Uzokwazi konke mayelanaSakheka kanjani isimiso sonozungezilanga?, Amaplanethi, Ilanga, Iziphuphutheki, incazelo yokwakheka kwazo, i-Solar Nebula nokunye okuningi.
Isimiso sonozungezilanga
Ngokwezifundo ezenziwayo, kukholakala ukuthi indlela uHlelo Lweplanethi olwakhiwe ngayo nokukhula kwalo kwaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine namakhulu ayisithupha edlule. Lapho kuba nokuwohloka okwakungaphakathi kwengxenye ye-sidereal egqugquzelwa amandla adonsela phansi ayo, kwagcina kwakheka imbobo emnyama.
Lokhu kwenzeka engxenyeni yenqwaba yama-molecule. Ingxenye enkulu yaleli fu elabhidlika yayigxiliswe phakathi nendawo, lapho kwakwakhiwa khona iKing Star, enye yayisicaba ibe yindandatho "i-protoplanetary".
Kwabe sekwakhiwa amaplanethi, ama-asteroids, izinyanga kanye nezinye izinto ezincane ezitholakala ohlelweni lweplanethi.
La I-Nebular Hypothesis egunyazwe kakhulu, yadalwa ngu-Emanuel Swedenborg, uPierre-Simon Laplace kanye no-Immanuel Kant, ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwaxhumanisa izimfundiso ezahlukene zesigaba sesayensi njengefiziksi, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi, i-geology kanye nesayensi yeplanethi eyahlukene.
Ngokufika kwe-"Space Age" ngonyaka ka-1950 kanye nokutholwa kwamaplanethi angaphandle kwe-Solar System, eshumini leminyaka lokugcina lekhulu lama-XNUMX, lezi zithenjwa zabuyekezwa ukuze zifake izinto ezintsha ezitholakele.
La Ukwakhiwa Kwesistimu Yelanga yenza izinguquko ezinkulu kusukela yasungulwa. AmaSathelayithi adala izindandatho ezinegesi kanye nezinhlayiya zesihlabathi ezazidlula futhi zizungeze amaPlanethi ayingxenye yawo, ngokusobala amanye amaSathelayithi adalwa ngawodwana futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aba ingxenye yamaPlanethi ayingxenye yawo.
Kucatshangwa futhi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi idlule njengeSathelayithi yePlanethi Yomhlaba, ukuthi umsuka wayo uvela ekushaqekeni okukhulu. Lokhu kungqubuzana okukhulu kwezakhi ezihlukahlukene kwenzeka kaningi, okubalulekile ekushintsheni ohlelweni lweplanethi.
Umbono wamaplanethi unokugudluka okungapheli. Inkolelo yamanje ukuthi konke lokhu kufuduka kwamaplanethi kunesibopho sokuthuthuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi koHlelo Lweplanethi.
ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala
Ihlukaniswe yaba ulwazi mayelana Nebula Ilanga.
ilanga nebula
Ukuqagela okucatshangwayo okwamanje Ukwakhiwa Kwesistimu Yelanga YiTheory ephakamisa ukuthi yadalwa ngefu lothuli elalisemkhathini.
Lona "liguqubele” kwakungumbono ka-Emanuel Swedenborg ekuqaleni. U-Immanuel Kant ngonyaka we-1775, ngolwazi ayenalo emsebenzini owenziwa yiSwedenborg, wadala umbono ojulile. Kukhona enye i-hypothesis efanayo eyenziwa ngabanye nguPierre Simo Laplace ngo-1796.
Ithiyori echazayo Ukwakhiwa Kweplanethi okokuqala kwabonakaliswa nguLaplace ngonyaka ka-1644 ADuthi ngenkathi kwakhiwa uhlelo lwePlanethi cishe cishe “iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine namakhulu ayisithupha” kwaba umphumela wokungqubuzana lapho izakhi zasondelana futhi zahlangana efwini elikhulu lama-molecule.
Lokhu kuguquguquka kwase kwakheka kakade ngeminyaka eminingi yokukhanya futhi kwakhiwe izinkanyezi eziningi kuwo.
Lesi sigameko ngaphandle besinombono ofiphele, ama-meteorite akudala ahlolisiswa ajikijela izinsalela zezinto ezingakheka kuphela ngaphakathi enkabeni yezinkanyezi ezinkulu ezazoqhuma, nokucacisa ukuthi esimweni lapho Ilanga ladalwa ngaphakathi kwe-supernovae eseduze.
Ukuhlehliswa okubangelwa ukungqubuzana kwe-supernovae kungase kube imbangela yendlela i-Sun eyakhiwe ngayo, ngokukhiqizwa kwemikhakha enezinqwaba emafini angomakhelwane, okuholela ekubhujisweni komunye nomunye.
Enkulumweni yabezindaba kusukela ngo-2009, ugcizelela ukuthi iLanga laqala ukwakheka kwalo ngokuhlanganisa isethi eseceleni ephakathi kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu nantathu zezakhi zelanga, ezinobubanzi be-parsec eyodwa nantathu (isilinganiso esisetshenziswa kusayensi yezinkanyezi).
Ngalokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi izinkanyezi ezidalwe kulelo qembu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi neminyaka ziye zahlukana. Ngokusho kwalesi sihloko, kuthiwa ingxenye yalezo zinkanyezi eziphakathi kweshumi namashumi ayisithupha, zitholakala endaweni eyi-100 parsecs. Ezungeza iLanga
Kukhona enye yale mikhakha yamagesi eyabhidlika (enegama elithi "Protosolar Nebula"), kwaba yimbangela yokwakheka kweLanga Le ndawo yayinobubanzi obuyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa kuya kwezingamashumi amabili ezinkulungwane ze-AU (iyunithi yezinkanyezi).
Ukuba nosayizi mhlawumbe omkhulu kunesilinganiso seLanga, cishe "1.001 kanye no-1,1 we-solar matter".
Ngokukholelwa ukuthi umthethosisekelo walo wawufana nokwakheka kweLanga namuhla: isilinganiso samaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalombili we-hydrogen ne-helium nto etholakala kusukela ngesikhathi se-Big Bang, namaphesenti amabili ezinhlayiya ezinama-pes amakhulu, okwakuyizinsalela. wezinkanyezi zamadlozi ezagcina sezifile zakhishwa zabuyiselwa emkhathini.
Ngesikhathi lolu hlobo lwamafu lubhidlika, yonke into yaqala ukuhamba ngokushesha. Izakhi ezazingaphakathi kwefu zaqala ukuhlangana, ngaphakathi kwakukhona ama-athomu ashayisana, ekwazi ukudala amandla aguqulwa abe ukushisa.
Engxenyeni emaphakathi, lapho kwatholakala khona inani elikhulu lezakhi, izinga lokushisa layo lenyuka kakhulu, lidlula lendandatho eseduze kakhulu.
Wonke la mandla kanye namandla adonsela phansi, kanye nokucindezela okwenziwa amagesi, amandla kazibuthe nokunyakaza kwathatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kwawo, ifu, lapho lifinyela, laqala inqubo yokucaba, lenza uhlobo oluthile idiski ye-protoplanetary enesilinganiso esingamakhulu amabili AU ububanzi. Nge "i-protostar” eyayinezinga lokushisa eliphakeme nelijiyile phansi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinkanyezi "T Tauri". Ezinesikhathi esincane, ziqukethe izakhi zelanga ezingancibilikisiwe okucatshangwa ukuthi zilingana nezinhlayiya zeLanga kulo mzuzu wokuguqulwa, kunezibonakaliso zokuthi zihlanganiswe namasongo wezinto zangaphambi kweplanethi.
Amaringi athatha ibanga elikhulu ukusuka ku-AU futhi izinga lokushisa lawo liphansi kakhulu, lifinyelela cishe inkulungwane K ekushiseni kwawo okuphezulu.
Ngemva kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyikhulu, ukucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa enkabeni yeLanga kwaba kukhulu kangangokuthi i-hydrogen yaqala ukuhlangana ndawonye, okwenza ukuzalwa kwamandla angaphakathi akhiqizwe alinganisela ukuncipha kwamandla adonsela phansi kuze kufinyelelwe ukuvumelana. .
Kungalesi sikhathi lapho iLanga seliphenduke iNkanyezi entsha.
Lapho kuhlangana khona amafu, uthuli nomhwamuko (okuyi-nebula), yilapho okukholelwa ukuthi Ukwakhiwa Kweplanethi. Njengamanje yilokhu okucatshangwa ukuthi amaplanethi adalwe kanjani futhi anegama elithi "Accretion".
Lapho amaplanethi aqala khona njengothuli I-Orbit nxazonke kwe i-protostar ephakathi, okwathi ekuqaleni kwasungulwa ubuhlobo obuqondile nesethi yamakhilomitha angu-1 kuya kwangu-10 ububanzi.
Ngaso leso sikhathi bashayisana ukuze benze izinhlangano ezinobukhulu obukhudlwana "(amaplanethi)", okulinganisa cishe amakhilomitha amahlanu, okuthi ngokushaqeka okufanayo kwanda cishe ngamasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu unyaka ngamunye kuzo zonke izigidi zeminyaka edlule.
Ingaphakathi lesimiso samaplanethi lalinamazinga okushisa afudumele kakhulu ukuze ama-molecule aguquguqukayo akwazi ukuhlangana, njengoba kwenzeka ngama-molecule amanzi kanye ne-methane, yingakho "ama-planetesimals" adalwa kuleyo ndawo ayenobukhulu obungeyona. enkulu kakhulu, babeno-0,6% kuphela we-ring agglomeration.
Yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ama-elementi anephesenti eliphezulu ku-Foundry, njengezinsimbi nama-silicates. Kamuva kakhulu lezi zingxenye ezinokwakheka kwamatshe zaba amaplanethi asemhlabeni.
Amandla adonsela phansi kuJupiter awazange avumele inyunyana yezinhlangano ze-protoplanetary ezazilapho, zagcina zisuka kude "ibhande le-asteroid".
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lapho kwatholakala khona unqenqema lokupholisa, izakhi ezakha amagesi aneqhwa zakwazi ukuhlala zihlangene, amaplanethi iSaturn neJupiter akwazi ukuqoqa izakhi eziningi eziphakeme kunalezo ezaziqoqwe ezasemhlabeni, ngoba kuningi.
Bakwazile ukuba umusi omkhulu, esikhundleni salokho amaPlanethi u-Uranus noNeptune akwazile ukuqoqa okuncane kwaleyo nto, ayiqamba igama elithi isithwathwa esikhulu, becabanga ukuthi phakathi nendawo bane-hydrogen kuphela.
Ekuqaleni kweLanga, umhwamuko nothuli lwezinhlayiya zendandatho ye-protoplanetary zasakazeka endaweni yonke, zanikeza ikhefu ekuziphendukeleni kweplanethi ngokukhula.
I-T Tauri Stars inemimoya yelanga enamandla amakhulu kuneyezinkanyezi ezindala futhi ezinozinzo.
Izinkinga nge-Solar Nebula Model
Inkinga eyodwa "ngemodeli ye-solar nebula" ihlobene nomfutho we-angular. Njengoba udaba oluningi ohlelweni lugcwele ukuguqubala obekuqhubeka, ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi umfutho omningi walolu hlelo bekumele ugcwaliswe endaweni.
Ukunyakaza kweLanga kuphansi ngesivinini njengoba kunqunyiwe, njengoba amaplanethi anamaphesenti acishe abe amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye omfutho we-kinetic, lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi anephesenti elilodwa lenethi yezinto zesistimu.
Mayelana nalokhu, kwafinyelelwa impendulo, okubangele ukuncipha kwejubane ku-nucleus ukungqubuzana okudala imvuthuluka yothuli eringini eyinhloko.
Kuyinkinga enkulu eyethulwe ku- “ifu legesi” mayelana nendawo yamaPlanethi. I-Planet Neptune kanye ne-Uranus atholakala emkhakheni lapho ukuqondana kwawo kunobuncane bokwamukeleka, ngenxa ye-viscosity ephansi yamafu ezikhathini ezibanzi zokujikeleza kulo mkhakha.
Amaplanethi asesesigabeni sokushisa abonwa ngeso lengqondo azungeze ezinye izinkanyezi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukudalwa kwawo kwakungekho endaweni akuyo ngalesi sikhathi, uma empeleni kuvela efwini.
Impendulo yale nkinga ingafinyelelwa ekuthuthweni kwamaplanethi, lapho ehlala enezindawo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi isikhathi esikuso mayelana neLanga, ekwazi ukufuna ukusondela noma ukuqhela kulo.
Imininingwane yamaPlanethi ingaba yinkinga. Ithiyori yemodeli "yefu" ixwayisa ngokuthi amaplanethi ngokuvamile adalwe ngokunembile ku-Elliptical Plane. Yini engenzeki endleleni yamaplanethi amadala kakhulu anokuthambekela okuncane.
Kumaplanethi angewona amatshe, kodwa anegesi, kubikezelwa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwawo kanye nezinhlelo zesathelayithi azinakho ukuthambekela ngokubhekisela endizeni ye-elliptical, kodwa iPlanethi ye-Uranus kulokhu ithambekele ngamadigri angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalombili.
I-Lunar Satellite inkulu uma iqhathaniswa nePlanethi Yomhlaba namanye amasathelayithi ahamba ngokungavamile uma kuqhathaniswa nePlanethi yawo, lena enye inkinga. Okucatshangwayo ukuthi lesi simo sinencazelo yalokho okwenzeka ngemva kokudalwa kwesimiso seplanethi.
Ubudala obulinganiselwe
Ososayensi banesibalo abacabanga ukuthi isimiso samaplanethi sinqwabelana iminyaka engaba yizinkulungwane ezine namakhulu ayisithupha. Kuye kwatholakala amadwala ePlanethi Yomhlaba okungenzeka ukuthi aneminyaka engu-XNUMX XNUMX ubudala.
Lezi zinhlobo zamatshe asendulo azivamile ukutholakala, ngoba indawo yoMhlaba ihlala ishintsha ngenxa yesimo sezulu, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, kanye nokushelela kwamapuleti.
Ukuze ubale isilinganiso seminyaka yesimiso seplanethi, ososayensi basebenzisa amasampula ama-meteorite, okukholakala ukuthi akhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni kokudalwa "kwe-nebula".
Kukhona i-meteorite ye-"I-Diablo Canyon” okungesinye sezindala, esisebenza njengesibonelo, esingafinyelela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine namakhulu ayisithupha, kusuke lapho lapho kubalwa khona ukuthi isimiso samaplanethi kufanele sibe neminyaka efanayo.
Kamuva i-Evolution
Ekuqaleni kwakunenkolelo yokuthi amaPlanethi asungulwa endaweni akuyo njengamanje noma aqhelelene nayo. Le thiyori iye yashintshwa kakhulu phakathi neshumi leminyaka lokugcina lekhulunyaka elidlule kanye nengxenye yekhulu leminyaka esikulo.
Njengamanje kukholakala ukuthi uhlelo lwamaplanethi lwalunomunye umbono ngesikhathi ludalwa, lunezici ezinhlanu okwakukhona kuyo iPlanethi Mercury, eyayingaphakathi ohlelweni kanye namanye amaplanethi amane.
Isimiso samaplanethi esiyingxenye engaphandle sasisikhulu kakhulu kunalokho esiyikho manje, njengoba "i-Kuiper Belt" ngalesi sikhathi isendaweni engaphandle kakhulu kusukela lapho yaqala khona.
Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ukushayisana kuyinto evamile okufanele yenzeke, vele uma kungalandelwa. Kufanele kukhunjulwe njalo ukuthi iNyanga yadalwa ngomunye wabo, futhi uhlelo lwePluto-Charon lwaba umphumela wokushayisana kwezinhlayiya ezivela "Kuiper Belt".
Kucatshangwa ukuthi amanye amasathelayithi azungeze ama-asteroids kanye nolunye udaba "I-Kuiper Belt»yizimpendulo ezishaqisayo nje.
Kuyohlale kukhona ukungqubuzana, isampula umthelela weComet Shoemaker-Levy 9 nePlanet Jupiter ngo-1994 kanye nesigxivizo esashiywa yiMeteor Crater ngesikhathi iwe e-Arizona, e-United States.
Uhlelo Lweplanethi Yangaphakathi
Njengamanje kunenkolelo yokuthi ngesikhathi iPlanethi Yomhlaba ibunjwa yaba nokushayisana okukhulu nento enobukhulu bePlanethi Mars.
Kusuka lapho kwadalwa iNyanga. Lo mbono uthi lesi sici esishayisane noMhlaba sakhiwe ngokungaguquki okuphakathi koMhlaba neKing Star, esibizwa ngokuthi "Lagrange", ngemuva kokushayisana saphambukisa indlela.
Ibhande le-Asteroid
Kukhona ukuqagelaifu lelanga", uthi "Ibhande le-Asteroid" ekuqaleni yayinenani lezakhi ezidingekayo ekudalweni kweplanethi, njengoba kunjalo, amaplanethi amaningana akwazi ukuvuthwa.
Akuyona indaba ye-Jupiter eyadalwa ngaphambi kokuba amaplanethi akhiwe. Amagagasi ajikelezayo kanye neJupiter, yiwo aqondisa indawo ye-Asteroid Belt.
Lawa ma-resonance ahlukanisa ama-planetesimals kusukela ku-"Asteroid Belt" noma alondoloze ibhande elincane le-orbital eliwavimbela ekuzimiseni ngokwawo. Okusele amaplanethi asele adalwa ekuqaleni kwesimiso samaplanethi.
I-Jupiter yabangela inani elikhulu lendaba evela "e-Asteroid Belt" ukuba ihlakazeke, kusale kuphela into efana ne-1/10 yendaba efana nobukhulu bePlanethi Yomhlaba. Ukulahleka kwalolu daba kuyimbangela evimbela “i-Asteroid Belt ekubeni iPlanethi.
Ama-elementi anesisindo esikhulu anenkundla enkulu yamandla adonsela phansi ukuze amise ukuphunyuka kwendaba yawo ngenxa yokushayisana okungalindelekile nokunodlame.
Leli cala alivamile ku-Asteroid Belt. Ngakho-ke, kunezici ezimbalwa eziqhekeke zaba yizicucu, imvamisa izakhi zakamuva ziphushwa ngaphandle kokushaqeka okuncane.
Ubufakazi bungabonakala ekushaqekeni kwamasathelayithi azungeze ama-asteroids, okwamanje lokhu kunezimpendulo ngokuqinisa izinto ezakhiwe isici esiyinhloko esikhululiwe esingenawo wonke amandla okuphuma lapho.
Amaplanethi angaphandle
Phakathi kwamaplanethi angaphandle kukhona: "Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, Uranus."
umdondoshiya wegesi
Kunama-protoplanet amakhudlwana ayemakhulu ngokwanele ukuqukatha igesi yendandatho ye-"protoplanetary", efika ekucabangeni ukuthi ukunikezwa kwawo kwezinto ezibonakalayo kungaqondwa endaweni yawo eringini, lokhu kube ukucaciswa okulula ukuqonda ezinye izinhlelo zamaplanethi.
I-Jupiter iyiplanethi ye-planetesimal yokuqala, yiyona eyafinyelela odabeni olubaluleke kakhulu lokuthwebula igesi ye-helium negesi ye-hydrogen, yiyona esendaweni engaphakathi kakhulu (ukwenza ukuqhathanisa nemizila ehlukene neLanga), ngesikhathi kuleli phuzu amagagasi e-orbital ayashesha. Ukuminyana kweringi kuphezulu futhi ukushaqeka kwenzeka kaningi.
I-Jupiter, okuyiJovian, inkulu ngoba ibambe igesi ye-hydrogen ne-helium enkulu isikhathi eside, futhi iPlanethi Saturn ikusekela.
Lawa maplanethi amabili akhiwe nge-hydrogen ne-helium, okuyigesi abayiqongelele ngengxenye yama-97% kanye ne-90% yendaba, ngokulandelana.
Abanye ababili"amaplanethi” okungukuthi i-Uranus neNeptune yafika esilinganisweni esinzima ukuze ime ngemva kwesikhashana, futhi yingakho ingenawo amagesi anele, okwamanje kusho ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yengqikithi yazo.
Ukuqhubeka nokumuncwa kwegesi, ngalesi sikhathi uhlelo lwamaplanethi angaphandle kucatshangwa ukuthi lwakhiwe ukufuduka kwamaplanethi.
Ngale ndlela amandla adonsela phansi la maplanethi alawula indawo yezinto eziyingxenye ye- "I-Kuiper Belt”, abaningi bathuthela ngaphakathi kwePlanethi iSaturn, iNeptune ne-Uranus, njengoba iJupiter yayivame ukuxosha lezi zakhi ohlelweni lweplanethi.
Ekugcineni, i-Jupiter yahlanganiswa nengaphakathi, kuyilapho iSaturn, iNeptune kanye ne-Uranus ihambela ngaphandle. Ngo-2004, kwenziwa isambulo mayelana nale nqubo eyaholela ekwakhekeni kwamanje kwesimiso seplanethi.
Ngekhompyutha ethuthukisiwe, kwadalwa izifanisi ze-Jupiter ne-Saturn, okwenza kwaziwa ukuthi i-Jupiter yaqala ukuthwebula inani elingaphansi kwemizila emibili ye-Star King leyo eyathathwa u-Uranus noNeptune ngesikhathi uSaturn enza uguquko.
Le ndlela yokufuduka izobeka iPlanethi yeJupiter kanye neSaturn kugagasi elingu-2:1 (resonance) lapho isikhathi sokuqeda ukuzungeza kweJupiter sizothatha ingxenye yesikhathi seSaturn.
Lawa magagasi ayezobeka i-Uranus neNeptune ezindaweni ezimise okweqanda, akwazi ukuba namathuba amaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu okwenza umnyakazo wokuvimbezela. Iplanethi eyathatha indawo engaphandle kakhulu kwakuyiNeptune futhi yayingase iphushelwe ngaphandle, isuka "Kuiper Belt" njengoba yayinjalo ekuqaleni.
Ukusebenzelana okwalandela Kwamaplanethi kanye "Nebhande Le-Kuiper" ngemva kokuthi Amaplanethi iSaturn neJupiter ewele igagasi elingu-2:1 kuveza izinhlobo zesikhala se-orbital kanye nokutsheka kwenkaba yamaplanethi amakhulu angaphandle.
USaturn no-Uranus bagcina bekuleso sikhundla ngokuphathelene neJupiter kanye nesifaniso phakathi kwabo, uNeptune wahlala endaweni enayo njengamanje kusukela kuleso sikhundla yilapho "i-Kuiper Belt" yaqala khona.
Ukusabalala kwezakhi ze-"Kuiper Belt" kuchaza ukuthi kwakubukhali kangakanani ukuqhuma kancane kancane okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezine edlule.
Ibhomu Elinzima
Yonke inqubo eyenziwa amaplanethi angaphakathi ngesikhathi akha, kungashiwo ukuthi kwakuwuhlobo oluthile lokuqhuma kwamabhomu.
Ibhomu Elinzima Kamuva
Ngemuva kokuba indandatho yegesi ihlanzwe ngomoya welanga, eziningana amaplanethi basala ngaphandle kokuthola ukwamukelwa yinoma iyiphi indikimba yeplanethi.
Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi lesi sibalo sabantu ekuqaleni satholakala ngemuva kwamaplanethi angaphandle, lapho izikhathi "zokunamathela kweplanethisimal" zinkulu kakhulu futhi ukwakheka kwanoma iyiphi iplanethi ngaphambi kokusakazwa kwegesi kwakungenakwenzeka.
Iplanethi ebizwa ngokuthi umdondoshiya wangaphandle yayihlobene nalolo lwandle.iplanethisimal”, ehlakaza izingxenye ezincane zamatshe ngaphakathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ehamba nokunyakaza ngaphandle.
Amaplanethi agcina ehlakazekile esuka kwiplanethi elandelayo, kwenzeka lokho okwenzeka ngaphambili, bese ezama ngenye iplanethi, kuyilapho lamaplanethi ahamba emizileni yawo eya ngaphandle, ngesikhathi esifanayo amaplanethi angena ngaphakathi.
Nakanjani, lokhu kuhunyushwa kweplanethi kubangele igagasi lokuduma ekuxhumaneni namaPlanethi amabili okuqala asemancane, abeseqanjwe igama.
Ngokuqondene namanye amaplanethi amabili, awahola ngokushesha ngokunyakaza okuthile ngaphandle, ukuze ahlangane nolwandle lwamaplanethi.
Wonke lowo mthamo wama-planetesimals wayiswa engxenyeni engaphakathi, ukuze kamuva uhlangane nalokho okwakusesimisweni seplanethi, esasinokukhula okuqhubekayo, sithola ukushaqeka okuningi kukho konke okwakuyiplanethi nenyanga okwakungafinyelelwa kuyo. Lesi sigaba siqanjweUkuqhunyiswa Kwebhomu Okunamandla Okumisiwe”.
Ngakho kwaba ukuthi la maplanethi ama-rookie, ikakhulukazi amabili okugcina, agcina enawo wonke ama-planetesimal ayeseringini. Mhlawumbe ukubenza bathathe isifundo ngasemaphethelweni e-"Oort Cloud" ibanga elilinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi amahlanu ze-AU.
Futhi ukushintsha i-orbit ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuthinte amanye amaplanethi futhi kungase kube ukuthi ahlala enkambweni engaguquki njengoba kwenzeka "kwi-Asteroid Belt."
Isikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu esinzima senziwa iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu ambalwa, okwashiya uphawu lwaso kuma-craters ahlukene, okuhlala njengobufakazi lapho bubhekwa ezindabeni ezingenakuphila ngokwezwe ohlelweni lweplanethi.
Mhlawumbe idume kakhulu, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi "amaplanethi"futhi"amaplanethi” kungenzeka kube yimbangela yokwakhiwa kwamasathelayithi, ama-orbits asesathelayithi, njengokutshekisa kwe-axial okungalindelekile ekuhumusheni okuvumelanayo.
Izimbobo ezingenakubalwa ezitholakala eNyangeni nezinye izinto ezinkulu ezisesimisweni samaplanethi, konke lokhu kungafakazelwa.
Ukuphahlazeka okukhulu okwanikeza "i-protoplanet" enezinyathelo ezifanayo nalezo zePlanethi Mars kuthiwa kubangele ukudalwa kwesathelayithi enkulukazi ewuMhlaba.
Okukabani izici ezifana nalokhu, kungase futhi kube yimbangela yokushintsha inkathi yalePlanethi, okwamanje eno-23,5° ngokuphathelene nokuzungeza kwayo.
Kulolu hlobo "ifu lelanga” Amaplanethi anendlela eyodwa kuphela yokucosha amasathelayithi.
I-Los amasathelayithi e-Mars anobukhulu obumbalwa futhi ayisicaba, ngokusobala angama-asteroids futhi akhona namanye amasampula amasathelayithi avaleleke atholakala kwezinye izinhlelo zakamuva.
Ukuxhumana kwemizila evamile ye-Jupiter kubangelwa umzimba othize “Ibhande le-Asteroid” futhi wayivimbela ekuguquleni indlela yayo nendlela yayo yokuya kwenye iplanethi engumhlaba ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ingxenye enkulu yalowo mzimba iye yahlala ingaphakathi kwemizila engavamile eshayisana nezinye izakhi; usayizi wendaba "e-Asteroid Belt" namuhla ingaphansi kwengxenye yeshumi yobukhulu bezinto zasemhlabeni.
I-Kuiper Belt kanye ne-Oort Cloud
I-Kuiper Belt ekuqaleni yayiwumkhakha wezoni yangaphandle yendaba eyayisesigabeni esiqandisiwe, eyayingenakho ukuvumelana okwanele kwe-athomu ukuze iqiniswe.
Kungenzeka ukuthi unqenqema lwengxenye engaphakathi lwalungaphesheya kwePlanethi i-Uranus neNeptune ekudalweni kwayo. Ngobubanzi obungaba yi-AU eyishumi nanhlanu ukuya kwamashumi amabili.
Isilinganiso eseceleni esedlulele sasicishe sibe ngama-AU angamashumi amathathu. I-Kuiper Belt ekuqaleni i-distilled izakhi ezafinyelela ohlelweni lwamaplanethi angaphandle, lokhu kwabangela ukuba impilo yeplanethi iqale.
I-resonance eshiwo ngenhla yamaplanethi yabangela ukuba iNeptune iwele i-Kuiper Belt, ephuma ingxenye enkulu yezakhi.
Ezinye zalezi zakhi zanwetshwa ngaphakathi, zaze zaxhumana ne-Jupiter futhi zafakwa emzileni oyi-elliptical kakhulu, ezinye zakhishwa ohlelweni lweplanethi.
Izinto ezigcina seziyimizungezo eyielliptical zihlanganise ukwakheka kwe I-Oort Cloud. Ngemuva, kwakukhona izakhi ezaxoshwa yiNeptune, zakha indandatho ehlakazekile, ngalokhu kwacaca ukuthi "I-Kuiper Belt” yayinevolumu encane ngalesi sikhathi.
Kulokhu "I-Kuiper Belt” Kutholwe inani elikhulu lezakhi ezinezela ku-Pluto, ezazigcinwe amandla adonsela phansi emzileni weNeptune, ziwaqhubezela emizileni enomsindo.
I-supernovae engumakhelwane ibe nomthelela ekukhuleni Kohlelo Lweplanethi kanye namafu aphakathi kwezinkanyezi nawo asebenzisana.
Ingxenye yangaphandle yezakhi ezitholakala ohlelweni lweplanethi yabhekana nokufinyeleleka kohlobo lwendawo olugqugquzelwa umoya welanga, ama-meteorite anosayizi omncane, kanye nezakhi ezingathathi hlangothi zemvelo, kwaba nethonya elalidlula njenge-supernovae. nokunye ukuzamazama komhlaba.
UBeth E. Clark, ungomunye wososayensi abafuna ulwazi mayelana nesimo sezulu sendawo nokuguguleka kwayo, ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa ukungezwani okuchazwe ohlelweni lwamaplanethi lwangaphandle.
Kunobufakazi obulethwe yi-"Stardust" eyabuya ku-"Comet Wild 2" yabonisa ukuthi izidumbu ezadalwa ekuqaleni kwesimiso samaplanethi zathuthela "e-Kuiper Belt", nazo zafuduka izinhlayiya zesihlabathi ezatholwa kudala. kwadalwa uhlelo lwamaplanethi.
Amasathelayithi
Imizimba eyakhiwe ngokwemvelo, itholakala ohlelweni lweplanethi, ingxenye enkulu yazo izungeza amaplanethi amakhulu nezinye izakhi ezitholakala ohlelweni lweplanethi. Imvelaphi yalezi "zinyanga zemvelo" zinezizathu ezintathu zokuba khona:
Ukuvumelana okuvela endandathoni "ye-protoplanetary", lokhu kuvamile kumaplanethi angakhiwe ngamatshe.
Ukwakheka okuvela kuzinsalela, kubangela ukuvela okukhulu ekhoneni elingaphandle kanye nokuthwebula kuphaseji kwezinye izici.
Imidondoshiya yegesi cishe njalo ihambisana nezinyanga ezadalwa ngendandatho "ye-protoplanetary".
Ngenxa yobukhulu balawa masathelayithi kanye nokuba seduze kwawo namaplanethi, isenzo esingenzeka kuphela ngamaplanethi anegesi asebenza ngemfucumfucu yokushaqeka, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukufezwa ngokuthatha.
Amasathelayithi angeyona ingxenye yamaPlanethi akhiwa kakhulu ngamanzi, ahlala emancane futhi anemijikelezo eyi-elliptical enokuthambekela okunganele. Lezi zici zivamile ezintweni ezithunjiwe.
Uma kufika"Amaplanethi angakhiwe uketshezi” nezinye izinto eziqinile zesistimu yeplanethi, iningi labadali “Amasathelayithi"Kungenxa yobuningi bezinto eziphushwa ukushaqeka, zigcine zisemizileni futhi ziqoqelwe eyodwa noma ehlukene."Amasathelayithi".
Ngalo mbono kukholakala ukuthi yile ndlela iNyanga yePlanethi Yomhlaba eyadalwa ngayo.
Ama-"Satellite" ngemva kokudalwa azoqhubeka nokuvela kwawo. Kungabonakala kulokho okwenzeka olwandle kanye nezinguquko ezenzeka emkhathini kanye nezinga elincane izinguquko ezenzeka emhlabeni.
Uma iplanethi ihamba ngokushesha kunomjikelezo wenyanga, amagagasi azohamba phambi kwenyanga. Ngenxa yalokho amandla adonsela phansi azokhula futhi enze “Isatellite” shesha futhi kancane usuke ePlanethi njengoba kwenzeka ngeNyanga.
Lapho inyanga ishesha kuneplanethi noma izungeza ngendlela ephambene, umehluko uyoba ngemuva kwenyanga, ibe nokwanda kwamandla adonsela phansi okuyogcina kubangele ukwehla kwenyanga.
Kwenzakalani ngo"fob” inyanga yePlanethi Mars, eyehla kancane kancane.
Amaplanethi angakwazi futhi ukukhiqiza ukuphakama kwamagagasi yizinyanga, okubangela ukuncipha kokunyakaza kwenyanga kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa isikhathi sayo sokujikeleza lapho ibekwe endaweni efanayo yoshintsho.
Ngale ndlela inyanga izobeka esinye sezigaba zayo ngokubuka iPlanethi, njengoba kwenzeka ngeNyanga noMhlaba.
Igama elinikezwe le nqubo lithi "ukuzungezisa okuvumelanayo” futhi isebenza enyangeni ehlukene yesimiso samaplanethi, njengoba kunjalo ku-Satellite of Jupiter. I-Pluto kanye ne-Charon iku-synchronant eqhutshwa igagasi lenye, iPlanethi nenyanga kuyavunyelaniswa.
I-Futuro
Uma kungekho okungajwayelekile futhi ngaphandle kwendawo kwenzeka, njengoba kwenzeka ngembobo emnyama noma umcimbi othile Izinkanyezi esikhaleni.
Izazi zezinkanyezi ezichwepheshile zilinganisela ukuthi isimiso samaplanethi njengoba sinjalo namuhla singase siphile iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa, ngaleso sikhathi siyobe sesenza izinguquko ezinkulu eziningana.
Izindandatho zePlanethi iSaturn zintsha uma kuqhathaniswa futhi kwenziwa izibalo zokuthi izoba neminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amathathu kuphela yokuphila.
Inkambu yamandla adonsela phansi yezinyanga ezihlukene iPlanethi iSaturn enayo izoshanela kancane kancane unqenqema olungaphandle lwamasongo futhi izowuyisa ngasePlanethi, iphethe ngokuhuzuka ngenxa yama-meteorite kanye nendawo yamandla adonsela phansi izoqhubeka nomsebenzi, ishiywe ngaphandle kwesici. izindandatho.
Kukhona izinkolelo-mbono ezenziwe esikhathini esingeside esidlule, ebhekisela ebufakazini obudalwe yi-Cassini-Huygens mission, ecabanga ngokuphambene, lapho ibonisa khona ukuthi lezi zindandatho ziphila isikhathi eside, ezinye izigidigidi zeminyaka.
Uma sekudlule iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,4 kuya kwezingu-3,5 uma kubalwa kusukela manje, kungase kwenzeke umcimbi, lapho inyanga kaNeptune, "Triton”, okwamanje enesimo sokunensa ngokuphathelene ne-orbit yayo yakudala, enokwehla okuzungeze umngane wayo.
Ewele onqenqemeni lwe "Roche” yePlanethi iNeptune, ngokufutheka okubangelwa igagasi elabangela ukuba inyanga ihlukane, kwashiya isimiso esikhulu sezindandatho ezizungeze iPlanethi, into efana nePlanethi yeSaturn.
Ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwamagagasi ngokumelene nesihlalo sasolwandle, iNyanga kancane kancane idlula umzuzu wokuhamba ubheke kuPlanethi Yomhlaba; okubangela ukuhlehla kancane kweNyanga ngokuphathelene noMhlaba, ngokuguquguquka okungamamilimitha angamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili ngonyaka.
Ngaleso sikhathi lokhu kwenzeka, ukugcina "umfutho emincane” ifinyelela ukuthi ukunyakaza kwePlanethi kuncishisiwe, okwenza izinsuku zihlale isikhathi eside, andise umzuzwana owodwa njalo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, umjikelezo weNyanga uzofinyelela endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-spin ne-orbit resonance".
Ngaleso sikhathi uMhlaba neNyanga zizobe sezinokuvumelanisa maqondana nezilwandle. Ukulinganisa izikhathi zeNyanga nezoMhlaba, ukuhambisana nokuzungeza koMhlaba kanye nobuso beNyanga kuzohlala kuphambi koMhlaba, futhi okuphambene nalokho.
I-Sun Evolution
ILanga linokwenyuka kokukhanya kwalo ngesilinganiso samaphesenti ayishumi njalo eminyakeni eyizigidigidi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyisigidigidi, kuzoba khona uhlobo "abamba ukushisa” engalawuleki ePlanethi Yomhlaba eyabangela ukuba ulwandle luqale ukuhwamuka.
Konke okunokuphila ngaphandle kuyophuma, futhi kungase kube nokuphila ekujuleni koLwandle; mhlawumbe ukuhlala njengenyanga enkulu kunazo zonke yeSaturn "I-Titan".
I-Titan, okwamanje, iyindawo enemvula lapho ubuso bayo bunezindunduma, lapho kuneziphepho ezinkulu ezigcina zidala amachweba, futhi nenani elincane lamanzi atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, okusele kulahleka emkhathini. ngemisebe yeLanga.
Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu namakhulu amahlanu, iPlanethi Yomhlaba izoba nokufana nePlanethi iVenus njengoba injalo namuhla; ulwandle luzogeleza kakhulu, angeke kube khona uhlobo lobukhona.
Ngaleso sikhathi indawo ezungezile kuPlanethi Mars izoba namazinga okushisa aphakeme, amanzi angaphandle azoqala ukuhwamuka futhi isikhutha sizoba yiqhwa.
Baye babala ukuthi eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, i-hydrogen etholakala phakathi nendawo ye-Star King iyobe isidliwe futhi izoqala ukusebenzisa leyo etholakala ezindaweni ezingenhla.
Okuncane kakhulu, okubala cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyisikhombisa namakhulu ayisithupha ezayo, izoshintsha ibe yibhola elikhulu elibomvu, elineqhwa.
ILanga lizonwebeka futhi lizungeze iMercury neVenus, mhlawumbe nePlanethi Yomhlaba.
Kulokhu lapho iLanga liyofana nebhola elikhulu elibomvu futhi liyohlala linjalo isikhathi eside, bacabanga ukuthi cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyikhulu, enezilinganiso ezinkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu nesithupha kunalokho eliyikho namuhla, lokho kuyoba. ububanzi bayo 1,2 AU. Ngokukhanya okukhulu kunezinkulungwane ezimbili namakhulu amathathu ngaphezu kwamanje.
Ngalesi sikhathi, amaplanethi nezinyanga ezizungezile “I-Kuiper Belt”, njengoba kwenzeka kuPluto noCharon, bazoba nezinga lokushisa elimnandi ukuze babe izilwandle futhi ngethemba lokuthi bangaba nendawo efana naleyo abantu abayidingayo ukuze bahlale ndawonye.
Umhlaba uzohlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yamandla elanga, umkhathi ngeke usaba khona, ngoba yonke indawo izogcwala udaka lwentaba-mlilo lapho kuzontanta khona ama-oxide ensimbi kuphela, izindawo ezinkulu zensimbi futhi “amaqhwa e-refractory”, enamazinga okushisa angadlula amadigri ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.
Ukusondela kwengxenye ekha phezulu yesikhala soMhlaba-Inyanga kuzofinyelela ukuthi i-orbit yesathelayithi izovinjwa, ize ifinyelele nokuthi iNyanga izungezwe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ukusuka eMhlabeni, umkhawulo "Roche”, isikhathi lapho amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni azoqeda ngokuthi iNyanga iwuguqule ube izindandatho ezifana nezindandatho zeSaturn.
Ukuphela kohlelo lwe-Earth-Moon akuqinisekile futhi kuncike odabeni olunyamalalayo eLangeni ngalezo zikhathi zokugcina zokuguqulwa kwalo.
Ezinye Imicimbi
Esikhathini esingaba yiminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu, sizoba neLanga njengomholi ngokulandelana, "Andromeda” izoba nokusondelana nalo Mkhathi, bese idala ukungqubuzana ngokuyijoyina.
Lokhu kungabangela umonakalo ohlelweni lweplanethi yonkana, kungase kungalithinti iLanga noma amaplanethi athile ngenxa yokuthi aqhelelene kangakanani, ngisho noma kuwukuthuka emthaleni. Ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu, isimiso seplanethi sizosuswa endaweni futhi sigcine sesiyingini esisanda kwakhiwa somthala.
Ngemuva kwesikhathi eside, iLanga selivele lashabalala futhi seliguqukile ngenxa yokuthi alisenawo amandla, maningi amathuba okuthi inkanyezi ethile izodlula ohlelweni lwamaplanethi ukuze ilibhubhise, into evamile ukuba iphindwe.
Njengoba amacebo asiholela ekwethukeni okukhulu noma embonweni wokwanda engafezeki, ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ezizayo amandla adonsela phansi enkanyezi edlula eduze kwalesi simiso ayobe esekwazile ukuthola amaplanethi ayo eLangeni.
Bonke bangase bakwazi ukuhlala iminyaka eminingi eyengeziwe, lokhu kuzoba ukuphela kwesimiso samaplanethi ngendlela engakaze ibonwe.
Umlando Wezinkolelo-ze mayelana Nokwakhiwa Kwesistimu Yelanga
Eshumini leminyaka lokugcina lekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukuhlola i-Kant-Laplace nebular kwaveza izikhalo eziningi kusosayensi uJames Clerk Maxwell.
Ubani owabonisa ukuthi uma izakhi zamaplanethi ezaziwa ngempela ziye zadlula ekusabalazweni okuzungeze iLanga okwenza indandatho, amandla okunyakaza okuhlukanisayo ngabe avimbe i-agglomeration yamaPlanethi azimele.
Kukhona esinye isikhalo, esokuthi iLanga linomfutho omncane we-angular kunalowo obizwa ngemodeli yaseKant-Laplace.
Kwakukhona iminyaka eminingi lapho ososayensi, izazi zezinkanyezi ezikhethekile, bevumelana ngenkolelo-mbono yokushaqeka okungomakhelwane, okwakucatshangwa mayelana nokwakheka kwamaplanethi ngenxa yokusondela kwezinkanyezi ku-Star King.
Ngalokhu kulinganiselwa, ingxenye enhle yezakhi zalokhu nezinye izinkanyezi ngabe zihlukaniswe, ngenxa yamandla olwandle, okuthi, lapho egxilile, akhe amaplanethi.
Ithiyori yokushaqeka nayo yaphikiswa, maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX, le modeli ye-nebular yakwazi ukuba nentuthuko yase ithola ukugunyazwa kwezazi zezinkanyezi nososayensi abakhethekile.
Esibuyekezweni semodeli, kwavunyelwana ngokuthi indaba eyinhloko ye-protoplanet inkulu nokuthi izinguquko kumfutho we-angular zenziwe ngamandla kazibuthe.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi iLanga ekuqaleni kokuba khona kwalo lithumele izakhi emgudwini we-angular wendandatho ye-protoplanetary namaplanethi ngamasignali e-Alvén, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi kwenzeka ezinkanyezini ze-T Tauri.