Kusukela ekudalweni kweRoma nokuthuthuka iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane Isiko lamaRoma yasabalala isuka eBritannia yanqamula iMedithera yaya eMesophothamiya, yakha umbuso, kodwa ithonya layo ledlula uMbuso WamaRoma futhi ngenxa yesiLatini ifinyelela emhlabeni wonke.
Isiko lamaRoma
Isiko lamaRoma liyisiko loMbuso WaseRoma elalisekelwe esikweni lamaGreki futhi ngokwezinga elincane isiko laseByzantium. Umthelela wesiko lamaRoma udlulela ngale kwemingcele yoMbuso WaseRoma, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yethonya lesiLatini nokwanda kwaso kulo lonke elaseYurophu Ephakathi. Akwenzeki ukuthi kukhulunywe ngesiko lamaRoma njengesenzakalo sesikhathi esisodwa, njengoba sakhula esikhathini esingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane yomlando, kusukela eRiphabhulikhi YaseRoma kuya eMbusweni WaseRoma.
amaRom
Impilo yenhlalo namasiko yoMbuso WaseRoma yayizungeza idolobha laseRoma, elinamagquma alo ayisikhombisa adumile, izakhiwo zalo eziyisikhumbuzo ezifana neFlavian Amphitheatre, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi iColosseum, Trajan's Forum kanye nePantheon. Leli dolobha laliqhosha ngezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, izindawo zokuvivinya umzimba, amathaveni amaningi, izindawo zezifebe nezindawo zokugeza zomphakathi. Kuyo yonke indawo engaphansi kombuso kwakunezakhiwo ezihlukene zokuhlala, kusukela ezindlini ezisezingeni eliphansi kuya eVillas de Campo.
Ngaphakathi kwedolobha laseRoma izindawo zokuhlala ezazidume kakhulu zaziseGqumeni LasePalatine, lapho igama elithi isigodlo lisuselwa kulo, kodwa iningi labantu baseRoma lalihlala maphakathi nedolobha, "ezindaweni ezingaphansi" eziqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zesimanje. . IRoma yayiyisizinda esikhulu ngaleso sikhathi esinabantu abalinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingamakhulu amane namashumi amahlanu kanye nenani elilinganiselwa ezigidini ezintathu namakhulu amahlanu ezakhamuzi.
Izilinganiso zinikeza inani labantu izinga eliphezulu lokufudukela emadolobheni esikhathini sangaphambi kwezimboni ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angamashumi amathathu, afana nalawo aseNgilandi ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu abantu ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwethonya ledolobha babehlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Iningi lamadolobha aseRoma lalinezakhiwo zesikali ezifana nezaseRoma ezinenkundla, amathempeli nezakhiwo.
Lesi sibalo esikhulu sabantu basemadolobheni sasidinga ukudla okuningi, okudinga izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi nezidinga abasebenzi abaningi ukuze kukhiqizwe, kuthengwe, kuhanjiswe, kugcinwe futhi kusatshalaliswe ukudla eRome nezinye izikhungo zasemadolobheni. Amapulazi ase-Italy ayehlinzeka ngemifino nezithelo, kodwa inhlanzi nenyama, okwakubaluleke kakhulu, kwakuyizinto zokunethezeka. Kwakhiwa imisele emikhulu yokuthutha amanzi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni aseRoma futhi iwayini namafutha kwakungeniswa evela e-Hispania, Gaul nase-Afrika.
Ubuchwepheshe boMbuso WaseRoma bokuthutha impahla babusebenza kahle kakhulu, okwakhuthaza ukushintshana kwezentengiselwano okuvuthayo phakathi kwezifundazwe zawo.
Iningi labantu boMbuso WaseRoma, cishe amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, lalihlala emaphandleni ezindaweni zokuhlala ezinabantu abangaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi. Abanikazi bomhlaba ngokuvamile babehlala edolobheni, beshiya ukunakekelwa kwezindawo zabo kumthwalo wemfanelo wabaphathi bezindlu. Usizi lwezigqila ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ngokuvamile lwalubi ukwedlula olontanga yabo abasebenza ezindlini zezicukuthwane ezisemadolobheni.
Izigqila eziningi zakhululwa futhi zathola amaholo kubanikazi bazo ukuze zikhuthaze ukukhiqiza, kodwa noma kunjalo ukuminyana nosizi lwempilo yasemaphandleni kwaqhubeka kwanda, lokhu kwashukumisa ukufuduka kwenani labantu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka II a. C. lapho inani labantu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni liyeka ukukhula futhi liqala ukuncipha.
Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesibili a. C. Isiko lamaGreki laqhubeka nokwandisa ithonya lalo esikweni lamaRoma, naphezu kokuhlaselwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ezilondolozayo ngokumelene "nokumnandi" kwesiko lamaGreki. Ngesikhathi soMbusi u-Awugustu, izigqila ezifuywayo ezingamaGreki ezifundile zaziphethe ukufundisa abantu abasha, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa amantombazane, abapheki, abahlobisi, onobhala, odokotela, abalungisi bezinwele, futhi zazivela ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinethonya lamaGreki.
Izithombe zamaGreki zazihlobisa izingadi zamaGreki ePalatine noma ezindlini zama-villa, noma zilingisa emagcekeni ezithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki ezenziwe izigqila zamaGreki. Ababhali baseRoma babekhetha ulimi lwesiGreki oluthuthukisiwe futhi bedelela isiLatini.
Isiko lamaRoma lalidlula isiko lamaGreki ngokufanele. Isiko lamaRoma, ngenxa yethonya lalo elibanzi kokubili kwezwe kanye nomlando walo omude, lishiye, ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma, ifa elikhulu lamasiko elisaphila ngokwengxenye ngisho nanamuhla.
Isakhiwo somphakathi
Kusukela ekuqaleni komphakathi wamaRoma okuqala, isakhiwo senhlalo sasinesizinda saso somndeni, owawungabonakali nje kuphela ngobudlelwane bawo begazi kodwa futhi nangobudlelwane obakhiwe ngokomthetho, obuthi "patria potestas". Isizinda esiphelele somndeni sasetshenziswa yi "Pater Familias", wayeyinkosi yenkosikazi, izingane, abafazi bezingane, abazukulu, abashana, izigqila kanye nabakhululiwe. Uma inkosikazi inikezwe umyeni sine manu, uyise ugcina amandla phezu kwakhe, kwenzeka okufanayo nakubafazi bezingane.
Ubugqila nezigqila kwakuyingxenye yesakhiwo senhlalo, izigqila zaseRoma lasendulo zaziyiziboshwa zempi. Izigqila zathengwa futhi zathengiswa eMakethe Yezigqila. Umthetho wamaRoma wawuphatha izigqila njenganoma iyiphi impahla egudlukayo. Amakhosi ayevame ukukhulula izigqila njengomvuzo wenkonzo yekhwalithi. Ezinye izigqila zazikwazi ukonga futhi kanjalo zikhokhele inkululeko yazo. Umthetho wawukwenqabela ukucwiywa kwezitho nokubulawa kwezigqila kodwa usakuvumela ukuphathwa kabi.
Ngaphandle komndeni (izinhlobo) nezigqila (i-mancipia, ephethwe inkosi) kwakukhona abantu abavamile kodwa babengenabo ubuntu obungokomthetho. Babengenawo amandla angokomthetho futhi bengakwazi ukwenza izivumelwano, ngisho noma bengezona izigqila. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iklayenti" kwadalwa. Ngalesi sikhungo, umuntu ovamile wajoyina umndeni we-patrician ngokusemthethweni futhi wayekwazi njalo ukusayina izinkontileka ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kwe-paterfamilias yakhe. Zonke izinto zomuntu ovamile zaba yingxenye ye-gens' estate futhi wayengavunyelwe ukwakha izihlobo zakhe.
Igunya elisetshenziswa i-paterfamilias phezu kwezinhlobo lalingenamkhawulo kuwo womabili amalungelo omphakathi kanye nomthetho wobugebengu. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yenkosi kwakuwukuyalela amasosha, ukubhekana nenqubomgomo yangaphandle kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe. Ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma izakhamizi zazinelungelo lokuvota, lokhu kwakuhlanganisa kokubili ama-patricians kanye nama-plebeians kodwa ngaphandle kwabesifazane, izingane nezigqila kuleli lungelo.
IForamu yayiyisikhungo okwakuphilwa kuso amadolobha asendulo aseRoma, iningi lezakhamuzi zaseRoma lalihamba liyoqhuba imisebenzi yalo yokuhweba futhi lihlanganyele emikhosini noma emikhosini. Esithangamini izikhulumi zazisa imibono noma imibono yazo futhi zafuna ukusekelwa ngezizathu zazo. Ekuseni kakhulu izingane ziye esikoleni noma othisha abazimele baye ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Abantu abadala ngokuvamile babedla isidlo sasekuseni ngehora leshumi nanye emini, baphumule ntambama baye esithangamini ebusuku kakhulu. Iningi lezakhamuzi zaseRoma lalinomkhuba wokungena ezindaweni zokugeza zomphakathi okungenani kanye ngosuku. Izindlu zangasese zabesifazane nabesilisa bezihlukene. Umehluko omkhulu wawuwukuthi okugeza besifazane babebancane kunabesilisa, futhi bengenayo i-frigidarium (igumbi elibandayo) noma i-palestra (indawo yokuzivocavoca).
IRoma yanikeza izakhamuzi izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzijabulisa kwamahhala ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Ngokuya ngesimo somcimbi, lokhu kungenzeka ekuseni, ntambama noma ebusuku. Izixuku zazithutheleka eColosseum ukuze zibone impi phakathi kwamadoda noma ukulwa phakathi kwabantu nezilwane zasendle. Imijaho yezinqola ibibanjelwe e-Circus Maximus.
Izembatho
ERoma lasendulo, izigaba zomphakathi zazihlukaniswa futhi zihlukaniswa ngohlobo lwezingubo. Abantu abavamile, abelusi nezigqila babegqoke ingubo eyenziwe ngezinto eziwugqinsi futhi imibala yayo imnyama. Ijazi elalisetshenziswa ngabafundisi lalenziwe ngelineni noma ngoboya obumhlophe. Izimantshi zazigqoke ijazi le-angusticlavii, elihlotshiswe ngomnsalo nebhande elincane elinsomi; izinduna zazigqoke izembatho ezinomphetho onsomi, obizwa nge-tunica laticlavia. Ijazi elaligqokwa amasosha lalimfishane kunalawo agqokwa abantu abavamile.
Abantu abasha ngemva kokuhlanganisa iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanye basebenzisa i-toga, ingubo yoboya ebanzi noma intambo, uphawu lwendoda ekhululekile, phezu kwengubo. Abesifazane baseRoma babegqoka ijazi ne-palla, okwakuyingubo ebanzi kakhulu engunxande. Odokotela babegqoke izimbadada ezibomvu neziwolintshi, izicathulo zesenenja zazinsundu kanti ama-consuls amhlophe. Amasosha asebenzisa amabhuzu asindayo futhi abesifazane bavala izicathulo ezimhlophe, eziphuzi noma eziluhlaza.
Ukudla
Imikhuba yokudla eRoma lasendulo yayilula. Ukudla kwasekuseni kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-ientaculum, isidlo sasemini sasibizwa ngokuthi i-prandium kanti isidlo sakusihlwa sigcine igama laso. Ama-appetizers ayebizwa ngokuthi i-Gustatio kanti ama-dessert ayebizwa ngokuthi i-secunda cantina. Isidlo sakusihlwa esilula ngokuvamile sasidliwa ngemva kwesidlo sasemini. Ukudla kwasemini ngokuvamile kwakudliwa ngehora leshumi nanye futhi kwakuhlanganisa isinkwa, isaladi, iminqumo, ushizi, izithelo, nenyama ebandayo eyayisele esidlweni sakusihlwa sangaphambili.
Imindeni yayidla ndawonye ihlezi ezitulweni izungeze itafula. Kamuva kwaklanywa igumbi lokudlela, elinegama elithi triclinium, kanye nosofa wegumbi lokudlela abalibiza ngokuthi i-triclini. Kwalungiswa ukudla kwalethwa ngamathreyi ezivakashini ezikuthathe ngezandla, isipuni sasetshenziselwa ukuthatha isobho kuphela.
Iwayini laliphuzwa yizo zonke izigaba zomphakathi futhi kukho konke ukudla ngoba lalishibhile, nokho lalihlala lixutshwe namanzi. Ngaphandle kwewayini, ukudla bekuhambisana nezinye iziphuzo ezifana ne-mulsum, iwayini elixutshwe noju, ijusi ijusi yamagilebhisi, i-mulsa amanzi ahlanganiswe noju.
Ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma abantu abavamile babedla i-polenta yemifino nesinkwa, ngezinye izikhathi babedla inyama, inhlanzi, iminqumo nezithelo. Ngezinye izikhathi, kwakusatshalaliswa ukudla kwamahhala edolobheni. I-patrician aristocracy yaba nezidlo zakusihlwa eziyinkimbinkimbi, nezinhlobonhlobo zamawayini nokudla. Ngezinye izikhathi abadansi babejabulisa abadlayo. Abesifazane nezingane badla ngokuhlukana, kodwa ekupheleni kwesikhathi sobukhosi, abesifazane abasezikhundleni eziphezulu nabo babekhona kulezi zidlo.
imfundo
Kusukela ngonyaka wamakhulu amabili ngaphambi kukaKristu, imfundo engokomthetho yaqala eRoma. Izifundo zaqala cishe eminyakeni eyisithupha ubudala futhi eminyakeni eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa eyalandela abafana namantombazane banikezwa izifundo zokufunda, ukubhala kanye nokusebenza kwezibalo.
Kusukela eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, abantu abasha baqala ukufunda isiLatini, isiGreki, uhlelo lolimi nezincwadi, ngaphezu kobuciko bokukhuluma. Ukukhuluma kwakubalulekile esikweni lamaRoma futhi umgomo oyinhloko cishe wawo wonke umfundi, izikhulumi ezinhle zazikufanelekela ukuhlonishwa.
Izingane ezihluphekayo azizange ziyithole imfundo ngoba zingakwazi ukuzikhokhela. Ngezinye izikhathi imfundo yayinikezwa izigqila ezifundile nezinamasiko. Lesi sikole besigxile kakhulu kubafana, nokho amanye amantombazane aphuma emakilasini adla izambane likapondo afundiswa othisha basemakhaya futhi avunyelwa ngisho ukuya ezikoleni.
Ulimi
Ulimi lokuqala lwamaRoma kwakuyisiLatini. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesiLatini bezikhona, ziyavela futhi zishintsha kakhulu ezilimini zesiRomance esizaziyo namuhla. I-alfabhethi yesiLatini isekelwe ezinhlamvwini zasendulo zokuhlanganisa, nazo eziphuma esiGrekini.
I-alfabhethi yesiLatini ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa enkathini ephakathi ukubhala hhayi kuphela izilimi ezithathwe esiLatini, kodwa futhi cishe zonke izilimi ezikhona eYurophu, ngenxa yenqubo yokushumayela ivangeli lamaqaba, ngaphandle kweSlavic. izilimi ezisebenzisa izinhlamvu zesiCyrillic kanye nesiGreki.
Ulimi olwalukhulunywa embusweni waseRoma kwakuyi-Vulgar Latin, eyayihluke kakhulu kusiLatini Sasendulo ngohlelo lolimi, ulwazimagama, nokuphimisela. Izincwadi eziningi ezazifundwa amaRoma zazibhalwe ngesiGreki futhi ababhali abaningi baseRoma babesebenzisa isiGreki emisebenzini yabo, nesiGreki sasisetshenziswa abantu abafundile baseRoma kodwa isiLatini sahlala siwulimi oluyinhloko lokubhala embusweni wamaRoma.
Ngokukhula koMbuso WamaRoma, isiLatini sasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isiLatini saguqukela ezilimini zendawo, sahlukahluka ezilimini ezihlukene, sakha izilimi ezimbalwa zesiRomance cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Izilimi ezihlukahlukene zachuma phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuhlanganise isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiPutukezi, isiRomania, neSpanishi, nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo owakhula waba mkhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
arte
Ubuciko be-Etruscan baba nomthelela ekubonakalisweni kokuqala kobuciko bamaRoma, lapho ithonya lobuciko bamaGreki lanezelwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, lapho lalithintana khona eningizimu ye-Italy emakoloni aseMagna Graecia, lapho behlaselwa yiRoma ngenqubo yayo yokuhlanganisa. we-peninsula. Ithonya lamaGreki likhulu kakhulu ngemva kokuba iRoma ihlasela iGrisi neMakedoniya ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC
Literatura
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, izincwadi zamaRoma zathonywa kakhulu izincwadi zesiGreki. Izincwadi zokuqala ezaziwayo ziyizinkondlo zomlando ezilandisa ngomlando waseRoma lasendulo. Njengoba i-republic yanda, ababhali baqala ukubhala izinkondlo, amahlaya, izindaba, nezinhlekelele.
Izincwadi zomlando zabhekana nenkathi yegolide phakathi nokubusa kwababusi bokuqala. Imisebenzi ebalulekile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaziwa, njenge The Histories of Tacitus, Commentaries of Bello Gallico kaJulius Caesar kanye no-Ab urbe condita kaTito Livio.
Imbongi evelele yamaRoma u-Virgil ne-Aeneid yakhe ilandisa ngokuphunyuka kuka-Aeneas eTroy kanye nokufika kwakhe edolobheni elalizoba yiRoma kamuva. U-Lucretius wachaza isayensi ngenkondlo yakhe ethi On the Nature of Things. U-Ovid e-Metamorphoses wazama ukubhala umlando ophelele wezinganekwane kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi kuze kube sesikhathini sakhe. Uhlobo lokubhuqa ngokwesiko luthathwa njengento emisha yaseRoma, kanti ukubhuqa kwabhalwa, phakathi kwabanye, uJuvenal noPersius.
Phakathi neRiphabhulikhi, amahlaya nawo ayethandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lawo kaPublius Terence Aphro, isigqila esikhululiwe esasithunjwe amaRoma phakathi neMpi Yokuqala YePunic. Emazwini, uCicero uthole ukubaluleka okukhulu ngenxa yemithandazo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi eziyimfihlo zika-Cicero zibhekwa njengenye yezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu eziqoshwe emandulo.
Ukudweba nokuqopha
Amathonya ama-Etruscan ayabonakala emidwebeni yokuqala yamaRoma, ikakhulukazi imidwebo yezombangazwe. Ubuciko bamaGreki obathathwa njengempango yempi phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC baba nedumela kangangokuthi izindawo eziningi zokuhlala zaseRoma ezicebile zazihlotshiswe ngezindawo ezipendwe ngabadwebi bamaGreki. Phakathi kwezitayela zokuqala zokuphawula zamaRoma kwakuyi-"Inlay" (Incrotius), lapho izindonga zangaphakathi zezindlu zazipendwe ukuze zifane nemabula enemibala.
Isithombe esiqoshiwe saqala ukusebenzisa izilinganiso zasendulo kanye nezobusha, kamuva savela futhi samukela uhlobo lwengxube yamaqiniso ne-idealism, kuze kube yilapho sithuthukela emifanekisweni lapho ukunqoba kweRoma kwakumelelwe khona.
Izakhiwo
Njengakuzo zonke izingcweti ezikhona emasikweni aseRoma, izakhiwo zokuqala zaseRoma zaziveza izici zesitayela sezakhiwo sama-Etruscans namaGreki. Lesi sitayela sasishintsha njengoba izidingo zasemadolobheni zisifuna ngakho-ke ubunjiniyela bomphakathi kanye namasu okwakha athuthukiswa futhi apheleliswa. Ukhonkolo wamaRoma kuze kube manje useyimpicabadala futhi ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, ezinye zezakhiwo zasendulo zamaRoma zisamile, njengePantheon.
Inkolo
Njengoba kubonakala kokunye ukubonakaliswa kwesiko lamaRoma, inkolo yaseRoma lasendulo yayithonywe kakhulu amanye amasiko. Ikakhulukazi inkolo yamaGreki eyaba neqhaza elikhulu ekubumbeni izithixo zamaRoma. Ekuqaleni, ngesikhathi sobukhosi kanye neminyaka yokuqala ye-republic, onkulunkulu babehlobene ngokuqondile nemisebenzi yezolimo kanye nokuphila kwasekhaya kwansuku zonke.
AmaRoma ayekhulekela izinombolo, imimoya yemvelo; emgwebeni, imimoya yokhokho babo; emithonjeni, emimoyeni yekhaya nasezihlotsheni, imimoya yokuphila. Izinganekwane zamaRoma zakhiwe izinganekwane nezinsumansumane zenkolo yobunkulunkulu abaningi eyayiqhutshwa eRoma lasendulo. Iningi lonkulunkulu beqembu lamaRoma livela eGreece nonkulunkulu abathatha indawo yonkulunkulu bendawo ngokuhlukile okungavamile.
AmaRoma ayedume ngonkulunkulu bawo abaningi. Ukuba khona kukaMagna Graecia kwaqinisekisa ukuthi kwethulwa imikhuba ethile yenkolo eyaba yisisekelo, njengehlelo lika-Apollo. AmaRoma ahlanganisa izinganekwane zawo nezinganekwane ezazivela eGrisi.
- I-Inca Architecture
- Izinombolo zamaMayan ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-100
- Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle yama-Olmecs
Ulwazi oluhle kakhulu