I-apula, i-peach kanye nesihlahla som-alimondi zifana ngokuthi ziyizihlahla zomndeni wakwaRosaceae, futhi izithelo zazo zithandwa kakhulu. I-alimondi isihlahla esivuthuluka esikhiqiza ama-alimondi, isithelo esomisiwe esikhanga kakhulu. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo, ingena esigabeni sesihlahla sezithelo, ukuze sithuthukise ukukhula kwaso kanye nesivuno, sithenwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Lapha uzokwazi ukuthi izihlahla zom-alimondi zithenwa nini nokuthi kwenziwa kanjani.
Izihlahla zom-alimondi zithenwa nini?
Ukuphathwa kwe-phytosanitary yezihlahla ezitshalwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhiqiza, izithelo, zokuhlobisa noma imithi, kunconywa ngezinzuzo ezizolethwa yilo mkhuba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukulungisa ukukhula kwazo, ukwelapha noma yisiphi isifo, noma ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukisa. isivuno sabo. Njengoba kwenzeka ngokuthenwa kwesihlahla som-alimondi (I-Prunus dulcis), isihlahla somndeni wakwaRosaceae, izithelo zawo, ama-alimondi, zimnandi kakhulu futhi zithandwa phakathi kwabathengi bezithelo ezomisiwe emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuphathwa kwe-almond
Lapho kukhuliswa izihlahla zezithelo, njengamawolintshi, izihlahla zama-apula, ukhokho, ama-tangerine kanye nezihlahla zom-alimondi, imikhuba yamasiko kufanele yenziwe ukuze kugcinwe insimu inempilo futhi ithuthukise isivuno sayo. Eminye imikhuba ye-agro-cultural esetshenziswa ezihlahleni zom-alimondi, njengokuthenwa kwe-phytosanitary, kufanele yenziwe ngesikhathi sokutshala kwazo, njengoba kubalulekile ukukhulisa ikhwalithi yesithelo sazo. Ezinye izinqubo zamasiko ezenziwa yilezi:
Ukukhetha Okunhlobonhlobo
Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zesihlahla som-alimondi esizotshalwa kuncike endaweni yezwe elizosetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi indlela esithinta ngayo isimo sezulu ebusika.
Isitshalo sikamama noma isiphunzi
Ukusabalalisa izihlahla ze-alimondi, umkhuba wamasiko wokuxhunyelelwa uyenziwa, ngenxa yalokhu, ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ekukhetheni isitshalo sikamama noma isiphunzi. Ivamise ukuxhunyelelwa ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zezitshalo ezingumama noma iziphunzi, lezi okuwuhlobo lwamahhala kanye ne-hybrid. Kuye ngesikhathi sonyaka, abalimi basebenzisa i-loam njengesiphunzi enkathini eyomile noma eyomile. Esikhundleni salokho basebenzisa isiphunzi esiyi-hybrid ezitshalweni ezichelelwa noma eziniselwayo.
Lena indawo ka-Guardian
Lapho utshala isihlahla som-alimondi emgodini futhi wengeza inhlabathi ukuze uqine, kuphakanyiswa ukuba ugxotshwe noma uhlanganise inhlabathi ezungeze isihlahla som-alimondi namanzi. Uma lokhu sekwenziwe, kubekwa isigxobo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi isiqu sesihlahla som-alimondi siqondile.
ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane
Izinambuzane ezihlasela kakhulu izitshalo ze-alimondi i-aphid, isibungu se-alimondi, isicabucabu esiphuzi, i-green midge, ikakhulukazi. Ukuvimbela lezi zinambuzane ukuthi zingalimazi isilimo se-alimondi, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kubhekwe isivuno ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kubonakale ukuba khona kwezinye zalezi futhi ukwazi ukuzilawula ngesikhathi.
Imvamisa yokunisela
Ukusetshenziswa kanye nezikhathi zokunisela esitshalweni se-alimondi kuncike eminyakeni yesivuno salesi sihlahla sezithelo. Imvamisa yokunisela kufanele ibe phezulu ngenkathi izihlahla zikhula futhi inani elikhulu lezimpande likhula futhi zakheke. Uma lesi sitshalo sesikhulile, imvamisa yokunisela izokwehla, nakuba kufanele uqaphele ukuthi lesi sihlahla sesithelo sidinga amanzi amaningi.
Umanyolo
Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwalesi sihlahla eminyakeni yaso yokuqala, kufanele kufakwe umanyolo we-nitrogen ukuze kwakheka amahlamvu kanye nezimpande zesihlahla. Izicelo eziningana zenziwa unyaka ngamunye. Uma isivuno sokuqala sesitholakele, inani lamakhilogremu noma amathani esithelo esivuniwe kufanele kunqunywe, lolu lwazi lusetshenziswe njengenkomba yokunquma inani lemisoco ekhishwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Ukuthena ama-almond
Ukuthena kuwujuqu ekuphathweni kwalesi sitshalo, ngokufezeka kwalo mkhuba wamasiko ezigabeni ezahlukene zalesi sitshalo, isivuno saso siyalawulwa ngakho-ke amakhilogremu esithelo se-alimondi ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Amathuluzi nemishini esetshenziselwa ukuthena
Ukufeza ukuthenwa kwalesi sihlahla sesithelo, kunamathuluzi ahlukene kanye nemishini, izosetshenziswa kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu besihlahla sesithelo kanye nohlobo lokuthena okufanele kwenziwe. Okokuqala, khumbula ukukhipha amagciwane ngaphambi nangemva kokuthena. Lokhu kuzovimbela ukudluliswa kwezifo kusuka kwesinye isitshalo kuya kwesinye futhi, futhi, kugcinwe kangcono amathuluzi. Ayini la mathuluzi nemishini?Kubhalwe ngezansi.
Izikele zokuthena, i-handsaw, isigxobo sokuthena ekuphakameni, i-chainsaw, kufanele uqaphele ngokusetshenziswa kwabo futhi uzivikele ngamagilavu nezibuko zokuzivikela. Izitebhisi noma isikafula. izintambo Izinsiza zokuphepha eziyisisekelo njengezigqoko zokuzivikela namagilavu.
Izinzuzo zokuthena
Ukuthena kuwumsebenzi wezolimo namasiko, ohlanganisa ukunquma amagatsha esihlahla som-alimondi. Uma lo msebenzi wenziwa ngokucophelela nangendlela efanele, ukuthena kusiza ukwandisa isivuno nokwakheka kwezithelo ze-alimondi.
- Isiza isihlahla som-alimondi ukuthi sibe nokukhanya okungcono, ukungena nomoya kanye nokumuncwa kwemikhiqizo ye-phytosanitary ekwelashweni.
- Kuyasiza ukuba nezithelo zokusabalalisa okulungile, ezindaweni ezifanele kakhulu zesitshalo.
- Khulisa izilinganiso nombala wezithelo.
- Hlela ukukhiqizwa kwesihlahla se-alimondi futhi ugweme iminyaka eningi noma ukuntuleka kokuqhakaza nokuthela.
- Linganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitho zezitshalo nokukhiqiza.
- Qeda amagatsha agulayo, omile noma angakhiqizi, ngalokhu ukuguga kwesihlahla kuyabambezeleka futhi ukusabalala kwezinambuzane nezifo kulawulwa.
Izihlahla zom-alimondi zithenwa nini?
Ukuthenwa kwe-Almendrón kwenziwa ezigabeni ezihlukene zokukhula kwayo, kuyilapho isesigabeni sobusha: ngesikhathi sokutshala, ngonyaka wokuqala ehlobo nasebusika, onyakeni wesibili wokutshala enkathini yasebusika bese kuthi ngesikhathi sokutshala. unyaka wesithathu kuze kube yilapho isitshalo sifinyelela ebudaleni.
Isihlahla som-alimondi siwuhlobo oluvuthulukayo, olulahlekelwa amaqabunga phakathi nezinkathi zasekwindla kuze kube inkathi yentwasahlobo elandelayo. Uma amaqabunga elahla, yisikhathi lapho ukuthenwa kwenziwa khona, njengoba kuyisikhashana lapho isihlahla sinendawo yokugcina amandla. Okufanele kucatshangelwe izinga lokushisa lendawo.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma isitshalo sisendaweni enamazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nesithwathwa esinamandla, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kuthenwe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Uma uhlala endaweni enamazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi lapho ungqoqwane ungaba khona, ungathena noma nini ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-alimondi. Okunye ukuthena kuyokwenziwa esihlahleni som-alimondi, njengokuthenwa kwamagatsha omile, ukuthenwa kwamahlumela aluhlaza okwenziwa ehlobo.
ukuthena
Ngesikhathi kutshalwa isihlahla se-alimondi, kwenziwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuthena kuye ngokuthi kwenziwa nini. Ukuthena kuvame kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezitshalo zezithelo nezihlahla zom-alimondi, akuphunyuki kulokhu. Izinhlobo zokuthena yilezi: ukuthena ukubunjwa, ukuthena okuthela izithelo kanye nokuthena kabusha. Ukuthenwa okuhlukene kwenziwa ngesikhathi sasebusika nangenkathi yokumila kwesihlahla. Uhlobo lokuthena okufanele lwenziwe luncike eminyakeni yobudala kanye nempilo kanye nesimo sokukhiqiza sesihlahla se-alimondi.
Ukwakha izihlahla
Ukuqeqesha ukuthena kwenziwa lapho isihlahla sinomsebenzi omncane wokuphila, ngesikhathi sasebusika, phakathi nezinyanga zikaNovemba kuya kuFebruwari. Lokhu kuthena kwenziwa iminyaka emine. Ngalesi sikhathi, unyaka ngamunye ukuthenwa kokuqeqeshwa kwenziwa esihlahleni som-alimondi, okuzohluka kuye ngokuvela kwesihlahla.
Lolu hlobo lokuthena lwenziwa ukunikeza isakhiwo esilinganiselayo emagatsheni esihlahla se-alimondi. Isikhathi sokuqala ukuthenwa kokuqeqeshwa kwenziwa lapho isihlahla sifinyelela cishe imitha ubude futhi, kusukela kulokhu kokuqala, ukuthenwa kokuqeqeshwa kwenziwa minyaka yonke eminyakeni emine ezayo. Inhloso yalokhu kuthena ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isihlahla sinokwakheka okulinganayo noma ubukhulu, ngalokhu kuthena inhloso ukugxilisa amagatsha akhiqizayo kumqhele nangaphandle, ngaphandle kokuthi aqhudelane ngokukhanyayo namanzi.
Lapho kwenziwa ukuthenwa ngonyaka wokuqala, amagatsha amakhulu ayasikwa, okungukuthi, amagatsha aphezulu ama-3 noma ama-4, kuwo wonke amabanga ama-2 we-bud kanye namanye amagatsha kude nehlumela elilodwa. Ukuthenwa kokwakheka okwenziwa ngonyaka wesibili kushiya amagatsha amakhulu ku-2/3 wobukhulu bawo namanye amagatsha ebangeni eli-1 lehlumela.
Ekubunjweni kokuthenwa konyaka wesibili, amagatsha angaphakathi ayasuswa kanye namagatsha angaphansi kwesiqu. Ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kokuthenwa konyaka wesithathu nowesine, ama-suckers namagatsha ngaphakathi kwesihlahla se-alimondi ayasuswa, kule minyaka yonke isihlahla kufanele senziwe kahle.
Unyaka wokuqala
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi utshale isihlahla som-alimondi kusukela sisencane noma usithenge enkulisa, isihlahla kufanele siqhubeke sithene igatsha elingaphezu kwemitha noma ngaphezulu. Lawo magatsha akhethwe cishe ama-3 noma ama-4 ukuze abe amagatsha amakhulu, azothenwa abe ama-buds ama-2 ngaphezu kwehlumela eliphansi. Amagatsha alandelayo angaphansi kwalawa magatsha amakhulu asikwa abe yihlumela. Lawa magatsha abizwa ngokuthi ama-tirasavia futhi azosiza isiqu ukuba sijiye.
Ngemva kwenkathi yasebusika, kuyilapho isihlahla som-alimondi sisesikhathini saso sokumila, kukhethwa amahlumela aqinile angu-4 bese kubekwa ibhande elibalelwa amahlamvu ama-3 noma ama-4 ehlumeni elivele ehlumeni lesibili. Lawa magatsha azothenwa ekutheneni kwesizini elandelayo yasebusika.
Thena okuluhlaza ehlobo
Ehlobo lokuqala lokutshala isihlahla som-alimondi, ukuthenwa okuluhlaza kwalesi sihlahla kuyenziwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akuwona wonke amagatsha ahluma ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo okufanele agcinwe, siyaqhubeka nokuqeda ama-suckers namagatsha alahlekile. Lokhu kuthena kuhlanganisa ukusika okuncane endaweni yokugcina noma engxenyeni ye-apical yamahlumela ukuze kumiswe ukukhula kwawo. Le nqubo isiza ukuthuthukiswa kwamagatsha amakhulu, ngale ndlela isakhiwo sayo siqiniswa.
Unyaka wesibili
Ngonyaka wesibili, amagatsha akhethiwe njengabalulekile akhula futhi amagatsha okuqala aqala ukuvela. Amagatsha amakhulu anqunywa afinyelele ubude obuyi-2/3 ubude. Amanye amagatsha asala ngaphansi komugqa wokuthena, cishe amasentimitha angama-25, asikwa abe ihlumela. Amagatsha aphansi ashiywe ukuze enze amagatsha esibili. Kulo nyaka wesibili, amagatsha e-tirasavias asele anqunywa esisekelweni.
Unyaka wesithathu
Kulo nyaka wesithathu, amagatsha amakhulu anqunywa abuyele ku-2/3 wobude bawo, futhi amagatsha asele ngaphansi kwamasentimitha angama-25 ukusuka emgqeni wokuthena ayasikwa abe ihlumela. Lawo magatsha aqonde ngaphakathi kwesihlahla ayasuswa, kusale kuphela lawo abheke ngaphandle. Amagatsha aphansi asele, ngoba azokwakha amagatsha esibili ezingeni lesibili.
Unyaka wesine
Kulo nyaka wesine ukuthenwa kuqukethe ukuqedwa kwama-suckers, angena ngaphakathi. Ngokubona ukuthi amagatsha amakhulu asevele akhula kancane.
Ukuthena izithelo
Ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhiqiza okukhulu kwesihlahla, ukuthenwa kwe-fruiting kuyenziwa, ngalokhu kuthenwa inhloso ukulinganisa amagatsha namahlumela amasha ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kwandiswe ukuthela kwesihlahla se-alimondi. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusungula amagatsha esibili njengakhiqizayo. Ukuthenwa kwezithelo kwenziwa phakathi neminyaka emi-4 kuya kwemi-5 yesivuno, kuhlanganisa ukuqedwa kwama-suckers.
Ukulingana kwamagatsha akhiqizayo kutholakala ngokuqedwa kwama-suckers, ukuqeda amagatsha omile, ukusika amagatsha amade, ukuqeda amagatsha angakhiqizi futhi anesifo. Njengoba ukutshala ama-alimondi kudala, izihlahla ezitshaliwe ngeke zikhiqize.
Lokhu kungenxa yomjikelezo wokuphila kwezihlahla, uma nje sezifinyelele ukukhiqizwa kwazo okuphezulu, ukwehla kwejika lokukhiqiza izithelo kuyaqala. Ukufeza ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwesihlahla se-alimondi. Kunconywa ukuthi kuthenwe kancane kancane njalo eminyakeni emithathu, lokhu kuzogqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwamahlumela amasha futhi kugcine amagatsha esibili ekhiqiza.
Ukubuyisela izihlahla
Lokhu kuthena kwenziwa ezihlahleni ze-alimondi, uma sezikhulile ezinamathambo iminyaka eminingana yokukhiqiza, ukukhiqiza kwazo nosayizi wezithelo ziqala ukwehla. Futhi, lokhu kuthena kwenziwa uma ufuna ukuphulukisa isihlahla ekuhlaselweni yisifo noma isifo sezitshalo. Ukuqinisa lezi zihlahla, ukuthenwa okunzima kuyenziwa ukuze kubuyiselwe amandla azo. Lokhu kuthena kubizwa ngokuthi ukubuyisela noma ukuvuselela.
Nakuba ukubuyisela noma ukuthena kabusha kwenziwa ukuze kwandiswe amandla esitshalo, kuyaphakanyiswa ukusebenzisa lokhu kuthena, uma singekho esinye isisombululo. Lokhu ngenxa yobudala kanye nezimo ze-phytosanitary zesihlahla, kwesinye isikhathi isihlahla se-alimondi asiphenduli kahle kulokhu kuthenwa kokubuyisela. Abanye abakhiqizi kanye nochwepheshe bezolimo abancomi ukwenza lolu hlobo lokuthena kulawo magatsha anobubanzi obungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10, ngakho-ke bakhetha ukufaka esikhundleni sesihlahla sezithelo.
Uma ukubuyisela noma ukuthenwa kabusha kwenziwa, amagatsha amakhulu anqunywa cishe ngamasentimitha angama-50 ukusuka emthonjeni wawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha lesibili elisalayo. Inhloso yokusebenzisa lokhu kuthena ukubuyisela isihlahla esikhathini kanye nezimo zemvelo ezifana nokwenzeka lapho ukuthenwa kokuqala kwenziwa. Ngakho uma isihlahla sisinda kulokhu kuthenwa, siyovuselela kahle futhi sibe namandla.
Khumbula ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqeda ukuthenwa kwamagatsha awugqinsi, sebenzisa ukuvikela amanzi kanye nesikhunta esilondeni ukuvimbela isikhunta ukuthi singangeni esihlahleni. Ngokunjalo, kufanele ugcine umkhondo wokuphola kwezilonda ezibangelwa ukuthenwa. Uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu zesifo esingase sibe khona esihlahleni sakho sezithelo, njengomonakalo odalwe yisikhunta, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi usebenzise isibulala-sikhunta esenziwe ekhaya.
Ukuze ugweme ukuba khona kwesikhunta ngenxa yokuthenwa, njengoba amanxeba angamaphuzu abuthakathaka, ungasebenzisa isibulala-sikhunta esenziwe ekhaya ngokuvikela futhi uhlanze izikele zokuthena, inkaba yenduku yokuthena, isaha lesandla. kanye nokwenza ingadi, ukuyigcina ingenamagciwane futhi ibukhali ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwenza ukusikeka okuhlanzekile nokunempilo.
Ukuthenwa okukhethekile kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-guara
Uma kwenzeka unokukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuthenwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-guara kwenziwa kanjani, okuwuhlobo oludume kakhulu lwesihlahla som-alimondi. Ukuthena okufanayo osekuchaziwe kuzokwenziwa, nokunye okuhlukile.
Izimpawu ze-almond
Isihlahla som-alimondi sinegama lesayensi elithi I-Prunus dulcisIsihlahla esinobude obuphakathi phakathi kwamamitha ayi-5 kuya kwayi-10. Lapho isihlahla sisesincane, umqhele waso uvulekile kakhulu futhi uqondile, namagatsha awo ayinhloko aqondile, amancane ngobukhulu futhi akhuphuka ngesimo se-oblique. Lapho isihlahla sifika ebudaleni, umqhele waso uyakhukhumala, uba banzi, wehle futhi ube nokubukeka okunesihlahla.
Isiqu sawo sisontekile futhi sitshekile; umbala wamagxolo unombala ompunga omnyama noma omnyama omnyama, onama-rough, fissured, ukuthungwa okungajwayelekile lapho isihlahla sesikhulile. Amahlumela awo aqondile futhi abushelelezi. Okuluhlaza okukhanyayo ngombala bese ushintsha ngokumbozwa ngomgogodla omncane.
Amaqabunga awo ayahlukahluka ngobukhulu phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-12 ubude naphakathi kuka-1,5 kuya ku-4 amasentimitha ububanzi, anomumo oyisiyingi noma we-lanceolate, anomkhawulo omangelengele futhi agoqwe ngo-V engxenyeni engezansi. Abushelelezi futhi awanawo ama-pubescence, aluhlaza okotshani noma aphuzi. Izimbali zayo ziyi-hermaphrodite, zinkulu, zizalwa phakathi kwezinyanga zikaJanuwari kuya kuMeyi, ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga amasha avele. Zimhlophe noma zibomvana kakhulu. Isithelo i-alimondi, i-oval emide futhi yomile.
Ukutshala ama-alimondi
Kuyisihlahla esilinywa emazweni asesifundeni saseMedithera, esivumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu ehlobo namazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika aze anqobe izinsuku ezinde zesomiso. Kuyisihlahla esimila emhlabathini ompofu kakhulu futhi owomile. Uma izimo zemvelo zifanelekile ekulinyweni kwayo, isivuno sayo esikhiqizayo siyakhula.
Ama-alimondi
Isithelo saso siyi-drupe, eyaziwa ngegama elithi Almond, cishe amasentimitha angu-4 ubude; ukuma kwe-ovoid, okuluhlaza okukhanyayo, ukuthungwa kwevelvety nge-pubescence, dehiscent. Lapho i-mesocarp (okuwungqimba oluyinyama kancane) ivuthwa, ivuleka ngomgudu we-ventral, futhi igobolondo liyabonakala. Noma kuyi-drupe, ayijiki njengezinye izithelo zalolu hlobo.
Ama-propiedades
Ama-alimondi angaba mnandi noma abebaba, lawo adliwayo angama-alimondi amnandi angenabo ubuthi njengama-alimondi ababayo. Lesi sithelo sinezakhi eziningi zokudla okunomsoco, sakhiwe ngamaphesenti angama-50 wamafutha aso, ama-80% yi-oleic acid; phakathi kuka-15 kuya ku-20% yi-Omega 6 (amafutha e-polyunsaturated). Iqukethe inani elincane le-Omega 3 kanye namafutha amancane agcwele.
Izinzuzo
Ama-alimondi ayisithelo esomile esimnandi, esidliwa njalo kusiza ukwehlisa izinga lezifo zenhliziyo. Lokhu kungenxa yezinzuzo zama-fatty acids agcina amazinga e-cholesterol ne-triglyceride elawulwa futhi elawula umfutho wegazi. Kuyasiza izimiso zokudla, ngoba akukwenzi ukhuluphale; ivimbela ubuthi ekuphuzeni utshwala, ilawula uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo II kanjalo nokuqunjelwa. Kuyi-antioxidant evimbela izifo ezinjengomdlavuza kanye nezifo eziwohlokayo zezitho ezahlukahlukene.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi ufunde futhi mayelana: