Ezindaweni ezisogwini phakathi kwe-Esmeralda e-Ecuador naseTumaco eColombia kwakuhlala umphakathi wendabuko obizwa ngokuthi iTumaco noma iLa Tolita; lokhu kwakuyisiko elivelele ekuboniseni ubuciko, kulokho okuwumsebenzi wezandla kanye nomsebenzi wegolide. Ngalesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi uhlole okwengeziwe mayelana nalokhu Tumaco Culture.
Tumaco Culture
Isiko le-Tumaco-La Tolita kwakuyisizwe somdabu esasikhona ngesikhathi sangaphambi kwe-Columbian, sathuthukiswa futhi savela ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-La Esmeralda e-Ecuador kuya eTumaco e-Colombia. Umsuka wayo usukela ngonyaka wama-600 a. C. kuze kube cishe unyaka wama-200 AD; Laba bomdabu bafinyelela isiko labo eliphakeme kunawo wonke, ngaphambi kokufika kwamaInca kule ndawo.
Bazichaza njengomphakathi osuselwe ekuhlonipheni imikhosi kanye nombono omuhle wobuciko, into eminye imiphakathi endaweni yaseMelika eyayintula yona. Ikhono lobuciko lalaba bantu bomdabu libhekwa njengelinye elithuthuke kakhulu kuyo yonke inkathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian.
Okutholwe ngemivubukulo okutholwe kulezi zindawo kuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lamafomu, okuhlanganisa ukumelwa kwegolide namamaski anezici ze-anthropomorphic. Ngokusekelwe kulokho okutholakele, kungenzeka ukusungula ukuthi lesi siko sasinenhlangano yezenhlalakahle eyayizungeza ubuciko nemikhosi yenkolo.
Ukubuyekezwa komlando
Abavubukuli abaningana bathi isiko leTumaco lakhula phakathi kuka-700 BC no-500 AD Kuthiwa, ukuqala kwalo kwakunezimpande kusiko lama-Olmec eMesoamerica, likhuthazwa ukufana phakathi kwalezi zinkulumo ezimbili zobuciko.
Futhi, kuthiwa lezi zizwe zavela ePacific Ocean zaya ePeru, zihlangene nesiko lamaChavín, zabe sezifudukela e-Ecuador naseColombia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunobufakazi bokuxhumana phakathi kweTumaco namanye amaqembu omdabu wase-Ecuadorian njengeJama-Coaque neBahía.
Emlandweni, izinkathi ezihlukene zihlukaniselwe isiko leTumaco, kokubili esifundeni saseTumaco kanye naseLa Tolita, ngokwalokhu esinakho:
I-Tumaco esifundeni saseColombia, kule ndawo kwatholakala izigaba ezintathu zezikhathi lapho lesi siko lalikhona, lezi kwakuyilezi:
- Inguapí phakathi kweminyaka engama-325 kuya kowama-50 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, enezigaba ezimbili zokuhlala,
- IBalsal neNerete ngonyaka wama-50 a. C.,
- I-El Morro ngonyaka ka-430 AD, etholakala endaweni enokufaneleka okufanayo.
La Tolita ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Ecuador, kule nsimu izigaba zesikhathi ezintathu nazo zafakazelwa lapho leli siko lahlala khona, lezi kwakuyilezi:
- I-Late Formative phakathi kweminyaka engama-600 kuya kwengama-400 a. c.
- Inguquko phakathi kweminyaka engu-400 kuya ku-200 BC, izinguquko esimweni sokuhlala ziqala, isixhumanisi sezolimo sikhulu futhi isenzo semikhosi siyanda.
- Ubukhazikhazi phakathi kweminyaka yama-200 BC kuya ku-400 AD, lesi sifunda sizibeka njengesihlalo semikhosi kanye nedolobha; Phakathi nezikhathi zokugcina zalesi sigaba, naphezu kokwanda kokuchazwa kwezinto ze-ceramic, ukwehla kwekhwalithi yobuciko bayo kuhlukaniswa, kuze kube yilapho isikhungo silahlekelwa ukuhlonishwa kwayo.
Kamuva bajoyina ezinye izizwe, baphikelela kwaze kwafika abaseSpain lapho bafike baphila khona njengezigqila ezenza umsebenzi wokumba.
Indawo
Incazelo yaleli siko ingashintsha kuye ngohlobo lomthombo wolwazi okukhulunywa ngawo ngalaba bomdabu. Kunophenyo oluningi lwemivubukulo oluchaza lesi siko njengeLa Tolita, kanti abanye bathi isiko lamaTumaco. Yomibili imibono ilungile; Indawo okuhlala kuyo lo mphakathi inzima kakhulu kunalokho okushiwo yinkulumo yasekuqaleni.
Umphakathi weTumaco-La Tolita wawungafani ngokuphelele. Lesi sibalo sakhiwe iqoqo lamabandla amancane ayenezici ezifanayo kakhulu kwelinye. Ngokuvamile, lezi zazinza ezindaweni zaseLa Tolita, eMonte Alto, eSelva Alegre, eTumaco naseMataje. Ukuthuthuka kwesibalo sabantu balezi zizwe kwadala lesi siko.
Ngamanye amazwi, indawo yaleli siko elake lahlala kuyo inkulu kakhulu kunegama layo elibonakala ngayo. Ekuqedweni kwayo, isiko lithuthuka lisuka e-Esmeraldas (i-tributary etholakala e-Ecuador) liya eCalima eColombia. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezizathu ezingokoqobo, igama layo libhekisela kubantu ababaluleke kakhulu namaqembu amasiko, aseTumaco naseLa Tolita.
Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle
Ngokwepolitiki, isiko likaTolita lasungulwa ezindlini ezinezitebhisi zomphakathi ezisuselwe ekusebenzeni komsebenzi noma ukunyakaza ngezinjongo zezepolitiki. Ngakho umyalo wezombangazwe nezomnotho wawumelwe yizikhulu ezibusayo ezikhungweni ezihlukahlukene ezisemadolobheni. Esikhundleni salokho, isigaba esiphansi sakhiwe ngabalimi, futhi isigaba esiphezulu njengabacwebi bobucwebe nezingcweti zezandla, abahlukaniswa nemisebenzi yokusekela.
Laba bohulumeni benkambiso yeTumaco babelawulwa abameleli abangokwasezulwini abangazange bakhiqize lutho, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusekelwa kwabo kwanikezwa izinsiza zabantu zesigaba esiphansi. Okunye futhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto abaholi ababenazo, kwakuwukuthi laba kwakuyoba bodwa ababezothola amathambo amathambo ezintabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babebusa kokubili ubukhona bemikhosi kanye nokuphathwa komnotho womphakathi; laba basebenzise i-cranial deformation njengophawu lwezikhundla zomphakathi.
Emphakathini waseTumaco, i-shaman yadlala indima ebalulekile yokuqondisa ngenxa yokuhlakanipha kwayo kwezenkolo. Embozwe amandla ahlobene nomkhathi ongokomoya, wayemelela umxhumanisi phakathi kwendawo yonke yendawo yonke nomphakathi.
Ngokwalokhu okutholakele kuthiwa bebesebenzisa izifihla-buso nemvunulo yesikhumba ukuze bazenze i-jaguar. Omunye umuntu owajabulela ukuhlonishwa nokutuswa ngabantu kwakuyikhehla eligcwele ukuhlakanipha nokuhlangenwe nakho.
Ngokunjalo, iTumaco yayinendlela yokuveza umbono wabo kanye nengqondo engaqondakali, eyaboniswa ngobuciko babo.
Umnotho
Ngokuyisisekelo, umnotho wesiko leTumaco wawusekelwe ekutshalweni kommbila, ithanga, umdumbula, ukotini kanye ne-coca. Ukuze balime emathafeni, babelungisa indawo engaphezulu besebenzisa indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokunisela; lokhu kuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwakunemigodi esuka kumamitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-9 ububanzi futhi i-waru waru isuka kumamitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-20 ububanzi namasentimitha angu-50 ukuphakama; ngokunjalo, babephatha amathuluzi okulima ezolimo okugelela imisele nokuhlwanyela, njengezimbazo ze-trapezoidal noma eziwunxande.
Ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezinezinsiza eziningi zasolwandle, ukudoba ngezingcweti kwakuwumsebenzi ongaphezu kwemvelo. Abasebenzisa kuzo izikebhe ezincane, izinsimbi ezinenqwaba yamatshe nezingwegwe ezifakwe emgqeni. Ngendlela efanayo, umnotho wapheleliswa ngokuzingelwa kwezilwane zasehlathini ezinjengalezi: izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, basebenzise insimbi ukuze benze imihlobiso, izakhi ezifana negolide neplatinamu abazithatha esihlabathini semifula.
Ukuhlala kwabo ngasezimpondweni zemifudlana yezintaba kwabenza bavumelana ngokwezomnotho nezizwe ezihlala ezintabeni. Baphinde bagcina izixhumanisi ezikhiqizayo namadolobha asogwini loLwandlekazi iPacific, ngamanethiwekhi okushintshana.
Inkolo
Ngokuvamile emiphakathini eminingi yaseNingizimu Melika yangaleso sikhathi, leli siko lalibonisa inkolo yonkulunkulu abaningi. Ngokufanayo, babekholelwa ku-animism nasemiphefumulweni eyayiyingxenye yamasiko abo angaqondakali.
AmaShaman abambe iqhaza elikhulu ezinkolelweni zalo mphakathi. Lokhu kwabangela uchungechunge lwemikhuba ehlanganisa cishe ngokuphelele izilwane nezidalwa ezivela endaweni engokwemvelo. Ngokulandelayo, kwakuvamile ukusebenzisa i- jaguar, inyoka, ukhozi, inkawu noma ungwengwe njengezilwane ukuze uzikhulekele, njengoba kwakunenkolelo yokuthi benza samuntu onkulunkulu abasemhlabeni. I-jaguar yayiwunkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu ohlotshaniswa nehlathi elishisayo, ngaphezu kwamandla, ukuzala kanye namandla; futhi esikhundleni salokho, inyoka yayihlobene nokuvuselelwa kokuphila noma ukuguqulwa.
Ukwengeza, ama-shaman nawo asebenza njengabapristi kusiko lenkolo lalo mphakathi. Lesi senzo sobupristi sasibanzi ngandlela-thile futhi kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinkulu ukuze zisebenze njengezikhungo zemicikilisho, ezazibuswa ama-shaman omphakathi.
Phakathi nemikhuba, kwakuvame kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-hallucinogenic compound, namakhowe atholakala endaweni efanayo ehlala kulo mphakathi.
Leli zwe elingokomoya eliyinkimbinkimbi lalimelwe izithombe ze-ceramic noma zensimbi, umphumela wobudlelwane obuseduze nemvelo. Le nkulumo engokwenkolo yabonakala ochungechungeni lwezincwadi zemivubukulo ezazihloselwe ukukhulekela nesikhundla sobupristi. Mayelana nemikhosi yomngcwabo, bangcwaba abashonile belele ngohlangothi, nezingubo, okokugqoka kanye nezitsha zomngcwabo.
izikhungo zemikhosi
Ezinye zezindawo ezibalulekile zemikhosi yesiko leTumaco zifaka okulandelayo, okuzochazwa ngezansi:
The Tolita
Yaziswa njengesihlalo esikhulu semikhosi yesiko leTumaco, kungalesi sizathu iLa Tolita Key yaba isikhungo sezohwebo. Izinsiza zamaminerali ezifana ne-obsidian, i-quartz, i-jade ne-emerald zatholwa lapho, ezazinenani eliphakeme lezimpawu zokusetshenziswa kwazo emikhubeni.
Itholakala emlonyeni we-tributary yaseSantiago, edolobheni lase-Ecuadorian i-Esmeraldas, ikhonjwe ngama-mogote ayo amaningi. Ikakhulukazi, lesi sihluthulelo siguqulwe saba yimboni enkulu yegolide, i-ceramic nensimbi, lapho kwakhiwa khona izithombe ezifanekisela izidalwa zenganekwane nonkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu lemisebenzi elondolozwe kulesi siko lingatholakala ku-Central Bank Museum e-Quito.
Enye yama-mogote ehluke kakhulu yayimaphakathi nesiqhingi, esasisebenza njengendawo yokungcwaba. Izinsalela zezidumbu zabantu nezezilwane ziye zatholakala lapho, ukubaza kwamathambo kungenye isibonakaliso sesiza. Ngokufanayo, iLa Tolita inezinye iziqhingi ezifana neTolita del Pailón, Tolita de los Ruanos, Tolita de los Castillos.
Tumaco
Itholakala cishe amakhilomitha ayikhulu ukusuka esiqhingini saseLa Tolita, lapho kukhona khona indawo yokungena efinyeleleka kalula futhi enethezekile. Kula mazwe achazwa ugu namathafa emifula, isigaba sesiko lamaTumaco senzeka emadolobheni amancane. Okwenziwe kuzo inqubekelaphambili ezindaweni ezine ezibalulekile zokuhlala: Inguapí, Balsal, Nerete kanye ne-El Morro.
Ngo-2011, iqembu lezazi ze-anthropologists likwazile ukuthola izingcezu zobumba eziyi-3228 kanye namatshe angama-54 kule ndawo. Phakathi kwalezo ezigqamayo izesekeli zokucofa okusanhlamvu, ukukhuhla izilimo eziyizigaxa, ukusika, ukukhuhla nokushaya ezinye izinto, kanye neziqukathi.
Imisebenzi yezandla kanye nomkhandi wegolide
Imisebenzi yezandla yayingenye yezibonakaliso ezimbi kakhulu zamasiko zesiko leTumaco; Empeleni, ubuciko kuzo zonke izethulo zabo yibo obuqhelelanise lo mphakathi nezinye izizwe ezitholakala endaweni efanayo. Izindlela zabo zazingaphambi kwesikhathi sabo futhi izingoma abazikhiqizayo zazinokubaluleka okujulile kwezenhlalo.
I-Goldsmithing nayo yayiyikhono elivelele kakhulu kubantu balesi siko; Basebenzisa igolide ikakhulukazi, okwaholela ekutholakaleni kwenani elikhulu lezibalo ezibalulekile ezindaweni zokuvubukula zalezi zifunda zaseColombia nase-Ecuador.
Ngokunjalo, ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi wegolide kanye nemisebenzi yezandla, isiko lamaTumaco labonisa ubuningi bamasiko, okwathi ngalo lidale kabusha ukuhluka okubalulekile kwezenhlalo nezenkolo okwakumele isiko lalo. Benza nezithombe ezinencazelo yenyama, bebhekisela emicikilishweni eminingi yenzalo le mpucuko eyayivame ukuyenza ngezikhathi ezithile.
I-Cerámica
Imikhiqizo ye-ceramic yalo mbukiso wamasiko ihlanganiswe nomphakathi wabo; Ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, izibalo ezidlala indima engaqondakali zahlanganiswa, kanye nokwenziwa kwezithombe ezilinganayo physiognomically nezakhamuzi zesizwe, okuyinto eyayivamile.
Izitsha zobumba zale mpucuko zazenziwe kahle kakhulu, okwayisiza ukuba imelane nokuhamba kweminyaka. Lokhu-ke sekusetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa nezinto ezisetshenziswa abantu bendawo ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke; Ngokufanayo, izinsimbi zobumba zazisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izakhiwo, ezingxenyeni zemikhosi yezenkolo nemikhosi.
Masks
Ukweqa kwezifihla-buso kulele endleleni yabo echaziwe neyingqayizivele yokuphatha igolide nesiliva, okubuye kubonise izinga labo eliphezulu emphakathini, kanye nomfutho wempilo yabo yenkolo nemikhosi. Amamaki ngokuvamile ayenziwe ngegolide ne-tumbaga; futhi izilinganiso zalezi zazizungeze amasentimitha angu-17.5 ubude no-13.6 amasentimitha ububanzi.
Izithombe eziningi ezibaziweyo, ezivame kakhulu zazinomfanekiso wekhanda lomuntu, ezihambisana nendilinga futhi ingxenye engaphezulu ihlukaniswe ngokuvundlile. Ngezinye izikhathi amehlo akhe nomlomo kwakuvuleka; lezi kwakuyizibalo ezilula, kodwa zisetshenzwe ngokucophelela futhi zinemininingwane ehlukahlukene kakhulu, kuye ngezicucu.
Eshukunyiswa ukwebiwa kwabazingeli bengcebo kanye nokuhweba okuyimfihlo kwezinto ezivubukulayo eziye zavela emakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje, inani lama-tolas angu-40 (ama-pampas egolide), aziwa esiqhingini saseLa Tolita, angu-16 kuphela asele.
I-Tumacos yayingababumbi abangochwepheshe futhi baziswa njengomunye wamasiko angcono kakhulu wezitsha zobumba kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika. Ku-ceramics ye-Tumaco, singakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo izimfanelo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo yansuku zonke nezenkolo, njengokuqukethwe komama, abesifazane, i-eroticism, ukugula nokuguga.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko se-Tumaco Culture sithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: