I-Desert Ecosystem ibhekisela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane ezikwazi ukuphila ezindaweni ezomile ngaphandle kwemvula. Lapho amazinga okushisa eqile futhi enezindawo ezingenalutho, imvelo iyakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokuphila. Kulesi sihloko sethula ukuphila okumangalisayo ogwadule. Ungayeki ukuyifunda, uzomangala.
i-desert ecosystem
Imvelo yasogwadule imelela enye yezinto eziphilayo ezeqisayo ezikhona kule planethi enenhlabathi eyomile nemvula eyivelakancane, okuyenza ibe indawo engenakutholwa ukuphila ngobuningi. Yizindawo lapho okukhona kuyizindunduma zesihlabathi, ngakho izitshalo nezilwane azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Lapha sethula izici ezifanele kakhulu zalezi zindawo eziyinqaba.
Izingwadule
Izingwadule ziyindawo engenabantu nehlala abantu kakhulu emhlabeni, ngenxa yamazinga azo okushisa aphakeme kanye nesenzakalo esicishe siqonde ngqo sokukhanya kwelanga, zenza ukuphila kucishe kungenzeki. Le biome, biotic area noma bioclimatic landscape imele isifunda soMhlaba esiveza ukufana ngokwesimo sezulu, izitshalo nezilwane. Ugwadule luyindawo enenzondo ecishe ingabi nakuphila futhi ayinamoya, kodwa ekwazi ukugcina impilo efana nezitshalo nezilwane esezijwayelane nobunzima besimo sezulu.
Izingwadule eziningi zisezindaweni ezinomfutho ophezulu futhi zihlale zenza kube nzima ukuna. Izingwadule ezinkulu kunazo zonke yilezi: e-Afrika, ugwadule lweSahara, olumele ugwadule lwesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-Arctic ne-Antarctic, izingwadule zase-Arabia ezihlanganisa indawo engaba ngu-2.330.000 km², ethatha cishe yonke inhlonhlo. EMelika Ephakathi ungathola nezingwadule ezifana nese-Arizona emngceleni we-United States neMexico.
Kukhona nezingwadule ezisenyakatho yeChile ezibizwa nge-Atacama; entshonalanga yeBolivia naseningizimu yePeru, okuvela ukuthi iyoma kakhulu emhlabeni. Zonke zitholakala ezindaweni ezikude ukusuka olwandle futhi ikakhulukazi ezisogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika eseningizimu naseNingizimu Melika ezithintwa imisinga yolwandle. Izingwadule zithatha cishe ingxenye yesithathu yobuso bomhlaba, okungukuthi, cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-50. Ezinye zakhiwe phezu kwezingcezu eziyisicaba zetshe elicwebezelayo, ezinye zavela ekunyakazeni kwe-tectonic.
Amazinga okushisa
Amazinga okushisa ezingwadule ayahlukahluka ngenxa yalesi sizathu ahlukaniswa abe yizindawo eziwugwadule noma ezomile, ezinemvula ephakathi kuka-250 kuya ku-500 mm ngonyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo ezomile zinikeza imvula yonyaka phakathi kuka-25 no-250 mm. Futhi ama-hyperharid angase anganikeli imvula iminyaka futhi izinga lokushisa lawo lingaba phezulu kakhulu, njengasendabeni ye-Lut Desert e-Iran, engafinyelela kuma-degree angu-70 emhlabathini.
Okuvame kakhulu ogwadule ukuthi izinga lokushisa layo liyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-40° no-50° kanye neSahara elifinyelela ku-57°, kodwa ebusuku lingehla liye ku-10°. Ngokuphambene, i-Antarctica iwugwadule olukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, olubanda kunawo wonke, elomile kakhulu futhi linomoya ovunguzayo, olunamazinga okushisa angafinyelela ku- -89,2 °C (eyaqoshwa ngo-1983). Nakuba izinga lokushisa elivamile le-Arctic ne-Antarctic lingaba phakathi kuka -20 °.
I-Hydroography
Ku-ecosystem yasogwadule, ukutholakala kwamanzi cishe kuphelile, avela kuphela ngemva kwemvula. Ngenxa yama-anticyclone, umkhathi kulezi zifunda unokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu kunezindawo ezizungezile, ukukhiqiza isimo sezulu esihle, isibhakabhaka esicacile kanye nenkungu ngezikhathi ezithile noma inkungu, ngakho-ke kunemvula encane.
Kodwa zikhona izingwadule lapho amanzi angageleza khona futhi kuthiwa ama-audis. Lokhu kungenxa yezimvula ezimbalwa ezivame ukuphenduka imvula kodwa ngiyazi ukuthi azithathi isikhathi eside ukuthi zome futhi azivamile ukuphelela olwandle.
Izinhlobo Eziyisisekelo Zasogwadule
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingwadule kule planethi, ezishisayo okuyi-Arctic ne-Antarctic, eziyisihlabathi kanye nalezo ezinokushisa okuphezulu, ezakhiwe ikakhulukazi isihlabathi, okuthi ngenxa yesenzo somoya sakhe izindunduma. Siphinde sithole izingwadule ezinamatshe noma ezinamatshe, okuyilezo indawo yazo eyakhiwe ngamatshe noma amatshe.
Kukhona nezingwadule ezifundeni zohwebo noma imimoya eshisayo, maphakathi ne-latitudes, ngenxa yezithiyo ezinomswakama, i-monsoon, umoya osogwini kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-indlandsis, okuyizingwadule ezishisayo noma izindawo eziwugwadule olusenyakatho. Manje, izingwadule ezishisayo yilezo ezitholakala emgqeni wenkabazwe, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eziningi zilolu hlobo, kuhlanganise neSahara.
Izingwadule ezimaphakathi ne-latitude zitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinomfutho womoya ophezulu, kude nemithombo yamanzi. Lezo ze-auger emoyeni oswakeme Ziwumphumela wesenzo sezithiyo ezinkulu zezintaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi izingwadule ezisogwini ezisemaphethelweni ezwekazi futhi ngaphansi komphumela wezinhlelo zomoya eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezibangela isimiso sezulu esingazinzile ngempela.
Lezo ze-monsoon ezikhiqizwa izimiso zomoya zesizini ezizalelwa olwandle futhi zilahlekelwe umswakama wazo njengoba zihamba phezu kweshalofu lezwekazi. Kukhona nezingwadule ezibandayo, ezisezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu nezinemvula encane, nezingwadule ezishisayo. Njengoba amazinga okushisa engaphansi kwezinga elibandayo lamanzi, ayizandiso zeqhwa neqhwa, ngaphandle kwemvula unyaka wonke.
I-Desert Ecosystem Flora
Ngisho nalapho ukuphila ogwadule cishe kungenakwenzeka, kunezimila nezitshalo eziye zakwazi ukujwayela lezi zinhlobo zesimo sezulu, lapho imvula ingekho khona futhi kunomswakama omncane emhlabathini. Lokhu kuphazamisa kakhulu ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo futhi nakakhulu ukuthi zenze inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, endaweni ezungezile yasogwadule, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezivame kakhulu zinephunga elimnandi futhi elimnandi, isici sazo esiyinhloko ukuthi zinezitho ezikhethekile zokugcina amanzi ngamanani amakhulu kunezitshalo ezivamile.
Amaqabunga awo mancane futhi aqinile anameva, asiza ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi. Ngokuqondene nezimpande zawo, zivame ukuba zinkulu futhi zinde ukumboza indawo enkulu futhi zithole amanzi nemisoco. Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu i-biznaga, i-beavertail cactus, i-agave americana, i-banana yucca, i-Organ cactus, i-desert willow, isihlahla sikaJoshua, i-date palm, i-desert sotol, phakathi kwezinye eziningi.
Izilwane ze-Desert Ecosystem
Izilwane ezikhona endaweni ezungezile yasogwadule ziyindlala, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingavamile kanye nezici zezwe ezivezwe lapha. Okuvame ukutholakala ogwadule izilwane ezihuquzelayo ngoba igazi lazo liyabanda, okuzivumela ukuba zilwe namazinga okushisa aphakeme. Ungabona nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane, amabhungane, izintuthwane, ofezela nezicabucabu. Zonke zihlala emigodini ezenza zikwazi ukukhosela emisebeni yelanga enamandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilwane ezincelisayo njengezimpungushe namagundane zingatholakala. Obani isici esiyinhloko uboya obulula kanye nemikhuba yasebusuku.
Ngokufanayo, singathola izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu njengama-dromedaries namakamela, okuyizilwane ezikwazi ukugcina amanzi amaningi emizimbeni yazo, kanye namanani amafutha ukuze ziphile ezikhathini ezimbi lapho ukudla kuba yindlala. Ngokuqondene nezinyoni, ogwadule kunezinyoni ezincane kanti ezinye njengamanqe okugqama kakhulu kwazo ukuthi azinazo izindlala zomjuluko. Eziningi zalezi zilwane ziye zashintsha iwashi lazo lezinto eziphilayo, zakha imikhuba yasebusuku ukuze zikwazi ukusinda emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Phakathi kwezilwane ezivame kakhulu ogwadule amakamela, ama-dromedaries, ama-rattlesnakes, izimfezi zaseGibhithe, odeveli abanameva, ofezela abamnyama, izicabucabu zekamela, amagundane, ama-meerkats, ama-coyotes, izimpungushe zasogwadule, amanqe, amanqe, amajuba, abagijimi abakhulu kanye namaguanaco. Ezingwadule ezibandayo ezivame kakhulu amaphengwini, izimvu zamanzi kanye namabhere amhlophe.
Izingwadule Zomhlaba
Phakathi kwezingwadule ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni zilandelana ngokubaluleka: i-Antarctica, i-Arctic, iSahara, iGobi, iSonora, iKalahari, iNamib, iGreat Sandy Desert, iGreat Victoria Desert, i-Atacama, iKarakum, iNegev, iTaklamakan, i-Arabian Desert, iRub al. - IKhali, Ugwadule LwaseSiriya, Ugwadule LwaseJudiya, Ugwadule Lwase-Arabia kanye neNtaba yaseXerophilous neSinayi.
Amaqiniso amnandi
Ubuwazi ukuthi izinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zempungushe emhlabeni zihlala eSahara? Indawo enosawoti enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni iChott el Djerid, ichibi elino-7.000 km2. Engxenyeni enkulu yeSahara, i-rose yaseJeriko itholakala, lesi sitshalo esimelana kakhulu, lapho somile, amagatsha aso ayafinyela futhi sakhe ibhola. Ingaba kuleso simo iminyaka kodwa uma ithola amanzi noma umswakamo ithele amanzi bese ibuyela esimweni sayo sakuqala. Ugwadule lwase-arctic yilona lodwa emhlabeni olungenazo izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izingxenye alizange line noma lineqhwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule.
EChile kunogwadule lwase-Atacama, lapho ososayensi bengenawo amarekhodi okuthi lake lana lapho, ngaphezu kokuba nezindawo osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 zikhona. Umhlabathi ovundile uba ugwadule ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi namadlelo angakhethi.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezingwadule, izitshalo zazo, izilwane kanye nezici eziyinhloko, bukela ividiyo elandelayo.
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