajeneretha ayisisekelo esisekelo sokudla, uma isisekelo sihluleka, umbhoshongo uyabhidlika, ngoba amanye adla amanye, enze umbuthano.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi ziningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezehlukene, zisizakala ngezinto eziningi eziphilayo ukuze ziphile; imifino kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, okungukuthi, ama-autotrophs, adliwa yizilwane ezidla uhlaza, ngoba yizo ezisekela ukudla kwazo ezitshalweni nemifino; lezi zitholakala ngaphakathi kwezinga lesibili leketango lokudla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona Izilwane ezixakile okuyilabo abadla inyama nama-omnivores, laba okuyilabo abadla imifino noma inyama futhi bangaphansi kwesigaba sesithathu sochungechunge lokudla. Ama-Heterotroph angabaxhaphazi bama-autotroph; njalo ukuqala amaketanga okudla nge-autotrophic organism, ngoba yibo abakhiqizayo.
Isibonelo esicacile salokhu yilokho okwenzeka ngotshani obumila emasimini noma kwezinye izindawo, okuyi-autotrophic, edliwa yizilwane ezidla inyama, okuyi-heterotrophic, njengoba kungaba njalo ngezinkomo.
Kulezo zindawo lapho ama-autotroph egcwele kakhulu, kuzoba nezilwane eziningi ezikudlayo futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, uma lezi zehla kanjalo nama-heterotrophs noma ama-carnivores bese kuthi labo abazilandelayo ku-chain chain, kuze kube yilapho i-ecosystem ibhujiswa, injalo kwenzeka lapho amahlathi egawulwa noma eshiswa, izinto eziphilayo eziningi ziyanyamalala ngoba azikwazi ukudla.
Abaningi mhlawumbe bathuthela kwezinye izindawo, okuyizilwane ezibizwa ngezilwane ezihlaselayo, kodwa ezinye eziningi zizomane zife, futhi nokuba izilwane ezihlaselayo kungase kubangele umonakalo omkhulu endaweni ezikuyo nezinga lokuphila kwazo liyowohloka kakhulu.
Izibonelo eziningi ezimele nezici
Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-autotrophs emhlabeni, izitshalo eziluhlaza ziyisibonelo esicacile, ngakho-ke ukuhlukahluka kubanzi ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene ezikhona; kukhona uphayini, ama-oki, iparsley, i-cilantro, ulethisi, i-laurel, ama-hydrangea kanye notshani.
Kodwa lezi akuzona zodwa, ngoba phakathi kolwandle nemifula izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ze-autotrophic nazo zingatholakala, phakathi kwazo okungabalulwa ngazo ulwelwe, lezi ezivame kakhulu futhi lezo ezingabonwa kakhulu yi-algae. iso lomuntu, lapho usondela ogwini noma lapho utshuza emanzini.
Futhi kukhona ama-phytoplanktons, okungafani nalawo angaphambilini, kunzima kakhulu ukubona, ngoba ubukhulu bawo abuvumeli, kodwa futhi buningi olwandle; Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene atholakala olwandle angashiwo, phakathi kwawo kukhona awensimbi nalawo esulfure, angaphambili atholakala emifuleni nasenhlabathini futhi ekugcineni lapho kukhona khona iqoqo le-pyrite.