Ingabe ufuna ukwazi konke mayelana izibankwakazi zasemanzini? Ngakho awukwazi ukuphuthelwa lonke lolu lwazi; Uzothola indlela yazo yokudla, ukuthi zavela kanjani, izinhlobo zazo ezihlukene namagama.
Izibankwakazi zasemanzini noma zasolwandle
Ukukhuluma ngezinga lesayensi lama-dinosaurs asemanzini kuthathwa njengokungalungile ngandlela thize, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-dinosaurs eqiniso ayehlala emhlabeni kuphela. Kodwa hhayi lokhu kuphela, kodwa ungabona isakhiwo enqulwini lezi zilwane zasolwandle ezazingenazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungatholakala ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ayeyingxenye yama-Archosaurs ayesemhlabeni wenkathi ye-Mesozoic, ngakho-ke lokhu akuvumelani nokukwazi ukubiza ngokuthi ama-dinosaurs olwandle.
Uma ubheka impilo yasolwandle eminyakeni lapho ama-dinosaur ayekhona, yayihlaselwe izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezazizinkulu, kangangokuthi okwamanje zazikwazi ukugwinya ushaka omkhulu omhlophe ngokuluma kanye. Lezi zazibhekwa njengezilwane ezidla ezinye ezaziphezulu ohlwini lokudla.
Umsuka wama-dinosaurs asemanzini noma olwandle
Ngokusho kwedatha yesayensi neyomlando, kutholakala ukuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle zaqala ukuphila kwazo enkathini ye-Triassic, okusho ukuthi yayingaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amabili edlule; Idatha enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwayo i-Plesiosaur enentamo ende, nokho, kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi lokhu kwakungenjalo, kodwa ukuthi lokhu kwakungumlingani we-monster ye-Loch Ness.
Lezi zihlanganisa ama-ichthyosaur, abuye abizwe ngokuthi izibankwa zezinhlanzi. Ngesikhathi lapho ukushabalala okukhulu kwePermian kwenzeka, okuningi kwezilwane zasolwandle zalahleka njengoba kwaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ukuze kamuva kwafika impilo entsha engaziwa ngaleso sikhathi, phakathi kwayo osekushiwo kakade, ichthyosaur, ababengabokuqala.
Lesi sakamuva singakala okungenani amayintshi angamashumi amathathu nambili futhi okungenani sibe amashumi ayisikhombisa nambili.
Ukudla kwama-dinosaurs asemanzini?
Ngokuvamile kuba omunye wemibuzo emikhulu kanye nelukuluku eliphakamayo mayelana nalezi zilwane, futhi impendulo iwukuthi kucatshangwa, ngokusho kwedatha eqoqwe kuze kube manje, ukuthi zaziyizilwane ezidla inyama, ngakho zazidla ezinye izinhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane, ama-squid kanye nezilwane ezifuywayo. ezinye izilwane ezazihlala phansi olwandle.
Eminye imininingwane iqinisekisa ukuthi badla ama-mollusk nezidalwa ezincane, ososayensi ngemuva kocwaningo olude nokuhlola bathole ukuthi kukhona ama-plesiosaur "abengadla phansi", okusho ukuthi badla iminenke nama-clams.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zangaphambi komlando
Ulwandle luyindawo yonke efihla noma yiziphi izidalwa kuze kube namuhla nazo zonke intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ezingaziwa, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kanye nokuhamba okuqhubekayo lezi zidalwa ezinakho.
Kuze kube manje, sekutholwe okungenani izinhlobo eziyikhulu ezihlukene zama-ichthyosaur, okucaciswe ukuthi zaziyingxenye yezilwane ezihuquzelayo, phakathi kwazo kukhona iBesanosaurus kanye ne-Ophthalmosaurus; uzothola nezinye eziningi izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs
Njengoba lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izibankwakazi zasolwandle kwakuhlolwa, kwafika ama- plesiosaur, ayephila ngokudla izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane ezincane. Zazibizwa ngokuthi izinyoka zasolwandle ezavela enkathini yeMesozoic, zazinde kakhulu. Ake sibone okulandelayo, uhlu olulandelayo lwama-dinosaur asemanzini
ichthyosaur
Lesi silwane sasolwandle sasihlala enkathini yeJurassic, esukela eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili edlule, idatha yamanje iveze ukuthi yayihlala ezindaweni eziningi zolwandle ezizungeze iplanethi. Kwakuyisilwane esasidla inyama, okungukuthi, ngeyendlu Izibankwakazi ezidla inyama futhi yayinobude obucishe bube ngamamitha amabili futhi inesisindo esiphakathi kwamakhilogremu angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nambili.
Igama laso lisho isibankwa senhlanzi, kuyatholakala ukuthi ngandlela thize leli yidlozi lamahlengethwa njengoba aziwa namuhla. Amathambo amehlo akhe omabili nawezindlebe zakhe ayemade kakhulu, ngakho zombili izinzwa zazithuthuke kakhulu; Kuphinde kubhekwe ukuthi ikwazi ukubhukuda ngesivinini esiphezulu, ifinyelele amakhilomitha angamashumi amane ngehora.
I-Askeptosaurus
Lokhu kusungula ukuthi yayikhona enkathini ye-Triassic eyenzeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili namashumi amathathu nanhlanu edlule, lokhu ngokungafani nedlule kwakungatholakali kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, kodwa kwakutholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseYurophu njenge-Italy neSwitzerland , ukuzibonakalisa ngokwalokho okutholwe yizinsalela; Badla ikakhulukazi inyama.
Yayiyimitha eyodwa ubude namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nantathu futhi isisindo sayo sasiphakathi kwamakhilogremu angamashumi amabili nantathu namashumi amathathu nambili. Nakuba izindawo eziyinhloko zihlala ezwekazini lase-Europe, akushiwo ukuthi zithuthele kwezinye izindawo. Inqubo yazo yayivame ukwenzeka emanzini futhi zaziphumela nje emhlabathini owomile ukuze zifukamele amaqanda azo.
I-Elasmosaurus
Lona kakade waphila ukuze aqedele inkathi yeCretaceous eyenzeka kancane kuneyangaphambili, ibala iminyaka engaphezudlwana kwezigidi ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule.
Njengowokuqala noma ochazwe, kulinganiselwa ukuthi yayihlala kuzo zonke izilwandle ezimboze umhlaba, ukudla kwayo kwakusekelwe enyameni, ingaba cishe ngamamitha ayishumi nane ubude nesisindo sayo cishe amakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane ezimbili, kodwa yayingafinyelela izinkulungwane ezintathu
Igama laso lisho iribhoni isibankwa, umndeni waso ubizwa ngokuthi Elasmosauridae; Yayinamathambo omgogodla angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanye, ikhanda layo liyisicaba futhi amazinyo ayo ehlangene. Amaphiko ayemise okwezigwedlo, ngakho ayewusizo kakhulu ekuhambeni emanzini.
UMegalodon
Isikhathi saso sisondele nakakhulu kunabo bonke laba okukhulunywe ngenhla, njengoba ihlala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili edlule, isikhathi esaziwa ngokuthi i-Oligocene. Lokhu futhi kwasakazwa kuzo zonke izilwandle. Kwakungokwe-oda elibizwa ngokuthi amaLamniformes. Ingabe yena i-dinosaur enkulu yolwandle
Ubude balezi zinto bungabekwa phakathi kwamamitha ayishumi nanhlanu namashumi amabili futhi bungaba nesisindo esingamathani angamashumi amahlanu, ukudla kwabo kwakusekelwe enyameni. Kuthiwa iwuhlobo lukashaka, nalo oluphile isikhathi eside ngoba lunekhono lokujwayela ulwandle oluhlukene.
Ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezidla ezinye eziyingozi kunazo zonke ezikhona, igama layo lisho izinyo elikhulu, lokhu kuwumfanekiso ocacile futhi onembile wokubukeka kwayo ngokomzimba.
I-Liopleurodon
Isikhathi lapho le dinosaur yasemanzini yayikhona yiJurassic, okungukuthi, eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu namashumi amane nane edlule. Izinsalela zayo zitholwe ezweni laseFrance laseYurophu, ingeye-oda elibizwa nge-Pliosauridae.
Yayinobude obungamamitha okungenani angamashumi amathathu futhi yayingaba nesisindo esingamathani ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu, yayidla inyama kuphela. Ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezidla inyama ezinkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni, yayiyimbangi yezinye izilwane eziningi eyabangela ukwesaba okukhulu, amazinyo ayo ayebukhali kakhulu nomlomo wayo mkhulu ngokwedlulele.
Ukushesha kwakhe emanzini kwakumangalisa, wayedla ngisho nenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke, esebenzisa amasu angenangqondo.
I-Kronosaurus
Enye ye ama-dinosaurs amanzi, yayiphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu edlule, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Lower Cretaceous. Izinsalela zayo ziye zatholakala ezindaweni zaseNingizimu Melika nase-Australia. Ukuhleleka kwayo yileyo ebizwa ngokuthi i-plesiosauria. Yayinobude obucishe bube ngamamitha ayishumi nanye futhi ngokwesisindo sayo okungenani yayingamathani ayishumi nambili, ukudla kwayo kwakusekelwe enyameni efana neyangaphambili.
Izinsalela zayo zatholakala ezilwandle zomhlaba, igama layo laqanjwa uNkulunkulu kronos, kuthiwa liyisihlobo esikude sezingwenya ngenxa yokufana kwazo okukhulu ngokomzimba, zombili zinde kakhulu futhi imihlathi yazo ifana kakhulu. .
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ikhanda layo lalinamandla amakhulu, ngemihlathi yalo yabamba inyamazane eyayizodliwa, yawachoboza amathambo ayo; Kutholakale amatshe esiswini sakhe.
I-Livyatan melvillei
Isikhathi aphila kuso sibizwa ngokuthi iMiocene, esukela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi nanhlanu edlule; izinsalela zayo zitholwe ePeru futhi ziveze ukuthi zazinobude okungenani obungamamitha ayishumi nesikhombisa nengxenye.
Ukuhleleka kwayo kubizwa ngokuthi iPhyseteroidea; isisindo sawo sasicishe sibe amathani angamashumi amathathu futhi ukudla kwawo kwakuyinyama kuphela.
Amazinyo alawa yiwona okuze kube manje asenamarekhodi amaningi, ngawo angadabula noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenyama kwazise ayengamasentimitha angamashumi amathathu nesithupha ubude. Ikhanda layo laliyisicaba futhi amathambo ayo aqinile futhi amelana kakhulu.
I-Dunkleosteus
Enye yezibankwakazi zasemanzini, isikhathi sokuba khona kwayo kuleyo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Upper Devonian, esukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalombili edlule, izinsalela zayo zamathambo zitholakale eNyakatho Melika, e-Afrika naseYurophu. Bayingxenye ye-oda ebizwa ngokuthi i-Arthorida. Ubude bawo babungaba amamitha ayishumi futhi isisindo sawo singamathani ayisithupha.
Ukudla kwakhe kwakusekelwe enyameni, wayeyinhlanzi yezikhali, umzimba wakhe wawumbozwe amapuleti angamathambo ayewusizo kakhulu kuye, kwazise ayemsebenzela ukuzivikela ekuhlaselweni kwezinye izilwane; Baze babizwe ngezilwane ezidla abantu. Ubukhulu bamaphiko ayo babungemkhulu kangako, ngaphandle komsila wayo owawungaba nobude obuyimitha elilodwa.
i-pliosaurus
Isikhathi sokuba khona kwalezi dinosaur zasemanzini sasingaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu nanhlanu edlule, kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Upper Jurassic. Izinsalela zalolu hlobo ziye zatholakala emhlabeni wonke, kungokwalabo oda ngokuthi Pilosauridae; ubude bawo babucishe bube ngamamitha ayishumi kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu.
Yayingase nesisindo esingamathani ayisishiyagalombili ize ifinyelele eshumini nambili, yayidla inyama kuphela; zibhekwa njengezingezinye zezinde kakhulu ezatholwa ezingeni lesayensi; Kucatshangelwa ukuthi yayinonya, ngakho yayidinga izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ukuze idle.
I-Eurypterida
Isikhathi sokuba khona kwayo yiminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amane edlule, ibiza lesi sikhathi ngokuthi i-Lower Devonian; izinsalela zayo ziye zatholakala eJalimane; Ingaba namamitha amathathu ubude. Yayingeye-oda i-Euryterida, yayinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili futhi ukudla kwayo kwakuwukudla okudliwayo.
Ngokwe-coloquially ibizwa nge-sea scorpion, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yayinezinyosi, ezazisetshenziselwa ukuhlasela izitha zayo nokuzingela ukudla. Kukholakala ukuthi njengoba iminyaka idlula ubukhulu balolu hlobo bebuncipha.
I-Hesperornis
Ukuba khona kwayo kwenzeka eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu edlule; ubude bayo bungafinyelela amayintshi ayisithupha; yayikwazi ukudla izinhlanzi, i-belemnites, ama-ammonite nokunye. Kuze kube manje, izinsalela zamathambo zitholakala kuphela eNyakatho Melika.
Lena enye yezinyoni okuthiwa zinamazinyo, nokho, yayingakwazi ukundiza noma ukuhamba kahle, isikhathi esiningi sempilo yayo yaphelela olwandle, yayihamba iye ezweni iyokhwelana futhi izalele amaqanda ayo. Ingqondo yakhe yayincane kakhulu emzimbeni wakhe.
I-Halisaurus
Zaba khona iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu futhi zahlala cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi amabili emhlabeni; ubukhulu bawo babungamafidi ayishumi nantathu ubude; ukudla kwabo kwakusekelwe ezinhlanzini, izinyoni zasolwandle kanye nama-molluscs; izinsalela zayo ziye zatholakala emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, eNyakatho Afrika naseYurophu.
Kukholakala ukuthi zihlobene kakhulu nezinyoka; Baphinde badla inyamazane yabo iphelele. Iqiniso elimangalisayo mayelana nalolu hlobo ukuthi i-fossil yokuqala eyatholwa yayingo-1780, okungukuthi, eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili namashumi amane edlule.
i-archelon
Lokhu kwakufana nofudu, luze lubizwe ngokuthi ifudu elikhulu kunawo wonke elike laba khona emhlabeni, ukudla kwalo kwakusekelwe ku-jellyfish nama-ammonites. Isikhathi sokuba khona kwayo kwakuyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu edlule.
Yayihlala njalo olwandle, yayihamba kuphela ezweni ukuyogana futhi izalele amaqanda ayo; lalingaba amafidi ayishumi nanhlanu ubude; izinsalela zayo ziye zatholakala eNyakatho Melika; kubhekwa ukuthi angachitha ngisho izinyanga elele.
I-Xiphactinus
Isikhathi esasikhona sasiyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye edlule, singaba nobude obungamafidi angamashumi amabili; izinsalela zayo ziye zatholakala eNyakatho Melika; ukudla kwakhe kwakuhlala ezinhlanzini ezinkulu, azijaha waze wazibamba.
Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi inejubane elikhulu olwandle, nokuthi yaphuma emanzini njengoba nje enza amahlengethwa namuhla. Enye yezinsalela yabonisa ukuthi lokho ayekudlile kwakuyinhlanzi engamamitha ayisikhombisa, ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyimbangela yokufa kwakhe.
I-Tyloosaurus
Phakathi kohlu lwama-dinosaurs asemanzini, kubhekwa ukuthi lezi kwakuyizilwane ezizidlayo eziyinhloko enkathini yaseCretaceous; ayengaba amafidi angamashumi amahlanu nesithupha ubude; izinsalela zayo ziye zatholakala kokubili eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.
Yayidla oshaka, izinhlanzi ezinkulu, izimfudu, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezincane nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, kukhona ngisho nemininingwane ebeka ukuthi zingadla zodwa.
