Ukwazi incazelo ye-Ecological Community kuholela ekuqwashiseni okwengeziwe ngokubaluleka kokulondoloza nokuvikela imvelo, ngokubheka umthelela omuhle lesi senzo esiwuletha kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphezu kokwazi incazelo yayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda izici zayo ukuze uqonde kangcono imisebenzi yayo ngaphakathi kwendalo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo kubantu kanye nokuthuthukisa indawo yethu phakathi komphakathi wezemvelo.
I-Ecological Community
Incazelo ye-Ecological Community ibhekisela kusethi yezinto eziphilayo ezivela emibusweni ehlukene (izilwane nezitshalo) kanye nezinhlobo ezihlala endaweni eyodwa isikhathi esithile. I-Ecological Community ibizwa nangokuthi "i-biocenosis", "umphakathi we-biotic" noma "umphakathi wezinto eziphilayo". I-Ecological Community kufanele ifundwe njengeyunithi noma iqembu hhayi ngokuzimela ohlotsheni ngalunye lwezidalwa eziphilayo ezakhayo nezisebenzisanayo. Ngokubheka ucwaningo lwayo njengeyunithi ukuthi i-Ecological Community inenani elithe xaxa.
Izici
Isici esihlukile se-Ecological Community ukuthi ivumela ukutadisha ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene endaweni ethile nesikhathi. Lapho ukusabalalisa kwayo, ukuhleleka, ubuningi, ukuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nokulingana phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlukene ehlala ndawonye ifakiwe. Ngokunjalo, umbono oyinhloko we-Community Ecology utholakala ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwabantu kuye ngokuthi kunqunyiwe i-genotypic kanye nezici ze-phenotypic.
Ngaphezu kokutadisha ukusebenzisana kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, I-Community Ecology iphinda ihlole ukuhlobana kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezici ze-abiotic, ngokuthi zithintwa kanjani ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, imvula noma i-pH yenhlabathi, phakathi kokunye. Lezi zici zibalulekile ngoba zisebenza njengesihlungi sokukhetha izinhlobo ezenza ukuphila emphakathini. Isibonelo salokhu yizici zezitshalo ezikhula ogwadule ngokuphathelene nezici zezitshalo ezihlala ehlathini elinomswakama oshisayo, zombili lezi zitshalo zimi ngomumo ngokwesilinganiso semvula yonyaka.
Ucwaningo lomqondo kanye nobubanzi be-Ecological Community luvela kusayensi yezokuhlalisana kwezitshalo ehlongozwa abantu baseYurophu. Umqondo wesimanje we-Ecological Community uhlaziya izikimu ezifana nokuhluka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, ibhalansi, ukukhiqiza kanye nokuhleleka kochungechunge lokudla futhi, ngokufanayo, ihlola izinqubo ezifana nokuguquguquka noma ukulandelana kwenani lezilwane ezizingelayo.
Ukubaluleka
Ezindaweni ezifana ne-botanical taxonomy, umuntu ucwaningwa njengesistimu eyodwa ngenhloso yokuhlukanisa izici ezizihlukanisa kwezinye futhi zizenze zihluke kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Ecological Community isici esiyinhloko okufanele sifundwe ubudlelwano obuhlukene obusungulwa phakathi kwabantu bohlobo olufanayo nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-biotope yabo. Ukuqonda nge-biotope indawo enezimo zemvelo ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane nezitshalo.
Ukuqonda umqondo we-Ecological Community kusivumela ukuthi sihlole ukubaluleka kobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu bomphakathi ofanayo abahlala ndawonye futhi baphile ndawonye, okubavumela ukuthi baphile futhi bathuthuke ku-biotope abatholakala kuyo. Ubudlelwano obuhlukahlukene phakathi kokuthile bezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-abiotic endaweni efanayo.
Njengoba zenzeka emazingeni ahlukene kusukela echungechungeni lokudla, kuya ebuhlotsheni obuhlukene noma izinhlangano ze-symbiosis ezenzeka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo nesikhunta, kanye nokuhlangana kwezilwane ezidla inyama ezilawula ukuminyana kwezinye izilwane ezidla uhlaza ezingase zehle. impilo yemifino.
Igama elichaza kangcono ukubaluleka noma ukubaluleka Komphakathi Wendawo Ezungezile lithi “ibhalansi”. Ichaza "ibhalansi yemvelo" njengesimo lapho noma ngabe ukuguquguquka kwabantu kanye nokunyakaza kwenzeka, umphakathi uwonke ugcina ukwakheka kwawo. Yilokhu okwenzeka ku-Ecological Community.
Lezi yizikhala ezinobudlelwano obuningi kanye nezinhlangano zebhayoloji ezithintwa yizimo zemvelo ezigcinwa zilingana nomunye nomunye kanye nemvelo esebenza njengokusekela impilo nokusinda kwazo zonke izinhlangano, ngale ndlela ukugwema amafomu angaphumeleli abhubhisayo futhi ehlaselayo. Bonke lobu budlelwano obugcinwa bulinganiselwe, busiza ekufinyeleleni intuthuko esimeme, eqinisekisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nempumelelo yokuhlalisana kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ngaphakathi koMphakathi Wezemvelo.
Ukulondolozwa Kwemiphakathi Yemvelo
Uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu emiphakathini ye-Ecological ngumuntu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi ehlukene eyenziwayo ukuze izinze endaweni ishintsha ibhalansi yemvelo ye-Ecological Communities. Ukuze kuzuzwe ushintsho olubalulekile oluholela ebudlelwaneni obulinganiselayo ekuphathweni kwemithombo yemvelo ye-Ecological Communities, kufanele kube nokushintsha kwesimo sengqondo, ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela omubi wemvelo wabantu emiphakathini ehlukene ye-Ecological.
Vimbela ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile
Abantu kufanele bafune ukuzuza ukuguqulwa kwesimo sengqondo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo, ngenhloso yokunciphisa umthelela we-Ecological Communities ngaphezu kwezinga i-ecosystem engakwazi ukumelana nalo. Ukuhlela nokuklama amaphrojekthi ahlola izinga lendawo ezungezile nokuthi angangenelela ngezinga elingakanani okuthinta kancane ngangokunokwenzeka.
nciphisa ukuminyana
Ukuguqulwa kwebhalansi yemvelo i-Ecological Communities enayo, kungase kubangele ukugcwala ngokweqile kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, kuvele ukuthi zingaba izinhlobo zezilwane noma zezitshalo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imithombo yemvelo kuyo yonke imvelo ilinganiselwe futhi ukuguqulwa kochungechunge lokudla kungaholela ekwandeni kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ngoba inani lesitha saso semvelo lashintshwa futhi alikho kulowo mphakathi kuze kube yilapho lifinyelela evamile yalo. ububanzi futhi. inani labantu elilinganiselwe. Lokhu kuyimbangela yokuba khona kobhubhane ezitshalweni zezolimo. Kuphakanyiswa ukukhuthaza ukulima kwemvelo.
Lawula ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo
Ibhalansi yemvelo ezuzwe yi-Ecological Communities izuzwe ngokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo izigidi zeminyaka ezaqala ukubonakala emhlabeni. Abantu, njengoba bethola izindawo ezintsha, kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane nezitshalo, baye bafuna ukutshala izinhlobo zezitshalo futhi bazale izinhlobo zezilwane ngaphandle kwendawo ezizalelwa kuyo, izimo zemvelo zivuma futhi kungekho sitha. yona kanye nalezi zinhlobo ezintsha, ziba izinhlobo ezihlaselayo endaweni entsha lapho zithathwe khona.
Khuthaza ukuphathwa kahle kwezindawo ezivikelekile
Abantu bayakwazi ukubaluleka kokuvikela i-Ecological Communities emhlabeni kanye nendlela eyodwa yokufinyelela ukulingana phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yokwenziwa lapho kwakhiwa khona abantu kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo yemvelo kungokusungulwa Kwezindawo Ezivikelwe, njengeNational. Amapaki kanye ne-Biosphere Reserves, phakathi kokunye, zidaliwe noma zasungulwa kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngokusungulwa kwalezi ZiNdawo Ezivikelekile, inhloso ukuvikela Imiphakathi Yezemvelo echumayo ezindaweni ezithile zemvelo, okumele ivikelwe ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwebhayoloji, amasiko, imvelo, i-anthropic noma okunye ukulingana kwemvelo. Ngokuya ngezigaba ezihlukene zokuvikelwa kwemvelo, zingaba izindawo ezihlukanisiwe nemisebenzi yabantu ngoba ziyizindawo ezintekenteke kakhulu zemvelo. Ukwengeza, ukuze kuvikelwe Imiphakathi Yemvelo, abantu kufanele bafundiswe ukufunda ukusebenzisana nemvelo futhi bathole intuthuko enhle eqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
I-Ecological Niche
I-niche yohlobo ngalunye ikhombisa ukuthi ihlotshaniswa futhi ihlotshaniswa kanjani nendawo ezungezile kanye nendawo ezikuyo emphakathini E-Ecological Communities, uhlobo ngalunye lubusa indawo ethile. Izinhlobo ezahlukene ezihlala emphakathini zingafinyelela ibhalansi, ngoba lezi zinhlobo zingaba nama-niches ahlukene, yingakho zingasebenzisana noma zihlalisane.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zithatha izindawo zazo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwe-niche yikho okugcina ukulingana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane futhi kunciphisa ukuncintisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenxa yokuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zingahlala ndawonye, njengoba zilawula ukukhula kwazo ngaphezu kokulawula ukukhula kwezinye izinhlobo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuncintisana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo mkhulu kunokuncintisana phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo. Okusho ukuthi, ukuncintisana kwe-intraspecific kuhlala kukhulu kunokuncintisana kwe-interspecific.
Ngokwenani lezinhlobo ezihlala ndawonye kuMphakathi Wezemvelo kuzoba inani lezindawo ezikhona. Esimeni lapho izinhlobo ezimbili ezinendawo efanayo (njengohlobo olufanayo lokudla) zihlalisana, eyodwa izodlula enye. Njengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane zihlala ezindaweni eziningi, zizobonisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwebhayoloji kwenzeka ku-Ecological Community.
I-Ecological Community Theory
Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yizazi zemvelo kunemibono eyahlukene echaza ukuziphatha kwe-Ecological Communities, lena inkolelo-mbono ephelele, yomuntu ngamunye kanye nengathathi hlangothi. Lezi zinkolelo-mbono zichazwe ngezansi.
ithiyori ephelele
Ngokusho kwezazi zemfundiso yenkolo eziphelele, i-Ecological Community inqunywa izinhlobo ezahlukene ezizenzayo kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo. Ukuhlangana kwezilwane ezincike komunye nomunye kudlala indawo ebalulekile emisebenzini yomphakathi. Kungakho i-Ecological Communities iphindaphindeka futhi ibhalansiswa kalula, nezenzakalo ze-abiotic ezinqumayo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ithiyori ephelele yachazwa nguClements, ebheka i-Ecological Community njengeyunithi evinjelwe enemikhawulo emisiwe. Ithiyori ephelele yahlongozwa ngemva kokuqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo eziningana zivame ukuhlalisana endaweni eyodwa, ngenxa yalokhu kuqaphelisisa ukuthi yaphetha ngokuncikelana phakathi kwazo. Ngokunjalo, waveza ukuthi i-Ecological Communities ayakheka ngokungahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho iwukusabela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
ithiyori yomuntu ngamunye
Ithiyori yomuntu ngamunye ye-Ecological Community yachazwa nguGleason. Ngokwalo mbono, ukwanda kwenani labantu kwezinhlobo zezilwane kushintsha kancane kancane njengoba kudlula ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo. Ngokunjalo, izinguquko zohlobo ngalunye lwenzeka ngaphandle koshintsho olwenzeka kwezinye izinhlobo ezihlala emazingeni ahlukene e-Ecological Community. Ngombono womuntu ngamunye, ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane akwenzeki futhi kwenzeka ngengozi. Ukwakheka komphakathi we-Ecological kunqunywa izici eziguquguqukayo zemvelo ezitholakala kuma-gradient ahlukene alolo hlelo.
ithiyori engathathi hlangothi
Ngokombono wokungathathi hlangothi ochazwe u-Hubell, ku-Ecological Community izinhlobo ezihlala kuyo zisebenza ngendlela efanayo futhi inani elikhulu noma elincane lohlobo oluthile liyahlukahluka ngezinqubo zokuzalwa nokufa okwenzeka ngokungahleliwe. Ungwaqa wohlobo lwe-Ecological Community luphumela ekukhukhuleni kwemvelo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwemvelo kuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihamba ngokungahleliwe, kuyilapho inani eliphelele labantu ku-Ecological Community lihlala lingashintshi.
Uma ukufa komuntu kwenzeka phakathi komphakathi wemvelo, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye luzolinqoba lelo phasela. Uguquko lwe-Stochastic lungaholela ekuqothulweni kwezilwane kulowo mphakathi, nokho lokhu kungenzeka esikhathini esikude uma kukhona abantu abaningi balolo hlobo.
ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane
Ku-Ecological Communities uhlobo lwezilwane luhlobana ngalo ngendlela ehlukahlukene kanye ne-intraspecific, lapha kuchazwa izindlela ezihlukene izinhlobo ezihlangana ngazo. Ngokuncintisana, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, kanye nezinye izinhlobo interspecific noma interspecies ukusebenzisana. Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sabo somphakathi, umphakathi wemvelo uhlelwa ngokuhlobene nohlobo lokusebenzelana.
Ukuncintisana
Izinhlobo ezehlukene zingenela ukuncintisana zodwa uma izinsiza zinomkhawulo. Izazi ze-ecologists kulokhu zikholelwa ukuthi ukuminyana kwabantu, i-biomass noma usayizi womzimba, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kunqunyelwe ukuncintisana phakathi kwe-interspecific. Kunemibono eyahlukene mayelana nezinhlobo zamakhono, okuyizihloko okuxoxwa ngazo njengamanje.
Emvelweni, ukuncintisana phakathi kwabantu abafanayo, abantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuye kwabonwa ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, nokho, ucwaningo olwenziwa izazi zemvelo zisakhombisa ukuthi ukuncintisana kuholele ekuguqukeni kwamaqembu amakhulu. Kuhlukaniswa imiqhudelwano eyahlukene, njengalena: Ukuncintisana kokugxambukela, ukuncintisana okusobala kanye nokuncintisana kokuxhashazwa.
- Ukuncintisana kokugxambukela. Kuwuhlobo lokuncintisana okuqondile phakathi kwabantu bezinhlobo ezahlukene. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokudla noma ukuncintisana kwendawo. Izibonelo zokuncintisana kokuphazanyiswa zenzeka lapho isitshalo (amaconifers) sikhiqiza amakhemikhali e-alelopathic ukuvimbela izinhlobo ezincintisanayo ekukhuleni eduze kwazo. Nalapho ibhubesi ligijima lilandela impisi ngokubulala.
- ukuncintisana okusobala. Lolu hlobo lokuncintisana olubonakalayo lwenzeka lapho izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zinezilwane ezizingelayo ezifanayo. Inani lalezi zinhlobo zezilwane lingancipha ngokucekela phansi ngaphandle kokuncintisana okuxhaphazayo okuqondile.
- Ukuncintisana okuxhaphazayo: Ukuncintisana okuxhaphazayo kwenzeka lapho kunokuncintisana kwensiza efanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kwenzeka lapho umuntu wohlobo oluthile edla insiza enjengokudla, indawo yokuhlala, amandla noma enye, bese umuntu wolunye uhlobo lwezilwane engasakwazi ukulahla lowo mthombo. Ngokusobala lolu hlobo lokuncintisana lokuxhaphaza luvame kakhulu emiphakathini ye-Ecological, kodwa kufanele luhlukaniswe kahle nomncintiswano obonakalayo. Kukhona okuhlukile emandleni okusebenza:
I-symmetric ephelele: Kuvela uma zonke izifanekiso zithola inani elifanayo lezinsiza, ngaphandle kokunaka usayizi wazo.
Usayizi ophelele we-Symmetrical: Kuvela uma zonke izifanekiso zisebenzisa inani elifanayo lezinsiza ngeyunithi ngayinye ye-biomass.
I-asymmetric absolute size: Umncintiswano oqala lapho izibonelo ezinkulu zixhaphaza noma zisebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezitholakalayo. Izinga losayizi we-asymmetry lithonya ngokuqondile ukwakheka nokuhlukahluka kwe-Ecological Communities.
ukuhlasela
Ukudlwengulwa noma ukudlwengulwa ukuzingela ezinye izinhlobo ukuze uzidle. Kuwubudlelwane obunokulinganisa okuphambene ngoba uhlobo oludlayo luyawina noma luhlomule futhi esikhundleni salokho uhlobo lwezilwane ezizingelayo noma olwandulelayo luyalimala ngoba luyaludla. Izibonelo eziningi zibonakala emvelweni, njengama-falcons abamba igundane abulale inyamazane yawo ngaphambi kokuyidla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezizidlayo ziyi-parasitic, zidla inyamazane yazo ngisho nalapho zisaphila. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lwezilwane ezidla ezinye ama-vampires, ezidla inkomo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi i-parasitism ingabangela ukufa komuntu oyisisulu. Esinye isibonelo sezilwane ezidliwayo ukudla kwezitshalo yizilwane ezidla uhlaza, ngesikhathi sokuklaba kwezimvu, izinkomo, izimbuzi noma ezinye izilwane ezidla uhlaza. Lokhu kudlondlobala kunomthelela kwinani lezilwane ezidla ezinye nezinhlobo ezizingelayo kanye nenani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlobene Emphakathini Wezemvelo.
ukuzwana
Ebudlelwaneni bokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, zombili ziyakwazi ukuzuza, njengokuthi: ukuhlangana kwamagciwane I-Rhizobium ehlala ezigangeni zempande yezinye izitshalo ezimila imidumba futhi ihlinzeka lezi zitshalo ngemisoco. Ezinye izibonelo ukuthuthwa kwempova yizinambuzane nezinyoni ezitshalweni ezahlukene, lezi zinikeza umpe futhi izilwane zithwala impova yazo ziye kwezinye izimbali futhi ziyivuthele.
Ubudlelwano beCommensalism
Ngokungafani ne-Mutualism, kuCommensalism ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, umuntu oyedwa uzuza futhi omunye akazuzi futhi akalinyazwa. Umuntu ohlomulile ubizwa nge-"commensal" kanti omunye ongazuzanga noma ongalimalanga, ubizwa ngokuthi "isivakashi". Lolu hlobo lokuhlotshaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kwenzeka lapho ama-epiphytic orchid ehlala emagatsheni ezihlahla ukuze athole ukukhanya kwelanga namanzi emvula, ngaphandle kokuthinta izihlahla noma ukuwazuzisa.
Umphikisi we-Commensalism u-Amensalism, okuwubudlelwane phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lapho into ethile ithinta kabi enye into ephilayo kodwa nokho into yokuqala ephilayo ingathinteki.
Parasitism
Ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lapho okuphilayo noma umuntu wohlobo oluthile elinyazwayo futhi kuyilapho umuntu noma into ephilayo leyo zinambuzane izuza.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi imvelo emangalisayo futhi uyivikele, funda lokhu okuthunyelwe:
- Imisebenzi yokunakekelwa kweMvelo
- Izibonelo Zokuzibophezela Komphakathi Kwebhizinisi
- Ukwahlukaniswa Kwemfucuza Eyingozi