Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwemvelo kubangelwa imisebenzi yomuntu ngenxa yesifiso sakhe sokudla. Kulo mjaho, umuntu ubecekela phansi yonke into esendleleni yawo. Icekele phansi futhi yangcolisa amanzi, inhlabathi, umoya futhi ingasaphathwa eyokucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kulesi sihloko uzothola konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nezimbangela nemiphumela yomsebenzi womuntu. Jabula, funda futhi ucabange ngezenzo zethu endlini okuwukuphela kwayo esinayo, iplanethi engumhlaba.
Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo
Ukuwohloka kwemvelo kunikezwa ngokwethulwa kwama-ejenti abonakalayo, amakhemikhali nawemvelo endaweni yemvelo ukuze kubangele ukuwohloka kwawo. Lezi zingxenye eziyingozi zilimaza zonke izinto eziphilayo ezitholakala emhlabeni. Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zokunukubezeka, phakathi kwazo okukhona inhlabathi, umkhathi, amanzi kanye nokungcoliswa kwe-acoustic, okuyizona ezivame kakhulu, kodwa singabala nokungcoliswa kokukhanya, okubukwayo, okushisayo, okukagesi, okunemisebe noma kofuzo.
Ngokufanayo, amazinga okungcola angahlukaniswa njengagcina isikhathi, lapho i-ejenti ithinta iphuzu elithile, isibonelo i-drain, futhi isakazeka, lapho ihlakazwa yimvula ene-asidi noma isenzo somoya, kanye nesifufula samanzi. Amanzi. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zokungcola, okungama-acoustics, ezilimaza kakhulu lezo zinhlobo ezinekhono lokuzwa okuphezulu, okudala ukudideka kanye nengcindezi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukungcoliswa kokukhanya, okushintsha i-biorhythms yezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ngenxa yokweqisa kokukhanya kokwenziwa. I-thermal, kulokhu izinhlobo zasemanzini zithinteka kakhulu, kusukela lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ukuncibilika kwamagesi emanzini kunciphisa, ngakho ukutholakala okuphansi kwe-oxygen.
Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwemvelo yenza ukuphila emhlabeni kube nzima nakakhulu. Ukucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi, umoya namanzi kuthinta ngokuqondile izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nekhaya lethu elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi iplanethi engumhlaba. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi uma siqhubeka nokwenza le mikhuba sizongena esigabeni sokubhujiswa ngokuphelele. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi yokuqothulwa okuqoqiwe ngaphandle kokubheka noma ukulinganisa umonakalo wesibambiso esiwudalayo. Isifiso sokudala siholela ekubhubhiseni, sikhuthaze imisebenzi ehlasela ngokuqondile yonke into esemhlabeni.
Izimbangela Zokuwohloka Kwemvelo
Ukulimala kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile, ukuncipha kwemithombo nokushabalala kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kungomunye wemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthenga ngokweqile nokungahloniphi ngokulinganayo izici zemvelo umuntu abe nazo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kufanele siyeke ukucabanga futhi senze ngokuvumelana nomthelela obangelwayo kanye nemiphumela emikhulu lokhu okunayo emhlabeni, okumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ikhaya lethu kuphela. Ngakho-ke, nazi ezinye izizathu ezibangela lokhu kuwohloka kanye nezixazululo ezingaba khona.
Amamodeli ezomnotho namaphethini okusetshenziswa
Phakathi kwezimbangela zokuwohloka kwemvelo ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukushintshwa kwemvelo nokugcwala kokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, sibonga ukuqaliswa kwezindlela zomnotho ezingenasimeni ezifana nalezo zaseChina nase-United States, ezinamandla amakhulu. isabelo somthwalo wemfanelo wamazinga aphezulu okungcola okuhlushwa iplanethi. Lawa mamodeli agqugquzela ukuthengwa ngokweqile, ngaphandle kokucabangela umonakalo wesibambiso angawuletha, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinsiza ukwanelisa izifiso ezidaliwe noma izidingo.
Amaphethini amasha okusetshenziswa atholwe kusukela ku-Industrial Revolution, lapho abantu baqala ukuzwa izinguquko ezinkulu, hhayi nje ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yangaleso sikhathi, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuvuswa kwe-consumerist syndrome, bebelokhu bekhula njalo. usuku ngaphezulu, kuze kube manje. Konke lokhu kuholele ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwezimpahla, izinsiza kanye nokudla, okusiza ukusheshisa ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.
Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi nokukhiqizwa kukadoti
Ukukhiqizwa kukadoti ngokweqile, kungenye yezimbangela zokuwohloka kwemvelo okubangelwa yileso sifiso somuntu sokusetshenziswa okungalawuleki kwempahla, izinsiza nokudla, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngemiphumela emibi abayenzayo emvelweni. Lokhu kuholela ekukhiqizeni amathani amakhulu kadoti wansuku zonke emhlabeni jikelele, okuhumusheka ekungcolisweni okusheshayo kwezinto ezintathu ezibalulekile, umhlabathi, umoya kanye namanzi (imifula nezilwandle), impilo nenhlalakahle yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eziyehlisa isithunzi. .
Endabeni yokuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe, okungeyona into engaphezu kokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwe-electronic scrap, sekube esinye sezimbangela ezinkulu zokungcola, ngoba ngenxa yokukhula komnotho okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile, ukunciphisa impilo ewusizo yemishini, kanye isidingo sokushesha, ngenxa yomsebenzi wokukhangisa oyihaba futhi ophumelelayo, yenza umthengi azizwe enesidingo sokuthola imishini yesizukulwane sakamuva, ngaleyo ndlela adale imfucuza enkulu.
Le ndlela yokusetshenziswa isivame kakhulu eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia, okubangela ukuthi imfucuza yabo ye-electronic igcine ezindaweni ezinkulu zokulahla imfucumfucu, okubangela ukungcola okuphezulu. Ukuphathwa kwalezi zimfucumfucu ngokuvamile kwenziwa abantu ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuvikela, okuholela ezimweni zemvelo. Ukungcoliswa komoya kungenxa yokusheshisa komphumela we-greenhouse odalwa intuthu enobuthi obuphezulu ephuma ekushisweni kwemishini kanye nokungenwa kwezindawo ezinkulu ezithathwa ukulahlwa kwemfucuza.
Izwe lihlushwa yonke le miphumela nsuku zonke, ngaphambi kokubuka kokuvilapha kwabakhiqizi abakhulu abafuna inzuzo yabo yezomnotho kuphela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi nabo bayaphefumula, bahambe futhi badle amanzi ale planethi. Ngokucabangela lokhu osekushiwo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kudinga isikhathi eside sewaranti yezinto zikagesi, ukwakhiwa kwezingxenye ezivumela okokusebenza ukuthi kuthuthukiswe, ukusetshenziswa kolayini wokugaya kabusha ukuze kuphathwe ngendlela efanele, kunomthelela omncane ongaba khona kwezemvelo futhi , ngakho-ke, ekugcineni ukushintshwa kwezingxenye ezinobuthi njengengxenye yezingxenye zayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kubangele ukuwohloka okukhulu kwemvelo, naphezu kokuletha ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo kwezinga lempilo yabantu ngomqondo wayo ojwayelekile. Lezi zinqubo zokusungulwa kwezimboni ngaphandle kokulawulwa okuqinile kwemvelo, ingxenye enkulu, zenza izenzo ezinjengokugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawuleki, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamandla avela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngemfucuza enobuthi.
Imboni iya ngokuya ikhathazeka ngokukhiqiza kunesenzo. Konke ngesifiso sokuhlangabezana nesidingo semikhiqizo, izimpahla, izinsizakalo kanye nokudla kwenani labantu eliba likhulu, ngaphandle kokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela, zokulawula nezokuphepha ezivumela ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi ekhiqizwa yilokhu.
Izitshalo zenuzi
Umsebenzi wenuzi wethulwa njengolunye uhlobo lwamandla, okuye kwabonisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo okungakubangela. Lolu hlobo lwamandla ngokuqinisekile alukhiqizi umphumela we-greenhouse, luyahleleka futhi lwezindleko eziphansi zemali, kodwa ngezindleko eziphezulu zemvelo. Izitshalo zenuzi ziye zaba yimbangela yezinhlekelele ezinkulu ezifana neChernobyl e-Ukraine ngo-1986 kanye nokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-athomu amabili phezu kweJapane ngo-August 1945, okwadala ukulahlekelwa kwemvelo okungenakulungiseka kanye nokulahlekelwa komuntu ngenxa yokuchayeka okukhulu kwemisebe.
Endabeni kaFukushima eJapane ngo-2011, kwakhululwa inani elikhulu lezinto ezinomsakazo, kodwa ngaphandle kokulimala okukhulu futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesikhathi eside. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kukhona i-radioactivity ekhiqizwa ama-radioisotopes okwenziwa, kodwa kukhona nalokho okukhiqizwa ngokwemvelo, eyaziwa ngokuthi imisebe yangemuva, phakathi kwayo i-uranium, i-thorium, i-radon, i-potassium ne-carbon.
Konke lokhu kubeka engcupheni izidalwa eziphilayo njengoba imfucumfucu yenuzi, amabhomu neziteshi kuyingozi enkulu hhayi nje kuphela endaweni ezikuyo, kodwa esintwini ngokubanzi. Lo msebenzi uthinta kabi izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu abangafinyeleleka kalula kwi-radioactivity engahamba ngokukhululeka emoyeni, ibe usongo lwangempela noluqhubekayo emhlabeni.
Amafutha Nezimayini
Ukuxhashazwa nokuthuthwa kwama-hydrocarbon kungenye imbangela yokuwohloka kwemvelo. Le misebenzi ibilokhu inezingozi ezisobala njengokuchitheka, ukuvuza kwamapayipi, ukuqhuma, nokungaphathwa kahle kwemishini, okungase kubangele ukungcoliswa okungenakulungiseka kwe-substrate, yamanzi, okungaba ngenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu neziphindelelayo, futhi okokugcina, umoya.
Zonke lezi zici zithinta ngokuqondile futhi ngokungakhathali izinhlobo zezitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu, zicekela phansi imvelo yonke, zicekele phansi indawo yazo futhi ziwohloke nezinga lempilo yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Mayelana nomsebenzi wezimayini, kungenye imbangela yemiphumela emikhulu mayelana nokuwohloka kwemvelo, njengoba ukulimala kwayo ezingqimbeni zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi lapho ziwumgodi ovulekile, kubeka kokubili izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane engozini eseduze, ngenxa yokuqedwa izandiso ezinkulu zomhlabathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali afana ne-mercury, i-arsenic ne-cyanide, eyenza umsebenzi wabo ube lula, kodwa anobuthi obukhulu emvelweni. Lokhu kungakhathalekile ukuthi kungaba miphi imiphumela esikhathini esifushane, esimaphakathi noma eside.
Ngaphandle kwezimbangela zangaphambilini, kukhona nesimo sezulu esibangelwayo, okungeyona into engaphezu kokuguqulwa nokuhlakazeka kwamadwala ngamathuluzi noma imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ukuze kusheshiswe ukukhululwa kwezinsimbi ezinzima futhi ukugeza kwazo kungangcolisa kakhulu.
Imodeli Yezolimo Nemfuyo
Njengamanje, umsebenzi wezolimo uye waba nethonya elinamandla, ngenxa yokwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani labantu, okuhunyushwa njengenye yemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo okuhlushwa yiplanethi namuhla. Konke lokhu kungenxa yezinhlobo ezintsha zokukhiqiza ezisetshenziswayo nezihlasela umhlaba, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-agent amakhemikhali asiza ukuqeda izinambuzane nezifo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-accelerator ngezinqubo zokukhula nokukhiqizwa kwezithelo. zezitshalo.
Konke lokhu kucekela phansi i-substrate yezandiso ezinkulu zomhlaba, ngaphezu kokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezitshalo ezintsha, okubangela umthelela omubi omkhulu emvelweni. Isifiso sokuhlangabezana namazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza siye saholela ekwethulweni kwezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo emisebenzini yezolimo nemfuyo, okunikeze indawo imikhiqizo eyaziwa kakhulu ye-transgenic. Lezi zinhlobo ezintsha ezivuselelwe ngemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ezindaweni zokucwaninga, ziletha imiphumela emikhulu hhayi nje kuphela ezinhlobonhlobo eziguquliwe kodwa nasemzimbeni womthengi wokugcina.
Mayelana ne-agroindustry, iye yafuna ukuba nokufana kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, igxile emikhiqizweni enesidingo esikhulu kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ibe abakhiqizi ababodwa. Lo mkhuba usudale ukushabalala kwezinhlobonhlobo zezolimo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo, nsuku zonke kwandisa isidingo sayo, okwenza kudingeke ukuba kusetshenziswe imikhiqizo ethile yamakhemikhali ngokweqile njengezidakamizwa kanye nezithako ezigxilile, ukukhuthaza ukuzala, ukukhula nokukhuluphala kwezilwane. Okubangela imiphumela emibi ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo.
Imodeli esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni idala isidingo esikhulu sezinto ezithile ezifana nengulube, inkukhu (inkukhu) nenyama yenkomo, okuyizici zokungcoliswa okukhulu komhlabathi, umoya namanzi, okulimaza ngokusobala izimiso zemvelo, ukwanda kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukuwohloka komhlaba kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Imboni Yamahlathi, Ukumba Izinsiza kanye Nokuphathwa Kwamahlathi
Imboni yezingodo ingenye yezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhiqizayo emhlabeni, enemiphumela emibi kakhulu ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemvelo, njengoba lezi zinkampani zigawula amahlathi amakhulu, ziqeda ukunwetshwa kwamasimu futhi zilimaza i-substrate nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kutholwe impahla eluhlaza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibiza malini emvelo, njengoba kwenzeka e-Amazon, amahlathi ase-Afrika Ephakathi, amahlathi aseNingizimu Melika kanye nengxenye ye-Asia, okuyiwona athinteka kakhulu emhlabeni. .
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi akumele kuthiwe kubangelwa isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa kuphela, kodwa kwenzeka nasezimeni zokumbiwa kwezimayini nezokwakha, okuye kwacekela phansi izindawo ezinamahlathi ngesivinini esisheshayo nesingakaze sibonwe. Kwengezwe kulo mkhuba imililo okungenzeka noma kungabi ngamabomu. Kuthiwa ngamabomu lapho umuntu ebangela inhlekelele enjalo, ikakhulukazi ngezinjongo zezomnotho kanye nalezo ezingahlosiwe ezibangelwa imfucumfucu njengezingilazi noma imililo engacishi kahle, edala ukungcoliswa komoya, iqothule izinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo futhi ilimaze ungqimba lwezitshalo.
Ukudoba Ekuwohlokeni Kwemvelo
Ukudoba kwezimboni nokweqisa okwenziwa ngamanetha okudoba, ukufudumala kwezilwandle kanye nemfucumfucu enobuthi kuyingxenye yemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo okuhlushwa ulwandle lwethu, ngoba ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle zibhujisiwe. Ngalo mqondo, umsebenzi wokudoba ngokwawo awukhiqizi imiphumela emikhulu, uma wenziwa ngendlela elawulekayo nenesibopho.
Kodwa-ke, lapho lo msebenzi wenziwa ngenjongo yokwanelisa izidingo zezimboni, zonke izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle zivame ukucekelwa phansi, okubeka ukuphila kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane engcupheni, okuthi ezimweni eziningi zigcine sezishabalala, okuthinta ngokuqondile iketango lokudla elidingekayo ukuze kusebenze kahle futhi kusebenze kahle. ukulawulwa kwabantu olwandle.
Ezokuthutha
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhamba, umhlaba, ulwandle nomoya. Ngamunye wabo unesibopho semiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo. Injalo indaba yemikhumbi yezimoto, ekhula kakhulu nsuku zonke kanye nokuphuma kwala magesi angcolisa kakhulu, njenge-CO2, akhukhula amadolobha wonke, okubangela umphumela we-greenhouse othi kamuva ube yimvula ye-asidi eyaziwayo, ngenxa i-nitrogen oxide ne-sulphur oxide enqwabelana ku-troposphere.
Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kudala izinkinga ezinkulu ngenxa yezinsalela zamafutha alokhu aphonswa izikebhe (ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene) olwandle, udoti wemvelo, amapulasitiki, imikhiqizo ekhipha imisebe kanye nokuchitheka kukawoyela, konke okunomthelela omubi empilweni yasolwandle.
Ngokuqondene nokuthutha emoyeni, kunesibopho sokukhishwa okukhulu kwe-CO2 ne-nitrogen oxides (NOx), lapho beshiya imizila yabo emikhulu ye-condensation, efaka isandla ngokuqondile ekufudumeni komhlaba kanye nemvula ene-asidi.
Ukwanda kwabantu
Umuntu uyazala kakhulu, ukuba ngowokuqala ochungechungeni lokudla kuletha izinkinga zokuchichima, njengoba kungekho muntu olawula izinga lokuzala njengoba kungenzeka ezilwaneni. Lona omunye wemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo, njengoba lokhu kukhula ngokweqile kwenza kudingeke ukukhiqiza ukudla okwengeziwe, izimpahla nezinkonzo. Ngokuqondene nendlela yabo yokuphila, indawo eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kube nezindlu ngakho-ke imisele eminingi yokukhuculula indle.
Lesi sibalo sabantu abaningi futhi siyimbangela yokuvela kwentuthu eyengeziwe ephenduka inkungu, ebangela ukungcola kukhuphukele emazingeni angakaze acatshangwe, okuholela ekubhujisweni kancane kancane kwezinto zemvelo.
Ukwakhiwa
Ukwanda kwabantu kanye nesifo sabathengi kusho ukuthi amadolobha aya ngokuya ecindezelwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, kucatshangelwa lokhu okungomunye wemiphumela eminingi yokuwohloka kwemvelo. Ukuze anelise lezi zidingo, umuntu uye wabona isidingo sokweba izindawo zemvelo, ukucekela phansi imvelo, ukugawula amahlathi kanye nokugcwalisa yonke into esendleleni yakhe ngokhonkolo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingochwepheshe ekucupheni imisebe yelanga, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise umphumela we-greenhouse, obungagwenywa ngokuba nezindawo eziningi zemvelo ezivumela ukukhululwa okulinganiselwe kokushisa.
Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Imvelo yemvelo ibhekene nobunzima obukhulu ngokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, hhayi emhlabeni kuphela kodwa nasemanzini, futhi konke lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemvelo ukuze kwaneliswe izidingo zabantu. Lokhu kuholele ekulahlekeni kwendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukene kube yizinhlobo ezihlaselayo. Ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zaselabhorethri endaweni yemvelo okudala ukungalingani kwemvelo.
Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwemvelo
Imiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo ihlukahluka kakhulu futhi iyethusa lapho umuntu eqala ukubheka ngokucophelela lokho okwenziwa kulo mhlaba. Zonke izinkinga zemvelo zakhiwe ukukhula kwenani labantu, okubuye kwenyuse isidingo sempahla, izinsiza, ukudla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe. Lokhu konakala kusezingeni leplanethi, okwenza ukuvumelana phakathi kwamazwe kube kudingekile ukuze kwehliswe amazinga okungcola.
Ukulahleka kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza
Amanzi abalulekile ekuphileni, ngakho ukulahlekelwa kwawo kungomunye wemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo okubi kakhulu okungase kwenziwe emhlabeni. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwamanzi asetshenziswayo, akhula ngobuningi, kungenxa yezinga lokungcoliswa okutholwa yimifula namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ukulahlekelwa kwenhlabathi engaphezulu, ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi, inani elikhulu lamanzi angcolile emadolobheni nasezimbonini, kushiya iplanethi ingenalo uketshezi olubalulekile olubalulekile futhi olungabuyiseleki kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.
Umthelela ezilwaneni zasendle
Izilwane aziyiphunyuki imiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo, iye yathinteka ngokungaphezi ngenxa yokweqisa komuntu esifisweni sakhe sokubhubhisa. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane sezishabalele ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yazo, ukuqothulwa kwezemidlalo, ukungcoliswa kwezindawo zazo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yazo. Konke lokhu kubeke engcupheni kakhulu izilwane zomhlaba, ezidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yale planethi.
Ukuwohloka kwekhwalithi yomoya
Ukugcwala ngokweqile kweplanethi ebhekene nakho kungomunye wemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo, okubeka izinga lomoya esiwuphefumulayo engcupheni. Ukukhishwa komhwamuko okhishwa yizimoto, izilayishi, ukushiswa kwemfucuza, ukushiswa kwemfucuza, ukushiswa kwemisebe, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngezinye zezimbangela zalesi sihlava. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukungcoliswa komoya nakho kungadalwa yizimbangela zemvelo ngenxa yesikhunta kanye nezinhlayiya zempova, ngokunengqondo ngamanani amancane.
Konke lokhu kunomthelela esizukulwaneni nasekuqoqweni kwe-nitrogen oxides, isulfure, izinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana nomthofu kanye ne-CO2 emkhathini, kube ukungcola okuyinhloko kokuhle okuvamile kwesintu, umoya. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ezifana nophethiloli kanye nokushiswa kwegesi yemvelo kunomthelela omkhulu ekungcoleni komoya, okuletha izimo zokuphefumula nezesikhumba ngisho nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zokunukubezeka komoya, okusekelwe kuzo zombili izinhlanganisela eziqinile neziyigesi, esiphila ngazo nsuku zonke futhi ezinamazinga ahlukene okuthinta. Phakathi kwabo sine-Ozone, okuthi nakuba ikhona ku-stratosphere futhi isebenza njengesivikelo emisebeni ye-UV, uma ukuhlushwa kwayo kwanda kudlulela ku-troposphere futhi ibe yingozi yangempela empilweni.
Ngokuqondene nokukhiqizwa kwe-carbon monoxide, okuyigesi engenambala ekhiqizwa ukusha lapho umoya-mpilo uyindlala khona, okwenza ube obulalayo ngobuningi. Ukwengezwa kulokhu i-nitrogen oxide, ebhekwa njengesisetshenziswa esikhulu kunazo zonke esingcolisa umhlaba. I-sulphur dioxide esetshenziswa embonini yephepha ingenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zezinkinga zokuphefumula.
Izinto Ezingcolisa Imvelo
Imvelo iyakwazi ukukhiqiza izinto ezingcolisayo ezingabulali kangako kodwa ezinomthelela ekonakalisweni komoya, phakathi kwazo sinesikhunta, esisakazeka ngezinhlamvu futhi ukuchayeka kuso ngokuqhubekayo kungase kuthinte kabi umgudu wokuphefumula. . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunothuli, luvame kakhulu futhi lukhiqizwa imililo nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo phansi, kuze kukhiqize i-pneumoconiosis.
Ukulahleka kwenhlabathi yezolimo
Umkhuba omubi wokulima, ukucekelwa phansi kwezimila kanye nogwadule, kuyinqubo yokuwohloka kwemvelo lapho umhlabathi ovundile nokhiqizayo ulahlekelwa ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yawo amandla okukhiqiza. Lena imiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo okuye kwabangelwa izici zemvelo noma imisebenzi ethile eyenziwa umuntu. Konke lokhu kuthinta ngqo ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nekhono lokugcina amanzi, okwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi wezolimo ube nzima.
ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Omunye wemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo ukwandiswa kwezidalwa eziphilayo, okubangelwa umsebenzi owedlulele wabantu obangele ukuwohloka okungenakulungiseka kwendawo ezungezile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zemvelo, ezizoguqulwa zibe izinkundla zokukhiqiza, izindawo zasemadolobheni, imigwaqo emikhulu, izindawo zokungcebeleka, phakathi kwezinye eziningi, zinesibopho sokuguqulwa nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, izinhlobo kanye nendawo yokuhlala, okubangele ukushabalala ngaphandle kwezibonelo.
Ukungalingani Kwemvelo
Ama-ecosystem ahlukene kufanele abe nokulingana kwemvelo okuphelele ukuze kusebenze kahle kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwebhalansi noma ukungalingani ebudlelwaneni bokuncikana bezingxenye ezahlukene zemvelo kuwumphumela wokuwohloka kwemvelo, ngenxa yokuxhashazwa ngokungazi kwemithombo yemvelo. Isizathu salezi zinguquko singabangelwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ngenxa yokukhishwa kwamagesi akhiqiza umphumela we-greenhouse, okwandisa ngokushaqisayo izinga lokushisa kwemvelo, ukuguqula imijikelezo ye-biogeochemical.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo, okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kokulingana kobuhle bemvelo, kungomunye wemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo, ngenxa yokungaphathwa kahle kwemfucumfucu eqinile, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokungcoliswa kwezakhi zemvelo (amanzi, umoya nomhlaba). amandla ezivakashi azolahleka, okuphinde kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wemiphakathi ethile.
Konke lokhu kuye kwadala ukulahlekelwa izinga lempilo yomuntu, okuyinto ephikisana kakhulu, njengoba izenzo zakhe ziyimbangela yazo zonke lezi zihlukumezi, ezithinta ngqo kuye, ezibeka ukusinda kwakhe engozini.
Ukulahlekelwa Kwengqimba Ye-Ozone
Njengomphumela wokuwohloka kwemvelo, ungqimba lwe-ozone lusongelwa kakhulu ngokuba khona kwama-chlorofluorocarbon nama-hydrochlorofluorocarbon. Lesi sendlalelo sinesibopho sokuvikela iplanethi emisebeni yelanga enamandla, esebenza njengesihlungi se-UV. Ukulahlekelwa yilesi sendlalelo esiyisivikelo kungasho ukufa kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, njengoba ngokomthetho zonke izindonga zamangqamuzana zizobhujiswa, umsebenzi we-photosynthetic uzokwehla, unciphise ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo, kubangele ukufa.
Ukushoda Kwezinsiza Zemvelo
Ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo ngendlela eyeqisayo nengalawuleki, kudala imiphumela emibi kakhulu ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo, ngoba ukungcoliswa kwento ngayinye (amanzi, inhlabathi nomoya) yomhlaba kuphulwa kakhulu, okungaba nomthelela entuleni ngayinye yazo. ukubeka ukuphila emhlabeni engozini.
Imiphumela Yomuntu Yokuwohloka Kwendawo Ezungezile
Ukungcoliswa noma ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo ezungezile kungaletha imiphumela emibi kubantu. Phakathi kwazo sithola: ukufinyelela okuncane kwamanye amadolobhana emanzini okuphuza, ukusabalala kwezinambuzane noma izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, umonakalo ongenakulungiseka emanzini anamakhemikhali, ama-microorganisms nezinsimbi ezinzima, izimo eziphilayo ezihlanganisa umdlavuza, izinkinga ezinkulu zokudla ngenxa yokudalwa kwama-GMO, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo, amahomoni namanye ama-chemical agents agcina ethinta impilo yabantu.
Imiphumela Yezinto Ezihlukahlukene
Imiphumela engathi sína yokuwohloka kwemvelo yezilwane nezitshalo, uma uthanda, ayinakubalwa. Thina bantu akuvamile ukuba sihlale phansi sicabange ngomonakalo esiwubangelayo ezidalwa ezingenakuzivikela njalo lapho silahla udoti phansi, emifuleni noma olwandle. Lapha sethula eminye yale miphumela. Lapho i-ecology yesimiso sezilwane sinqamuka, uchungechunge lwezenzakalo luqala ukwenzeka, njengendaba yokubonwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle emabhishi, lokhu kubangelwa ukungcoliswa komsindo okwenza zilahlekelwe ukubheka isikhathi, okuzibangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu.
Kuye kwatholakala amathani ezinhlanzi ezifile ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezincibilikisiwe emanzini, kanye nezinto zepulasitiki. Izigameko zelanga ziyanda futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngenxa yokungcoliswa kokukhanya, izinhlobo zezilwane ziphoqeleka ukuba zifuduke, zibe izinhlobo ezihlaselayo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwabangela ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo, lokhu kwakamuva kube ngesinye sezisulu eziyinhloko zemvula eneasidi. Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle ngenxa yokuncibilika kweqhwa kubangela ukugcwala kosawoti ogwini.
Imililo ebhubhisayo evame ukubangelwa umuntu, ukunikeza ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile ezweni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufa kwezilwane nezitshalo ezimweni eziningi ezisengozini yokushabalala. Ukugqashuka kochungechunge lokudla, kuba inkinga engathi sína ukuthi lezi zilwane zigcinwe ngendlela efanele, kuhlonishwa imijikelezo yemvelo.
Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwemvelo YePlanethi
Ukuwohloka kwemvelo kuwusongo olukhulu kakhulu iplanethi yethu engahlupheka ngayo, njengoba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuyinselele enkulu okufanele sibhekane nayo. Lokhu kubangela ukuncibilika kweqhwa, ukwanda kwamanzi kanye namazinga okushisa asendaweni, ukwanda kokuhwamuka, ugwadule kanye nomphumela we-greenhouse. Umhlaba ubulokhu uhlushwa yizimo zezulu ezifana neziphepho kanye nesomiso esikhulu kanye nokuntuleka kokulawula nezinkathi zonyaka. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, i-eutrophication, ukukhula okungalawuleki kolwelwe olumunca umoya-mpilo emanzini, kucekele phansi imvelo emikhulu.
Izixazululo Zokuwohloka Kwemvelo
Ukuwohloka kwemvelo akuyona into engaphezu kwamphumela wezenzo ezingenangqondo zomuntu. Iplanethi ayikwazi ukucubungula ukungcola noma ukukufaka emijikelezweni yayo yemvelo. Kulesi sihloko sethula izixazululo ezingase zisetshenziswe ukuze sivune izinga lempilo elingcono kubo bonke.
Kudingeka Ukwazi Izakhamizi
Abantu kufanele bacabange ngezenzo zethu mayelana nemvelo, ukushintsha imikhuba ethile kanye nezindlela zokuphila ezinomthelela omubi emhlabeni. Kumelwe kuqale ngokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo ngendlela enengqondo, ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza eqinile nephilayo kusetshenziswa indlela yokugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha, kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwamanzi nokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okufanele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemifula nemifula.
Imodeli Yezomnotho Esimeme
Yamukela amaphethini abathengi abancane, lokhu kungasiza ngokungaqondile ukulondoloza izinsiza zemvelo ezidingekayo ekudalweni kwakho. Ngaphandle kokufinyelela ezilinganisweni ezeqisayo, ungaphila nalokho okudingeka ngempela, ushiye eceleni ukuma okuphoqelekile kokuthenga, okuvame ukungabi nasisekelo ngenxa yomsebenzi wokukhangisa. Ngale ndlela, ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinsiza ezihlukahlukene ezikhiqizwa iplanethi kuncipha kakhulu. Lezi zinyathelo zingasiza ukulinganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukufunwa nokusetshenziswa.
Umthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe
Wonke amazwe, ikakhulukazi lawo athuthukile asekelwe ezomnotho ezingonxiwankulu, kumele akhe futhi asebenzise imithetho evumela ukwehlisa izenzo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-ejenti ayingozi kanye nokuchayeka kuma-ejenti angcolisayo, athinta ukuphila emhlabeni. Phakathi kwamazwe athinteke kakhulu ngezinga lokuthuthuka kwezimboni kubalwa iChina, iTokyo, i-United States ne-India.
Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela Nezixazululo
Kunemibono nezenzo eziningi ezisetshenziswayo ukusindisa ukuphila emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wamakhemikhali, ukufuna ezinye izindlela zemvelo. Sebenzisa amanye amandla anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Khumbula uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha ukuze ugweme ukunqwabelana kwemfucuza ezindaweni zokulahla izinto ezidala umonakalo omkhulu emoyeni nasenhlabathini. Phatha amanzi angcolile ukuze uvimbele ukungcoliswa kwemifula nolwandle. Ezinye izindlela ezingathathwa zisekelwe ezinkampanini ezigwema ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe, ukwandisa isikhathi sokusebenziseka kwezinto zokusebenza noma ukudala izingxenye ezishintshwayo.
Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo eMexico
I-Mexico iyizwe elibhekene nemiphumela ebalulekile yokuwohloka kwemvelo, njengoba ukuguqulwa kwayo kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nokukhula kwezibalo zabantu kusho ukuthi inyakatho yaleli zwe ihlangabezana namazinga aphezulu okungcola, okuletha imiphumela emibi kakhulu, phakathi kwayo ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, okubangela ukulahleka kwezindawo zezolimo. Ukucekelwa phansi komoya sekuyinkinga yezempilo yomphakathi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, njengoba kunjalo nokutheleleka kwemifula, kulokhu ikakhulukazi iTula, esetshenziselwa ukunisela amazwe aseSigodini sezwe.
Amahlathi
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi sekube yisishayo esikhulu eMexico, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi amakhulu ukuze kusetshenziswe umhlaba ukukhiqiza ukulima nemfuyo kanye nokudala izikhungo zasemadolobheni, kuholela ekubhujisweni kwe-1,3% yendawo yokugcina amahlathi. Ukwehlisa izinga lomoya, indawo kanye nokwandisa izinga lokushisa ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemvelo ephila kuyo.
I-Valle de Mexico
Inhloko-dolobha yaseMexico, ebizwa nangokuthi iSigodi saseMexico, ingelinye lamadolobha anokungcoliswa kwemvelo okukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Phakathi kwemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo ukuguguleka komhlabathi, okufinyelela cishe ku-71% womhlaba othintekile, okuhumusheka ekulahlekeni kwamahektha angama-700 omhlaba ovundile. Mayelana nezinga lomoya kuleli dolobha, liyashoda ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuphakama ngaphezu kolwandle lapho likhona, umoya nezinkathi zemvula, ngaphezu kokugcwala kwalo.
Iqukethe ngaphezu kwama-60% epaki yezimboni yezwe, ethinta izinga lomoya. Ngokunjalo, inani eliphezulu labantu kanye nezimboni ezibhekene neDolobha laseMexico kuthinta ukuphathwa kwamanzi angcolile, osekuyinkinga enkulu yezempilo, elimaza imifula enganikeza abantu uketshezi olubalulekile. Ukucutshungulwa kukadoti oqinile kuyinkinga okuye kwabhekwana nayo ngokuqaliswa kwezitshalo ezigaywe kabusha ukuze ziphathwe kahle, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe imiphumela yazo engcolisayo.
Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo eColombia
EColombia, imiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo inikezwa umsebenzi wezolimo, okhuthaza ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali okufanele isetshenziswe njengomanyolo wamasimu amakhulu. Ukubangela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa komoya kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yonke, ukubeka leli zwe endaweni yesibili phakathi kwalawo anomoya ongcolisa kakhulu.
Ezolimo Nemfuyo
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuwohloka kwemvelo eColombia umsebenzi wezolimo nemfuyo, njengoba kuthathwa umhlaba omningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe lezi zinto. Ngokunjalo, ama-savannah asezindaweni ezishisayo athintwa izitshalo ezingekho emthethweni ezithinta ngqo ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zindawo zemvelo, ngenxa yenani eliningi lomanyolo abalisebenzisayo, okudala imiphumela emibi ku-substrate futhi ngenxa yalokho emanzini.
Ukumayini
Ukumbiwa kwegolide namalahle kungenye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yezimayini kuleli zwe, ethinta amahektha angaba yizigidi ezingu-5,6 ezindawo ezigawuliwe, eziphathwa kabi ngamakhemikhali futhi akuthinti nje inhlabathi kuphela kodwa nezinhlobonhlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo ezitholakala kule ndawo.
Indle noma amanzi ayizinsalela kanye nemfucuza eqinile
Phakathi kwemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo iColombia ehluphekayo, ukuphathwa kwendle noma amanzi ayizinsalela, njengoba kungasebenzi izitshalo zokuhlanza ezanele, ezikhiqiza amazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa kwemifula, okufinyelela eqophelweni lokulahlekelwa ngokuphelele yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokufanayo, ukucutshungulwa kwemfucuza eqinile akulungile kakhulu, ngoba kusetshenziswa izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu ezingalawulwa, ezithinta ngqo umhlabathi.
Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo ePeru
Imiphumela eyinhloko yokuwohloka kwemvelo ePeru kungenxa yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi yezolimo kanye nomsebenzi wezimayini. Ukwengeza kulokhu, ukungcoliswa okukhulu okutholwa yizitsha ze-hydrographic, ukucubungula okungasebenzi kahle kwemfucumfucu eqinile kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwekhwalithi yomoya, sekuyinkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi kulesi sifunda.
ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo
Nakuba inani elikhulu kakhulu lokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo lenziwa emadlelweni emvelo, lokhu kudala ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokungcoliswa komoya, njengoba lo msebenzi ukhiqiza amagesi anobuthi amaningi kunezokuthutha ngokwazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthinta ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, kungcolisa amanzi nomoya, kube nomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba.
Ukumayini
Imiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo ihlanganisa ukungcoliswa komoya, inhlabathi namanzi ngenxa yenani lamakhemikhali asetshenziswa njenge-arsenic, i-iron, i-zinc, i-mercury, i-selenium, i-lead, i-cyanide, ehwamuka, ephazamisa ukwakheka komoya emlonyeni wemifula. nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi.
Indle noma amanzi ayizinsalela kanye nemfucuza eqinile
Ukuntuleka kokwelashwa kwamanzi i-Peru inamazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa kwamanzi ayo, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinsimbi ezisindayo ezincibilika kuzo ngenxa yomsebenzi wezimayini, olandelwa yizindawo zasemadolobheni nezimboni. Ngokuqondene nemfucuza eqinile, ifakwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu lapho kuphela i-15% iphinde isetshenziswe, okukhiqiza imithombo ephezulu yokungcoliswa kwezinto zemvelo.
Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo e-Argentina
Endabeni yase-Argentina, njengabangane bayo, inamazinga aphezulu okungcola ngenxa yemfuyo kanye nomsebenzi wemfuyo, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yomthombo wezomnotho wesifunda. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe le misebenzi, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali e-agrochemicals kuyadingeka, okuyingxenye yemiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo yezwe. Ngokunjalo, ukuwohloka kwemithombo yomfula kanye nenhlabathi ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwemfucuza eqinile engalungiswanga kahle kungabonwa.
Umthelela wezolimo nemfuyo
Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yezilwane ezithile kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokugwaduleka kuwumphumela wokuwohloka kwemvelo lesi sizwe esike sabhekana naso ngenxa yokuthi omunye wemisebenzi yaso emikhulu yezomnotho ugxile emfuyweni nasemisebenzini yasemapulazini, okuholele ekutheni sabe umhlaba omningi kulezi zinhlelo zokukhiqiza, okunciphisa ngo-2014 ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-12 amahlathi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuleli zwe inqubo yokudla okuguquguqukayo isetshenziswa, okugcina kungangcolisi umhlabathi kuphela kodwa namanzi, ngenxa yamakhemikhali amaningi adingekayo.
Ukumayini
Umsebenzi wezimayini ngokwawo uyingxenye yemiphumela eminingi yokuwohloka kwemvelo isifunda esibhekene nayo. Ukusetshenziswa okungaphezi kwamakhemikhali ukuze kube lula ukumba nokumbiwa kwegolide nethusi, ngaphandle kokulimaza indawo engaphansi, ukwanda kokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuqothula izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kungcolisa kakhulu amanzi emifula ebalulekile njengeJujuy, iTucumán neCatamarca.
Ukungcoliswa komoya
E-Argentina, ukungcoliswa komoya kukhuphukela kubukhulu kangangokuthi i-WHO (World Health Organization) ithi kungaphezu kwamazinga amukelekayo kule nhlangano. Lokhu kubangelwa inani lamagesi akhishwa izimboni ezinkulu, ukugezwa kwezindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kanye namakhemikhali asetshenziswa emisebenzini yezimayini akhulisa izinhlayiya eziqinile namagesi emkhathini. Isizathu sokuthi kungani izimo zepheshana lokuphefumula, ukushaywa unhlangothi kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kuphakathi kwezimbi kakhulu.
Indle noma amanzi ayizinsalela kanye nemfucuza eqinile
Njengakuwo wonke amazwe, i-Argentina ayibaleki iqiniso lokuphathwa kabi kwendle nemfucuza eqinile, okubangela imiphumela emibi yokuwohloka kwemvelo ebhekana nakho. Imfucumfucu eyahlukene yasemadolobheni neyezimboni ilahlwa emithonjeni eseduze nemifula edala umonakalo omkhulu kulezi zinhlelo. Ukwazi ukuthi i-Argentina iyizwe lesithathu eLatin America ekukhiqizeni imfucuza eqinile, ikhiqiza amathani acishe abe izinkulungwane ezingama-40 ngosuku futhi uhlelo lwayo lokugaywa kabusha luhlanganisa kuphela u-13%, okuyinto ethusayo ngokuphila emhlabeni.
Buka ividiyo elandelayo futhi ucabange ngezenzo zethu nomama womhlaba.
Ezinye izindatshana ongazithakasela yilezi: