Sizothola ukuthi imikhomo ixhumana kanjani kanye namakhono ewethulayo lapho ixhumana yodwa. Ucwaningo nocwaningo luye lwasiza ukuthola lezi zilwane zasolwandle ezithakazelisayo. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngohlelo lwayo lokuxhumana, qhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.
Imikhomo ixhumana kanjani?
Njengoba yonke inqubo yezokuxhumana yethula umamukeli-umlayezo, ngendlela efanayo okwenzeka ngayo ekuxhumaneni kwemikhomo lapho ixhumana nomunye nomunye, isebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-echolocation evumela ukuthi imikhomo ibone amabanga phakathi kwayo nendawo ezungezile, uma besothandweni noma kunengozi eseduze.
Umsindo okhishwa umkhomo uhamba emanzini njengamaza. Ukuphindaphinda nokwanda kwayo kuzohluka njengoba ihlangabezana nezithiyo ezihlukahlukene endleleni yayo futhi ihlehla inika ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu koyikhiphile.
Iyini i-echolocation?
Imikhomo ayinayo indlebe ethuthukisiwe, ngakho lolu hlelo lokuxhumana lunenzuzo enkulu kubo, ngoba ibona ukundindizela okukhiqizwa umsindo osemanzini esikhumbeni sayo, lapho ithola lokhu iphendula ngamaza omsindo aphuma phezulu. lapho kungqubuzana khona umsindo.
Lolu hlelo lukuvumela ukuthi ugcine ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye, uthole mayelana nezingozi ezingase zibe khona noma indawo yamaqembu alahlekile noma amalungu, futhi lisebenza njengereferensi yokuthola amaqembu athile njengoba amaningi ahlukaniswa ngengoma yawo.
Uhlobo ngalunye lunamagama noma imisindo ehlukene futhi ngayinye inenhloso ehlukile, kuhlanganise naleyo esetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nokuxhumana nabantu, ibuye isetshenziselwe ngesikhathi sokuzalana ukuthola umngane womshado nokuqala ukuqomisana noma ukulwa phakathi kwabesilisa.
Ezinye izinzuzo zale nqubo ukunemba lapho kutholwa inyamazane futhi ibheke ngakuyo noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuthola umhlaseli noma ingozi engaba khona bese uyibalekela, ngokuba nebanga eliqondile lapho itholakala khona.
Ithini ingoma yomkhomo?
Ingoma iqondwa njengesethi yemisindo edluliswa imikhomo ukuze ixhumane, ingaqondwa njengohlelo lwemisindo ecatshangwayo neyisicefe ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zikhiphe efana nengoma yomuntu.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwengoma
Ukuxhumana kanye nezindlela eziphilayo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwemisindo ziyashintsha emndenini ngamunye wakho kokubili ama-cetaceans kanye nemikhomo ye-baleen, kodwa izimo ezikhiqizwe zokukhishwa kwayo ziyafana kubo bonke. Emanzini, ukukhanya kwelanga kumunca kancane ngoba izinhlayiya zakhona zihamba kancane emanzini uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya.
Ukukhanya okubi kudala inkinga enkulu njengoba kuvimbela ukuxhumana okubukwayo ibanga elide, inzwa yokuhogela nayo isengozini, ngakho lezi zilwane zasolwandle zincike emsindweni ukuze zibonise imizwa nezidingo zazo.
Izizathu zokuthi kungani ukuxhumana okuzwayo kuphumelela kakhulu kungenxa yokuthi umsindo emanzini, njengoba unzima, unwebeka ngesivinini esingaphezu kuka-1.500 m / s emanzini uma kuqhathaniswa no-340 m / s emoyeni, njengoba emoyeni ngokunwebeka kwawo kusakazeka. Ngokushesha. Njengoba inomsindo wayo onamandla, ayihlukani ngamandla ngenxa yengcindezi. Imikhomo iyakwazi ukuxhumana ezindaweni ezikude.
Imikhomo inomuzwa wokuzwa oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ama-odontocetes. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ngaphandle kokuxhumana nokuxhumana nabantu, kukuvumela ukuthi uthwebule ngokunembe kakhulu futhi ubale ibanga nendawo yezinye izilwane nezinto ezikuzungezile, ulwazi olwenza kube lula ngawe ukuthi uziqondise ekukhululekeni olwandle lapho ukhipha ingoma noma umsindo. .
ukukhiqizwa komsindo
Sizokwenza ukuqhathanisa phakathi komehluko ophawulekayo kokubili kumuntu nemikhomo ekukhiqizeni umsindo. Abantu bakhiqiza umsindo ngokukhipha umoya ngomphimbo. Izintambo zezwi ziyavuleka noma zivaleke njengoba kudingekile, zihlukanise umoya womoya zibe izinyanda ezizokwakhiwa umphimbo, ulimi nezindebe ukuze kukhishwe umsindo ofunekayo.
Ema-cetaceans, uhlelo lwawo luhluke ngokuphelele kulowo ochazwe ngenhla, ukukhiqizwa komsindo kwalezi zilwane kubonisa umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwama-odontocetes nama-baleen whales.
Ukukhiqizwa Komsindo ku-Toothed Whales
Umsindo ukhiqizwa ngokudlula komoya ezindaweni ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu ekhanda ezikhuluma ngamakhala abantu futhi zibizwa ngokuthi "izindebe zemisindo". Cishe yonke imikhomo enamazinyo inalawa mapheya ezindebe eziwavumela ukuba enze imisindo emibili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uma lokhu kunyakaza kwenziwa, igagasi lithunyelwa ekhanda ukuze likhiqize umsindo, ohamba ngendlela ekhonjisiwe evumela ukuqondiswa kwayo ngokucabangela (indawo ye-echo).
Umsindo okhishwa imikhomo enamazinyo ngokuyisisekelo uyimpempe enemvamisa ephezulu, kodwa izici zayo azifaki ingoma yomkhomo, equkethe uchungechunge olude lwemisindo. Ikhiqiza imisindo emifushane (ukuchofoza), isetshenziselwa indawo (indawo ye-echo), ngokusebenzisa ukulandelana kwamathoni ekukhulumisaneni kwabo, ulwazi oluncane luyatholakala kule nqubo.
Amazinga omsindo womkhomo onamazinyo ahluka ngokuphindaphinda ukusuka ku-40 Hz ukuya ku-325 kHz. Singabala i-Sperm Whale Click enebanga elingu-163 Hz ukuya ku-223 kHz, i-Beluga Click enebanga elingu-206 Hz kuya ku-225 kHz.
Ukukhiqizwa Komsindo ku-Baleen Whales
Imikhomo ye-Baleen ine-larynx ngaphandle kwezintambo zezwi, ayinazo izindebe zemisindo. Uhlelo lwayo lokukhiqiza umsindo luhluka kancane kunelomuntu njengoba akudingekile ukwenza inqubo yokukhipha umoya odingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe umsindo. Kuze kube manje alukho ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nendlela ekhiqiza ngayo imisindo. Izimbobo ezingenalutho ze-cranial sinus ezitholakala emathanjeni e-cranial kucatshangwa ukuthi zidlala indima ezwini.
Izingoma zemikhomo ye-baleen zinemvamisa ephakathi kuka-10 Hz no-31 Hz. Kukhulunywa ngomkhomo okuthi ngokusho kochwepheshe umkhomo we-baleen, unengoma ene-frequency radius engu-52 Hz. isilwane eminyakeni engu-12 edlule, nokho, ayikaze ibonakale futhi akukho lwazi uma kuwuhlobo olwaziwayo noma cha.
Amazinga omsindo we-Baleen whale ahluka ngokuphindaphinda ukusuka ku-10 Hz ukuya ku-31 kHz. Singabala ukububula kwe-fin whale ububanzi bawo busuka ku-155 Hz kuya ku-186 kHz, ukububula komkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okusukela ku-155 Hz kuya ku-188 kHz, ukububula komkhomo ompunga okusukela ku-142 Hz kuya ku-185 kHz. , amathoni, ukulila nezingoma ze-bowhead whale enobubanzi obungu-128 Hz ukuya ku-189 kHz.
Umehluko phakathi kwemikhomo enamazinyo kanye ne-baleen ekukhishweni kwemisindo
Imikhomo enamazinyo (kuhlanganise nemikhomo ebulalayo) isebenzisa ukuphuma kwe-ultrasonic kwamaza omsindo (i-echolocation), eyivumela ukuba ikwazi ukukhomba usayizi nokuma kwezinto. Ama-Baleen whales awanayo le mfanelo, kwakukholelwa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwezingoma zabo noma amaza omsindo kwakusetshenziselwa kuphela ukukhetha umngane womshado, ezinye izifundo ziye zavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono yokuthi ngengoma yabo bangakwazi ukuxhumana nezinye izidingo.
Imikhomo i-Baleen inesimo esibi uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane zasolwandle njengoba ingaboni kahle nephunga endaweni yasolwandle kanye nokukhululeka lapho igagasi lomsindo liwela khona emanzini kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yalolu hlobo lwezilwane, umsindo wawo onamandla uyakuvumela. wena ukuhlukanisa amabanga nokujula.
Isakhiwo Sengoma
Imisindo ekhishwa yilezi zilwane iveza inhlangano yezigaba eziyisici. Njengoba amanothi eyiyunithi eyinhloko yengoma, asakazwa imisindo ngayinye eqhubekayo enesikhathi esingamasekhondi ambalwa. Ibanga lokuvama kwayo liphakathi kuka-20 Hz no-10 kHz.
Iyunithi yefrikhwensi ingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa yayo okushintshwa ukuphindaphinda komsindo (umsindo ukwazi ukukhuphuka, ukuncipha noma uhlale ufana ngesikhathi senothi) kanye ne-amplitude eshintshwa ngokunwetshwa kwe-chord (ingakhuphuka noma yehle umthamo wayo).
I-repertoire yamayunithi angu-4 kuya kwangu-6 ibizwa ngokuthi i-subphrase, ubude bayo buseduze nemizuzwana eyi-10. Ukuhlangana kwezigatshana ezimbili kwakha umusho. Igama elithi ukuzalanisa izikhathi eziningana futhi okungenani phakathi kwemizuzu emi-2 kuya kwemi-4 le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi itimu. I-repertoire yetimu ikhiqiza ingoma. Lesi sigaba saphezulu sidonse ukunaka kososayensi.
Umkhomo ungaphinda umusho ofanayo isikhathi esiyimizuzu emi-2 kuya kwemi-4 futhi lapho iculo livela, uzolicula isikhathi esingaziwa njengoba lingathatha imizuzu engama-20 kuye emahoreni noma izinsuku.
Izingoma ze-whale zikhula kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zenza izinguquko ekuqineni noma ukuphakama komsindo. Amaqembu ethule ukuhlukahluka kumanothi awo angabonwa, kusukela ekwenyukeni kwemvamisa kuye ekwehleni kancane kancane kuze kube inothi eliqhubekayo. Izigqi zabo nazo zikhombisa izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuqoqwa kwemikhomo ngezindawo kuvumela ukuthi ithathe izici ezifanayo ngokuhlukahluka okucashile phakathi kwayo, ngaphandle kwalokho ngamaqembu avela kwezinye izindawo ingoma ihluke ngokuphelele.
Izingoma ziyaguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, azikwenqabi izinhlanganisela ezindala zezingoma futhi izifundo ziqinisekisile ukuthi zingathola izikimu ezijwayelekile engomeni, kodwa izingxube aziphindi.
Ikakhulukazi, ama-humpback anezici ezingavamile futhi izingoma zawo ziheha ukunaka ngoba ehlukanisa ingoma ayikhiphayo ngokwezidingo zawo, angakhipha imisindo ngayinye ngaphandle kokuba yingxenye yengoma. Ngaphandle kwezizathu ezaziwayo (courtship, socialization) iphinde ikhiphe umsindo wokuphakela lapho yenza inethi yamabhamuza, zisebenzisa ingoma yazo ukuthungatha inyamazane yazo. Ungumsindo omude futhi ongaguquki onobude bemizuzwana emi-5 kuye kwayi-10.
Ubudlelwano nomuntu nemiphumela
Ngokusebenzisa ama-hydrophone, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukusungula ngokunembile umkhondo wale misindo, kanye nokuhlola ukuthi lo msindo ungahamba kude kangakanani futhi ngokushesha kangakanani olwandle.
Ukuhlola okwenziwa yi-Cornell University kuye kwakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi imisindo yemikhomo ihamba olwandle ifike ku-3.000 km futhi inikeze ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokufuduka kwemikhomo nokukhwelana ngengoma yayo.
Kwanqunywa ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ne-sonic okukhiqizwa umuntu kuye kwashintsha indawo ezungezile yemikhomo nezinye izilwane ezihlala olwandle, kunciphisa izindawo zazo. Laba sosayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba umuntu abangele lokhu kungcola, umsindo wawusuka komunye umkhawulo uye komunye olwandle.
Umsindo okhiqizwa yilezi zikebhe uya ngokuya ukhula, ubangele ukungcoliswa komsindo.* Lokhu kubangela ukuthi indawo noma izinga okuzwakala ngalo imikhomo linciphe, njengoba ingoma yawo ibaluleke kakhulu enhlalakahleni yabantu.
Ukwanda kwezimoto zasolwandle kuye kwabangela ukuba imikhomo eminingi ishintshe ukuphindaphinda futhi yandise ukujula kwemisindo yayo ngomzamo wokuzwakala. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yonke le misebenzi olwandle idala ukucindezeleka ezilwaneni kanye nobunzima ekukhuleni kwazo okujwayelekile, njengoba zingakwazi ukuxhumana, okwenza kube nokukhathazeka phakathi kososayensi ngokubaluleka kwengoma yomkhomo enhlalakahleni ye-whale. inani labantu.
Ukufunda ngokuxhumana kwemikhomo
Isampula ye-acoustic enomsindo kakhulu ikhiqizwa imikhomo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu neziyinkimbinkimbi ezaziwa ngokuba nendlela ethuthukisiwe ye-echolocation nekhono lokuveza izidingo zazo ngezingoma ezinamandla.
Imikhomo ye-humpback
Lolu hlobo luye lwabonakala ngokuphuma kwezingoma ezinde, ezinamandla neziyinkimbinkimbi eziba umphumela lapho umoya udlula emgodini wawo wamakhala. Bobabili ubulili buyakwazi ukucula, kodwa yibo abesilisa abakhipha umsindo omkhulu futhi omude kunayo yonke.
Umkhomo ngamunye uveza umsindo oyingqayizivele, ukulandelana okuhlukahlukayo ngokujula nokuphindaphinda futhi okunwebeka kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ungaphindeli ukulandelana noma ingoma esuke iculwa kakade. Bakwazi ukucula ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube usuku lonke esikhathini esiyimizuzu eyi-10 kuye kwengama-20.
Uhlelo lokuxhumana ngamazwi luyafana nanoma iyiphi enye, iculo lemikhomo limele indlela yamasiko ebaluleke kakhulu. Wonke ama-whale angakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuziveza ngamazwi, ngokuvamile anendlela efanayo yokuxhumana, kodwa kuye ngokuthi indawo izobonisa imodeli yesici yendawo lapho ihlala khona.
Izingoma zakhiwe ngezindikimba, imishwana kanye nemisho engaba yingxenye. Umushwana unokuqhubeka kwemizuzwana futhi uthuthukiswa imisindo yefrikhwensi ephansi (imvamisa ibe ngaphansi kuka-1500 Hz).
Esinye isici okufanele sigqanyiswe ukuthi imikhomo endaweni eyodwa icula iculo elifanayo futhi zonke zishintsha izingoma ngesivinini esifana nesabanye abangane babo. Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi wonke umuntu ufunda zonke izingoma.
Ukuhluka nokushuba kwengoma yakhe kuzoba nzima kakhulu ngesikhathi sasebusika lapho eshisa khona. Lapho bezingela ukudla benza imisindo ehlukene ukuze basebenzise inetha eliyigwebu. Iqembu ngalinye lethula ingoma ethile ehlukile kwamanye amaqembu akwezinye izifunda, umsindo oshintsha kancane kancane futhi ongeke aphinde awusebenzise.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abesilisa ukucula kanyekanye eduze kwensikazi kukhuthaza inqubo yayo ovulation, insikazi ngengoma ukwaziswa owesilisa njengoba imvelaphi yayo, isikhundla eqenjini, ubonisa ukuthi uzilungiselele ukukhwelana kanye nokuncintisana nabanye abesilisa.
Ngamafuphi, kungashiwo ukuthi kuyindlela yokuxhumana lapho amaqembu amaningana ezinhlobo ezifanayo angaxhumana futhi abonise indawo, uma enomlingani, ubuhlobo bomama nengane. Bangakwazi ukwenza imisindo efana nokubhodla, ukubhodla kanye nokubhodla.
Imisindo ingahlukaniswa nge-Wops, imisindo eyenziwa phakathi kukamama nengane, nama-thwomps, izingcingo zomphakathi eziya kwamanye amalungu angaphandle kobudlelwane bukamama nengane. Ingoma yayo ingazwakala ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-100
Imikhomo Emhlophe
Lolu hlobo lwaziwa ngokwethula uhlelo oluthuthuke kakhulu lwe-echolocation phakathi kwama-cetaceans oluqukethe ukukhiqizwa kabusha komsindo ukuze kutholwe zonke izinto nemizimba endaweni yayo yasolwandle.
Imikhomo emhlophe ikhiqiza imisindo ukuze ixhumane neqembu layo futhi ivumele i-echolocation ngokuthola nokunciphisa amabanga endaweni yawo, le nqubo ifinyelelwa ngokukhiqiza umsindo i-echo ekhiqizwayo evumela ukuthi ibone ibanga layo futhi ibone okuhlosiwe.
Ngamaphuzu amabili atholakala ohlelweni lwakhe lwemisindo esebenza ngendlela ehambisanayo, lokho kumvumela ukuba athuthukise kakhulu ikhono lakhe lokulawula ukuphuma kwemisindo. Ngazo ungakhombisa isimo sakho nendawo yabanye.
Ekuhlolweni okwenziwa kumkhomo omhlophe, kwatholakala ingqikithi yezinhlobo ezingu-32 zemisindo ehlukene phakathi kwabantu ababili bohlobo olufanayo, okuvumela ukuqonda okungcono phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Esinye isambulo esibalulekile sibonisa ukuthi abasha bangakwazi ukukhiqiza imisindo yesici abantu abadala abangakwazi ukuyilingisa, ukudala isibopho futhi kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi komama nengane, ukukhulumisana okuzosebenza kahle uma nje kuqhubeka ngaphansi kokunakekelwa komama.
Zinekhono lokuzwa elithuthuke kakhulu, elizwela kakhulu imisindo ebangeni elibanzi lokuvama kanye nemvelo eqondisayo, okuzenza zibe lula kakhulu ekungcoleni komsindo.
Ukuchayeka njalo kwemikhomo kubangela imiphumela eyingozi ekongiweni kwalezi zilwane. Ngeshwa ahlaselwa amagagasi aphakeme njalo akhiqizwa imikhumbi yabahwebi, ukuqhuma kwezibhamu zomoya ophenyweni lokuzamazama komhlaba, zonke lezi zimo zinomthelela ekungcoliseni umsindo.
Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Uhlelo lwayo lokuxhumana lungokwahlukahlukana kwemisindo eyikhiphayo eyaziwa ngokuthi amaculo, kuhlanganisa ukukhala, ukutshiyoza kanye nokuzwakalayo ukuze uxhumane nomunye nomunye. Esigabeni ngasinye sokuphila kwabo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Imisindo ekhishwa umkhomo eluhlaza iyamangalisa, inamandla futhi inevolumu engaphezu kwama-decibel angu-180, iqashelwa ngokukhipha umsindo omkhulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izidalwa ezisemhlabeni.
Ukuxhumana ngolimi lomzimba emikhomo
Imikhomo ibuye ixhumane ngolimi lomzimba imizwa ehlukene noma ukusabela ezenzakalweni ezithile, ngokukhipha ukuqhuma okungalindelekile ku-spiracle (I-spiracle ivulekile engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda lesilwane esincelisayo) ingabonisa isixwayiso kwesinye, iphawundi ngamaphiko aso esifubeni noma umsila ukukhombisa injabulo noma ulaka.
Emikhomoni, amaduna aqhudelana ngokungqubuzana amakhanda ukuze anqobe eyensikazi. Lapho umkhomo ugxuma uphuma emanzini futhi utshuza futhi usetshenziselwa ukukhombisa amandla noma ukuthumela umlayezo ukude, ungaphinda ugxume ukuze wethuse noma uthukise izinhlanzi noma ubonise ukushintsha kwesikhumba.
Umqondo wokubona ubaluleke kakhulu emanzini, ukukhuthazwa okubukwayo kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusondelana noma ukuhlukaniswa ngokocansi. Ukungacunuli ngemiboniso yothando emalungwini omkhaya nakho kubaluleke kakhulu.
I-Sperm Whale
I-sperm whale ngokuchofoza kwayo iye yabathakazelisa kakhulu ososayensi abaye bahlola ngokunembile indlela yokukhiqiza imisindo. Ngokuvamile ukuchofoza kwabo kusetshenziselwa i-echolocation futhi kukhiqize ama-coda abavame ukuwasebenzisa ukugcina inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yemikhomo yabesifazane.
Umoya osetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukuchofoza mncane, ngisho nasekujuleni kwamamitha angu-2000, lapho umthamo womoya ucindezelwa kakhulu, imikhomo ingakwazi ukulinganisa, ngempumelelo. Uhlelo lwabo lokukhiqiza imisindo lukhetha izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana.
Ngokuyisisekelo umehluko owenzeka phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezi-2 zokuxhumana umehluko womoya ngaphakathi kwenkambi yamakhala. Imikhomo iyakwazi ukukhuluma yodwa.
Ungashiyi ngaphandle kokufunda lezi zihloko ezilandelayo: