Ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta kanye nezimpawu zazo

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zesikhunta ezihlukaniswe izigaba, imindeni, ama-oda kanye nezigaba ezingaphansi kombuso wesikhunta, kuchaza ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta Ngaphandle kokwazi la magama kungase kudideke ngandlela thize, ngakho ngayinye yazo izochazwa ukuze kuhlukaniseke ngokucacile lezi zidalwa eziphilayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane

Ukukhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta kuyisihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi, kufana nokubona isihlahla somndeni esinamagatsha amaningi, okuvela kuwo amanye amagatsha amancane, bese amanye futhi kulawo maqabunga aphuma futhi amanye aphuma emaqabunga. Kudingeka ukuqonda okungenani kancane ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuphathwa kanjani ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi uhlobo luvelaphi, ukuthi lungolwaluphi uhlobo, ukuthi izigaba zesikhunta zihlukaniswa kanjani, njll.

Kulokhu, into yokuqala ukwazi ukuthi i-biological taxonomy yiyona ebiphethe ukuhlela konke lokhu, lelo gama lisetshenziselwa ukubiza kuqala isayensi yokuhlukanisa (ivela kwesiGreki itekisi, kusho ukuthini iyala futhi of ama-nomos kusho ukuthini i-norma), okwesibili, lapho ukhuluma nge-biology, le sayensi inesibopho sokwenza uhlelo lokuhlukanisa izinto eziphilayo ngokuvumelana nesigaba esiklanyelwe.

Ukuwayala, kucatshangelwa ubudlelwano phakathi kwento ephilayo nenye, kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ebinawo kusukela ekutholweni kwayo kokuqala, emivubukulweni noma kumarekhodi. Ngalo mqondo, konke lokhu kuye kwaba umsebenzi oye wenziwa isikhathi eside futhi okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuxazulula ubuhlobo phakathi kohlobo oluthile nolunye ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo olulawulekayo, olukhumbuleka kalula futhi ngenxa yalokho luwusizo esintwini.

Ukuya ekuqaleni, inani labantu lichazwa njengeqembu lezidalwa eziyingxenye yezinhlobo ezifanayo, lokhu kungaba umphumela wenzalo yesinye salezi zidalwa noma kungaba inhlanganisela nezinye izinhlobo, ngaleyo ndlela kube uhlobo olu ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo . Ngendlela efanayo, uhlobo oluthile lungahlukaniswa ngezinhlanga ngoba lapho umuntu ebhekwa phambi komunye futhi ebona ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukana kwe-morphological, ingahlukaniswa futhi ihlukaniswe ngaphandle kokubheka ukuthi kukhona ukuxutshwa.

Ngemuva kwezinhlanga, ukuhlukana okusha kubhekwa ukuthi kubeka abantu emakilasini, ama-oda, imindeni, izizukulwane, izinhlobo zezilwane kanye nezinhlobo ezincane, yilokhu okubhekwayo lapho kufunwa ulwazi ngesilwane futhi kuboniswa imvelaphi yaso, ichaza ukuthi ikuphi isigaba. imuphi umndeni, yimuphi umbuso, njll. Eqinisweni, inhlangano inemininingwane eminingi kangangokuthi kungenziwa uhlu lwezigaba:

• Isizinda
• UMbuso
• ubukhosi
• I-Phylum, i-phylum noma i-phylum (isetshenziswa kuphela embusweni we-Animalia kanye ne-Protista) kanye ne-Division (isetshenziswa embusweni we-Plantae kanye ne-Fungi)
• I-Subphylum noma ukuhlukaniswa iziqephu
• i-superclass
• Isigaba
• Isigaba esingaphansi
• I-oda
• I-suborder
• Umndeni
• Umndeni
• Isizwe
• Isigcawu
• Ubulili
• Uhlobo olungaphansi
• Izinhlobo zezinhlobo
• Izinhlobo ezingaphansi

Lezi zigaba zisebenzela ukuhlela hhayi ukuqhathanisa uhlobo oluthile nolunye, kodwa lokhu kuyimpikiswano phakathi kososayensi. Ngenxa yamaphutha okuqhathanisa, kuphakanyiswe ukuthi kuqedwe ezinye zalezi zigaba futhi kwenziwe lula uhlelo lokuhlukanisa imibuso. Yingakho okuvame ukuphathwa yisizinda, umbuso, i-phylum noma ukuhlukaniswa, isigaba, ukuhleleka, umndeni, uhlobo kanye nezinhlobo.

UMbuso

Phezu kombuso kumi isizinda ehlukanisa izidalwa eziphilayo zibe i-taxa ezintathu: i-Archaea (i-Archaea), amanye amagciwane (i-Bacteria sensu stricto) futhi ekugcineni i-Eukaryotes (Eukarya), lokhu ngokusho kukaCarlo Woese ngo-1990. Kodwa uhlelo lwesizinda lunokungahambisani okuthile okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo, Yingakho kuvame kakhulu ukubona ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuqala ngombuso okungowawo. Umbuso wawuzoba yizinga lesibili lokuhlukaniswa kwezidalwa eziphilayo.

I-Los imibuso yezidalwa eziphilayo zidalwe ngokuhlobana okuqinisekisiwe kokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi komuntu ophilayo nomunye. Phambilini bekunemibuso emithathu: isilwane, imifino kanye namaminerali, nokho, njengoba izifundo zebhayoloji zithuthuka, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso emihlanu kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yobudlelwano bokuvela kwezinhlobo zezilwane nokufana kwazo ngokubukeka:

• Izilwane: okuhlanganisa nezilwane
• Isitshalo: Lokhu kungaba umbuso wezitshalo
• isikhunta: Umbuso wesikhunta uhlanganisa isikhunta (isikhunta, imvubelo noma ukuvutshelwa kanye namakhowe).
• I-Protist: Lona umbuso onabagxeki abaningi nezimpikiswano ezizungezile, uhlanganisa zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezingenakuhlukaniswa phakathi kwemibuso emithathu edlule.
• mona: Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezincane ezitholakala kuzo zonke izindawo, njengamagciwane kanye nolwelwe.

Phylum noma Division

Kuleli zinga lesithathu kunamahlelo amabili afanayo asetshenziselwa imibuso emihlanu: imikhumbi (isiqu noma uhlobo) isetshenziswa umbuso Animalia, umbuso Protista kanye Monera, kuyilapho ukwahlukaniswa isetshenziselwa umbuso Plantae, Fungi. Lapha izilwane zihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ku-archetype yazo, kuyilapho izitshalo nesikhunta zihlukaniswa ngokulandelana kwazo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Isigaba

Leli kungaba izinga lesine lokuhlukaniswa kwempilo, lapha kusungulwa izijobelelo zemibuso emithathu kwemihlanu evame kakhulu, njengokuthi phambene okwezitshalo, i-phyceae ngoba alaga kanye ama-mycetes amakhowe. Ukubeka uhlobo oluthile ekilasini, izinhlamvu ezivamile ezabelana ngazo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane noma ezizihlukanisa nazo ziyacatshangelwa.

I-oda

Ngezansi kwekilasi ezingeni lesihlanu ukuhleleka. Lapha ungabona ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngokusho kohlobo lwazo lokudla, umlando wazo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma izici ezithile zomzimba futhi kufaka phakathi imindeni ehlobene nomunye nomunye, isibonelo: i-oda lama-primates lihlanganisa umndeni wezinkawu nama-lemurs.

Umndeni

Izinga lesithupha liqondile kakhulu, imindeni ihlukaniswe ngokwezici ezivamile zeqembu lezidalwa eziphilayo ngaphezu kobudlelwane abanabo nomunye nomunye. Ngenhla kwemindeni kunemikhaya emikhulu, ngaphansi kwayo kunemikhaya emincane, ngaphansi kwayo kunemikhaya engavamile. Leli gama lasetshenziswa ngokokuqala ngqa ukuhlanganisa izitshalo ezithile, ngakho-ke laqala ukusetshenziswa ku-botany (ngo-1689).

Ubulili

Igama elithi ubulili lisuka kwelesiLatini uhlobo elibhekisela ohlwini lozalo, ngesiGreki lithi ama-genos futhi lisho uhlanga, uzalo. Abanye ososayensi bahlela izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ngokufanayo isizukulwane sihlukanisa izidalwa eziphilayo ngokucabangela imibandela emithathu: i-monophyly (lapho kufakwe khona yonke inzalo yedlozi elilodwa), ukuthi uhlobo luhlangene nokuthi kukhona ubunye kulokho. iqembu labantu ngabanye.

Izinhlobo zezinhlobo

Izinga lokugcina lihlanganisa amaqoqo ezinto eziphilayo ezingazalana futhi zizale inzalo evundile, okungukuthi, engazalana ngenxa yokuthi ingeyezinhlobo ezifanayo. Kuleli zinga kukhona i-homogeneity eyengeziwe kunezigaba ezedlule, nakuba ukuhlukahluka kungabonakala ekubukekeni noma ekuziphatheni komuntu ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane.

Kuleli qophelo kungakholelwa ukuthi uhlobo oluthile luyiqoqo labantu abanezici ezifanayo ngoba aziguquki, okungukuthi, izici zabo zigcinwa njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (kucatshangwa ukuthi Ukushabalala kwezinhlobo noma ukuhlukaniswa kwezidalwa), lokhu bekuyoba indlela uhlobo oluthile oluyohluka ngayo kolunye. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungaba ngempela umugqa wokuzalanisa noma iqembu lama-clone hhayi uhlobo lwezilwane. Kungakho kuleli zinga ungabona ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.

Kwezinye izimo amagama abantu aphendula uhlobo lwabo, isibonelo, iBhubesi, kodwa kwezinye izimo amagama amabili asetshenziselwa ukuwabiza abuye aphendule ubulili babo, isibonelo, i-homo sapiens.

Kunemiqondo yezinhlobo eziningana esebenza esimweni ngasinye ukunquma ukuthi uhlobo lunqunywa kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuzichaza, lezi zingaba:

• izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
• izinhlobo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo
• izinhlobo ze-morphological
• Izinhlobo ze-Phylogenetic
• izinhlobo zemvelo
• izinhlobo ezikhethiwe

isikhunta umbuso

Icaciswe yonke into mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezidalwa eziphilayo, ezinye izici zesikhunta zizosivumela ukuba sizazi kangcono. Zingaphansi kombuso we-Fungi, ngaphambilini zangena esitshalweni kodwa zahluka ezitshalweni ngoba isikhunta sine-heterotrophic nutrition. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho kubhekwa ukuthi anezindonga zamangqamuzana ane-chitin hhayi i-cellulose, ahlukana nezilwane kodwa ahlobene kakhulu nazo namuhla.

Isikhunta, ngaphezu kokufaka isandla emvelweni, sinendima ebalulekile kwezomnotho (njengoba kwenza izilwane futhi, ngokwezinga elithile, umbuso wezitshalo), ama-truffles, isibonelo, amakhowe aqoqwa kaningi, imvubelo iyatshalwa ngoba vubela ubhiya nesinkwa, ezinye izinhlobo zesikhunta zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-antibiotics, ama-mycotoxins, ama-alkaloid kanye nokulawula izinambuzane.

Zihlukaniswa kanjani isikhunta?

Isigaba sokuqala sesikhunta sisuselwa endaweni ezitholakala kuyo kanye nobudlelwano baso nayo, ngale ndlela kwenziwa izigaba ezine:

1. AmaSaprophyte: Okungaba yilezo sikhunta ezidla izinsalela zezinye izinto eziphilayo (izidumbu, indle, amaqabunga afile nezitshalo, njll.)
2. I-Lichenized: Kungaba yilezo sikhunta ezizalwa ku-symbiosis nge-algae noma i-cyanobacterium.
3. I-Mycorrhizal: Lokhu kuhlanganisa isikhunta esizalwa nge-symbiosis nempande yesitshalo.
4. Ama-parasites: Isikhunta esizalwa ngenxa ye-symbiosis kodwa sincike kumuntu osizungezile futhi siyabalimaza baze bafe noma banyakaze.

Empeleni, kuye kwafunwa ukuba bahlelwe ngamaqembu kuye ngokuthi bazalana kanjani ngokobulili, ukuze kutholakale izihlobo futhi zibonakale kalula. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezine-asexual reproduction (isigaba sokwenziwa iDeuteromycetes). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukaniswa kwesibili kwesikhunta okwenziwe kwakungenxa yokuhlukaniswa okuphawulwe njengoba kuhlukaniswa nezinto eziphilayo ze-protist noma i-chromist, lokhu kungase kubhekwe njengohlelo oludala olwaluphathwa ngaphambilini:

• Isikhunta se-Mucilaginous: I-Myxomycotes kanye ne-Plasmodiophoromycotes
• Isikhunta se-Absorbotrophic: Oomycotes kanye neChytridia
• Isikhunta se-Eumycote: Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes kanye ne-Basidiomycetes

Kwathi ngo-2015, kwenziwa ukubuyekezwa kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta, okwenza kube lula okuhlanganisa zonke izigaba zesikhunta ezifundwe ngezigaba ezinhlanu eziyinhloko, lezi kungaba:

• I-Basidiomycetes: Leli qembu livame ukukhulunywa ngoba lihlanganisa ukuvela kwemvelo okubanzi, okuhlala izinhlobo eziningana ngaphakathi kwalo. Kuhlanganisa isikhunta esifana namakhowe nalawo anamakepisi angadliwa, kanye
• I-Ascomycetes: Okunye ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta nakho okubanzi kakhulu, empeleni kungase kube ngaphezulu kwalokho, kufaka phakathi amakhowe kanye nezibungu ezizalana ngokobulili nangokocansi.
• I-Glomeromycetes: Ingxenye enkulu yesikhunta se-Glomeromycetes izala ngendlela engaziwa futhi yabelana nge-symbiosis njengendlela yokuzalwa, ezinye zizalwa ezitshalweni kanti ezinye zivela ezinsalela.
• I-Zygomycetes: Kuleli qembu kukhona nezinhlobo ezizalanayo ngokocansi kanye ne-asexually, ukudla kwazo kungasekelwe ezitshalweni nasezinsalela zezilwane noma indle. Isikhunta esimnyama esizala ngesinkwa siyingxenye yaleli qembu.
• Ama-Cytridiomycetes: Nazi isikhunta esincanyana ngaphakathi lapho kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezifakwe embusweni wama-protists ngososayensi abathile.

Ukusuka lapho amanye amaqembu avela ngokusekelwe emaqenjini e-monophyletic, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, anomlando ofanayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngukhokho oyinhloko, iqembu ngalinye lihambisana nenzalo yalo. Izincwadi eziningi zesayensi nezindatshana zihlukanisa isikhunta ngokwephuzu elivamile, kungaba indawo ezungezile nobudlelwano bayo noma yona, amaqembu e-monophyletic, ukuhlukaniswa ngobudlelwane be-phylogenetic noma ukuhlukahluka kwalokhu okuthathu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamanje kwesikhunta

Ekuqaleni kwashiwo izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zesikhunta, amakhowe, imvubelo kanye nesikhunta. Imvubelo ibonakala ngenxa yokuthi iyisikhunta esingadali imicu kodwa ikhula ngendlela eyodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho lapho ivutshelwe ezinye izinhlanganisela ziyabola futhi zikhiqize ezinye izinto. Ama-yeast azalana ngokunganaki, akwenza ngokuhluma nokuhluma.

Isikhunta sibonakala ngokuhlala endaweni enomswakama nokukhanya okuphansi, okufana nemvubelo, nokho, ukuzala kwabo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlamvu ezingaphila ezindaweni eziningi ezinomehluko wokushisa nezinye izimo zemvelo.

Ngakho-ke kungokwemvelo ukubona isikhunta ezindongeni, ezitshalweni, eziqwini, ekudleni okunjengezithelo, ushizi, isinkwa, imifino, zingakhula endle yezilwane neyomuntu, kumakhowe, kukhona ngisho ukhunta ezinjeni.

Amakhowe ayimizimba ethela izithelo engabakhiqizi abangafani nesikhunta kanye nemvubelo. Ngokuvamile zingabonakala zikhula ngosayizi lapho zisezindaweni eziswakeme futhi ezinomthunzi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe, ezingadliwa, zibe nobuthi noma zibangele imiphumela ye-psychoactive ezilwaneni nakubantu.

isikhunta esincane

Phakathi kwezigaba zesikhunta ezinezinhlamvu ezincane, lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zingatholakala eziqukethe amakhowe ahlukaniswa ngombala wabafazi bawo, ngaleyo ndlela ahlukanise amakhowe angaphezu kuka-40 namakhosikazi anemibala ehlukene, okungukuthi, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-40.

• I-Leucospores
• Ama-melanosporeans
• ama-rhodospores
• Ama-ochrosporeans
• Ianthinosporeos
• AmaChlorosporeos

isikhunta se-macroscopic

Amakilasi amabili amakhulu ahlukaniswe ukuhlela isikhunta esinezinhlamvu ezifanayo ze-macroscopic, i-Basidiomycetes kanye ne-Ascomycetes. Amagama amaleveli amabili okuhlukaniswa iziqephu alezi zigaba azocaciswa ukunikeza umbono wenani lezinhlobo zezilwane eziqoqwe lapha.

• I-Basidiomycetes: Lesi sigaba sesikhunta sihlanganisa izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: Hymenomycetidae, Phragmo-basidiomycetidae y I-Gasteromycetidae. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ama-oda ayisithupha esikhunta: I-Agaricales, i-Boletales, i-Dacryomycetales, i-Polyporales, i-Poriales, i-Russulales, lapho kuvela khona imindeni nezinhlobo ezilandelayo.

I-Order Agaricales inemindeni elandelayo:

• I-Agaricaceae
• Amanitaceae
• I-Bolbitiaceae
• I-Coprinaceae
• I-Cortinariaceae
• i-crepidotaceae
• I-Entoromataceae
• I-Hygrophoraceae
• Omphalotaceae
• I-Pluteaceae
• I-Strophariaceae
• I-Tricholomataceae

I-oda i-Boletales inemindeni elandelayo:

• I-Boletaceae
• I-Gomphidiaceae
• Hygrophoropsidaceae
• I-Paxillaceae

I-oda ye-Dacryomycetales inomndeni: I-Dacryomycetaceae kanye ne-Polyporales oda ine-: Polyporaceae. Okwamanje i-oda le-Poriales linemindeni elandelayo:

• I-Bankeraceae
• I-Cantharellaceae
• I-Clavariaceae
• I-Clavulinaceae
• I-Ganodermaceae
• I-Hydnaceae
• I-Hymenochaetaceae
• I-Poriaceae
• I-Ramariaceae
• I-Schizophyllaceae
• I-Stereaceae
• I-Thelephoraceae

I-oda i-Russulales inomndeni: i-Russulaceae. Ngakolunye uhlangothi isigaba sesibili esibizwa ngokuthi: I-Phragmo-basidiomycetidae ine-oda elithi Auriculariales nomndeni: i-Auriculariaceae kanye ne-oda elithi Tremellales nomndeni: Tremellaceae. Isigaba sesithathu sabiza: I-Gasteromycetidae Inama-oda ayisikhombisa: i-Hymenogastrales, i-Lycoperdales, i-Melanogastrales, i-Nidulariales, i-Phallales, i-Sclerodermatales, i-Tulostomatales.

I-oda i-Hymenogastros inomndeni: i-Rhizopogonaceae.

I-oda le-Lycoperdales liqukethe imindeni:

• I-Geastraceae
• i-lycoperdaceae
• I-Mycenastraceae

I-oda i-Melanogastros inomndeni:

• I-Melanogastraceae kanye ne-oda elithi Nidulariales emndenini: i-Nidulariaceae.

I-oda likaPhallales linemindeni:

• i-clathraceae
• I-Phallaceae

I-oda Sclerodermatales emindenini:

• i-astraeaceae
• I-Sclerodermaceae
• I-Sphaerobolaceae

Ekugcineni, i-oda le-Tulostomatales linomndeni: i-Tulostomataceae. Ngamunye wale mindeni ungase uqukathe uhlobo olulodwa kuya kweziyishumi. Ukwengeza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 zesikhunta kuleli klasi lutho.

• I-Ascomycetes: Kuyisigaba esincane kakhulu saleli rekhodi, nokho izincwadi eziningi zebhayoloji ezihlukanisa isikhunta zihlanganisa isikhunta esiningi ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba size sidlule isigaba se-Basidiomycetes. Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu kukhona ama-oda ayisithupha: Clavicipitales, Helotiales, Hypocreales, Pezizales, Sphaeriales, Tuberales.

I-oda elithi Clavicipitales liqukethe kuphela umndeni: Cordycipitaceae, kuyilapho i-oda elithi Helotiales linemindeni:

• I-Geoglossaceae
• I-Leotiaceae
• I-Sclerotiniaceae

I-oda elithi Hypocreales liqukethe umndeni: Hypocreaceae, i-oda elithi Sphaeriales umndeni: Xylariaceae, i-oda Tuberales isikhunta somndeni weTuberaceae, kanye ne-oda elithi Pezizales liqukethe imindeni elandelayo yesikhunta:

• I-Ascobolaceae
• I-Helveslaceae
• I-Humariaceae
• I-Morchellaceae
• I-Pezizaceae
• I-Sarcoscyphaceae

Kule miyalo eyisikhombisa kuphela kuhlanganiswe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-20 zesikhunta futhi kucacisiwe kuphela imiyalo yemindeni yesikhunta esikhulu.