Sikumema ukuthi ufunde lesi sihloko mayelana Isayensi yokusiza yomlando, isethi yesayensi esekela abacwaningi kanye nezazi-mlando ukuze bazi konke okwenzekile emlandweni womhlaba wethu, i-athikili ekhuluma ngokuthi umlando ufundwa kanjani ngokusebenzisa imilando ehlukene eyisizayo.
INGABE UYAYAZI ISAYENSI EYISIZIYO YOMLANDO?
Isayensi eyisizayo yomlando, akuyona isayensi ezinikele ngokuphelele ekufundiseni. Nakuba, uma kuhlobene nesifundo. Yingakho behlinzeka ngosizo, ngoba izinhlobo zabo ezahlukene zokuzinikela ziletha inzuzo enkulu ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwesiyalo sikabani.
Cishe zonke izayensi ezisizayo zomlando zixhunywe kumakhono ahlukene lapho, ingxenye enkulu, kuyizo le sayensi eshisekela kakhulu ukuzifunda. Okunye okukhethekile ongazinikezela kukho, njenge-Literature endaweni ezimele noma okunye ukwazi. Njengoba le ndlela enayo nomlando ivumela ukuvela kwalokho esikubiza njengamanje umlando wemibhalo: lokhu kuyingxenye yegatsha eliyingqayizivele neliyingqayizivele.
Lezi zindlela zendlela ezigcina ukuhlobana okuhambisana nezihloko ezihlobene noma ezibunjwe Umlando. Njengoba ziqashelwa, kungenxa yezingxenye ezithile ezivuleke ngendlela entsha enikelwe ekucwaningeni umlando, njengoba ufika ngenjongo futhi lokho kuwukutadisha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyenzeka ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ilindele lezi zindawo zamaqiniso angehlukaniseki, njengomlando. Kungale ndlela lapho ivikelwe, ngenxa yezinqubo, ezindleleni zokuqonda umlayezo noma zokubhekana nezenzo ezithile ezenzeke emlandweni. Futhi ngendlela efanayo gcina zonke izenzakalo ngendlela ehlelekile.
Kungalesi sizathu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi yonke into ifakwe ngokulandelana kwezikhathi. Isibonelo kungaba, ukuthi unenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izehlakalo zomlando zihlelwa ngesikhathi, futhi enye yezindlela inomugqa wesikhathi.
Isikhathi sesikhathi
Yileso esiyingxenye yesayensi eyisizayo yomlando, enesibopho noma ehlose ukufeza okuthile okubalulekile koMlando.
Igama layo lisuka ekuhlanganisweni kwamagama esiGreki athi Izikhathi (isho isikhathi) futhi Logos (kusho ukubhala, ukwazi). Kuyisenzo esigxile ngokukhethekile ekuhlelekeni kwesikhashana kwezenzakalo.
I-Epigraphy
Itholakala ku-Axiliary Sciences of History futhi ibuye ikwazi ukuzimela ngokwayo. Ikhuluma ngemibhalo yasendulo eyabhalwa ematsheni, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezisekelo ezingokoqobo ezazindala kakhulu. Ukuze kufundwe ukulondolozwa okuye kwakugcina eminyakeni edlule, ukufunda nokucacisa amakhodi olimi. Kanye nalokhu, kuhlobene, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwezinye isayensi efana ne-paleography, i-archeology noma i-numismatics.
I-Numismatics
Kungenzeka ukuthi ingenye yesayensi endala kunazo zonke zesayensi eyisizayo emlandweni, njengoba yavela ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Le sayensi inikezelwe kuphela ocwaningweni nasekuqoqweni kwezinhlamvu zemali nezikweletu ezakhishwa ngokusemthethweni yinoma yisiphi isizwe emhlabeni ngesikhathi esithile. Ukufundwa kukabani okungase kube ithiyori kanye nemicabango (imfundiso) noma ezomlando (ezichazayo).
I-paleography
Iyingxenye yesayensi eyisizayo yomlando enesibopho sokwenza ucwaningo olujulile noluhlelekile lwemibhalo yasendulo, njengalokhu: ukulondolozwa, ukucacisa, ukuhumusha kanye nosuku lwamakhophi abhalwe ngokusekelwa okuthile kanye nemvelaphi yamasiko okhokho.
Kwezinye izikhathi kuye kuncishiswe ukuze kube usizo ngokubhekiselwa ku-Information Sciences, njenge-Library Science.
I-Heraldry
Kuyisiyalo, njengalezi zangaphambilini, ezifakwe phakathi kwezesayensi ezisizayo zomlando ezifanelekela ngokuhlelekile futhi ziphenye izimpawu nokuvezwa kwesici kwe-heraldry of arms. Baqashelwa kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi imindeni yozalo ezikhathini zangaphambili.
I-Codicology:
Lena iDiscipline enikelwe isifundo ezincwadini zamadlozi. Nokho, ngokuvamile abayiboni injalo le ncwadi.
Yingakho bengakuhlolisisi okuqukethwe yizincwadi njengoba benza uma bephenya indlela abayenza ngayo le ncwadi, njengokuthi: ukuziphendukela kwayo emlandweni, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Ukubeka usizo lwayo ngokuqondile kumafayela, ama-codices, ama-papyri nezinye izindlela zezisekelo mayelana nencazelo yasendulo.
Idiplomat
Lena enye yesayensi eyisizayo yomlando egxile ekutadisheni imibhalo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungubani umbhali, eqapha izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubhalwa kwemibhalo efana nalena: ukwesekwa, ulimi, ukuhleleka, phakathi kwezinye izindlela ezimnika amandla okukhipha isiphetho mayelana nobuqiniso bayo futhi ingagunyazwa. ukumelwa kwayo okulungile.
I-Sigillography
Kuyingxenye yesayensi eyisizayo yomlando ephethe izigxivizo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlonza izincwadi nemibhalo yemvelaphi esemthethweni: ulimi lwabo ikakhulukazi, ukulinganiselwa kwabo kokudala kanye nomlando ongase ube.
Umlando
Ezikhathini ezithile le sayensi ithathwa njengomlando, lokhu kusho ukuthi, Umlando Womlando. Njengoba kuyisiyalo esibhekele ukuphenya indlela umlando (obhaliwe) osemthethweni wamazwe omhlaba osungulwe ngayo kanye nendlela okwashiwo ngayo isayensi emibhalweni noma emibhalweni yohlobo oluthile.
arte
Kuyinto isifundo sobuciko ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo isiyalo esizimele ngokuphelele. Kulokho okuzinikezele noma okubhekene nezindlela ezahlukene zokubonakaliswa kobuciko emphakathini wesintu. Njengoba inhloso yawo kuwukuphendula umbuzo ongapheli wokuthi kuyini.
Kodwa-ke, lapho ihlanganiswe khona nomlando, bakha Umlando Wezobuciko, ojabulela ubuciko kuphela njengoba isikhathi sihamba: izinhlobo eziyinhloko eyayinazo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nendlela yayo yokubonisa ukuhamba kwesikhathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Literatura
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izincwadi ziyingxenye yesayensi eyisizayo yomlando. Kungale ndlela okuhlobana ngayo nendaba. Ngakho basiza ukwenza uMlando Wezincwadi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Umlando Wezobuciko ugxile kakhulu nenjongo yawo yokufunda, njengoba ugxile ekuziphendukeleni komlando wezincwadi kusukela kumodi yawo yokuqala eyinganekwane ekhona namuhla.
Kwesokudla
Okufanayo kuzo zombili izimo eziye zaphakanyiswa ngaphambili, kusayensi yesayensi yomlando. Ngalokho elinikeza usizo phakathi koMlando kanye noMthetho, lidala igatsha locwaningo lomlando oluhilela injongo yalo yokutadisha ezindleleni isintu esazi ngazo ukuhlanganisa nokuphatha ubulungisa.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo (enye yazo kwakuyinkathi yamaRoma, okukholakala ukuthi ibaluleke kakhulu olwazini lwethu lobulungiswa) kuze kube namuhla.
Imivubukulo
Ngokusemthethweni, i-Archaeology ngokuyisisekelo iwucwaningo lwezinsalela zasendulo zemiphakathi yabantu eziye zanyamalala, zifuna ukwakheka nezakhiwo zendlela abantu bezizwe zasendulo ababephila ngayo. Lokhu kusebenza ngendlela enomgomo obanzi kakhulu we-avocation, njengoba kungaba izincwadi, izinhlobo zobuciko, amanxiwa, amathuluzi, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Kanye nokubheka izindlela zokukwazi ukubahlenga. Ngale ndlela, kungashiwo ukuthi kuyisayensi yokuzimela eyathi ubukhona buyoba yize ngaphandle koMlando ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunikeza isitifiketi esibalulekile mayelana nokwakhiwa kwayo kwethiyori.
Izilimi
Kuyingxenye yesayensi eyisizayo egxile ezilimini zomuntu, lokhu kusho ukuthi ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zezimpawu nezimpawu ezifanele ukuxhumana. Ingahlanganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile nomlando ukuze kwakhiwe lokho okuyi-Historical Linguistics noma i-Diachronic Linguistics: okuwucwaningo loshintsho lwesikhathi sezindlela zokuxhumana ngamazwi kanye nezilimi ezahlukene ezenziwa abantu.
I-Stratigraphy
Lesi isiyalo esihlanganisa noma esicwaninga igatsha le-geology, inhloso yalo enkulu ukugxila ekuhlelekeni kwamatshe ashisayo, e-metamorphic kanye ne-sedimentary kuqweqwe lomhlaba, abonakala ezimeni zokusikeka kwe-tectonic. Ngokusebenzisana ne-History, eveza i-archaeological stratigraphy, olwazi lwakhe lugijima ngaphezu kwamatshe kanye nezigaba ukuze kuvunyelwane ngomlando wemfundiso yobuso bomhlaba.
ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe
Kuyisayensi eyingxenye yesayensi eyisizayo yomlando, evela egatsheni legeography. Inikezelwe ezindleleni zokuthatha indawo zeplanethi yomhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi benza ukwakhiwa kwamamephu nama-atlas noma ama-planispheres. Benza ukusebenzisana nomlando ukuze benze i-History of Cartography: isiyalo esixubile esifuna ukuqonda ukuthi yini engase ibe umlando womuntu kusukela endleleni ahumusha ngayo umhlaba emabalazweni akhe.
I-Ethnography
I-Ethnography isayensi ephathelene nocwaningo olukhulu kanye nencazelo yabantu namasiko abo. Ngalesi sizathu abantu abaningi bayayikholelwa noma bayithathe njengegatsha le-anthropology yezenhlalo noma yamasiko. Iqiniso liwukuthi inikeza ulwazi oluningi kuMlando njengoba nje inikeza usizo lwayo njengamanye amasayensi omlando.
Ngakho-ke kungashiwo ukuthi elinye lamathuluzi awusizo kakhulu asetshenziswa izazi zezizwe ngezizwe yiNdaba Yokuphila. Okuyinto yonke imisebenzi yayo equkethe noma esekelwe engxoxweni ekhona phakathi kwabantu futhi isetshenziswa, njengomzila wayo oyisisekelo, okuwukuhlawumbisela kwesiko elihambisana nalo.
I-Paleontology
I-Paleontology isayensi ehlola izinsalela zezidalwa eziphilayo ezaziphila kulo mhlaba eminyakeni edlule, ngenhloso yokuqonda ukuthi zaziphila kanjani futhi ziqonde kangcono inselele yokuba khona emhlabeni.
Kule sayensi kubonakala sengathi ifana kakhulu nomlando, njengoba ibhekana nezikhathi zangaphambi kokufika komuntu, okwenza izazi-mlando zithathe isinyathelo esihlakaniphile sokucabanga ngomlando ngaphambi komlando.
Umnotho
Kuyisayensi efunda izindlela ezahlukene abantu abaguqula ngazo izinsiza zemvelo ukuze bazuze. Lokhu kusho, ukuthi izindlela zokwenza uhlobo oluthile lokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi. Njengoba ukwanelisa izidingo zomuntu kumele kube khona ukukhiqiza.
Inokuxhumana okusondelene kakhulu nomlando, okuyingxenye yegatsha elicwaninga ukuthi uyini: I-History of the Economy, egxile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo umphakathi oye wazinikeza ezindabeni zezomnotho kusukela ekuqaleni kokuvela kwethu emhlabeni. .
Filosofía
Lena isayensi eyingxenye yazo zonke isayensi. Izesayensi ezisizayo zomlando zenziwe yisayensi efaneleke kakhulu njengeFilosofi.
Okuyikho le sayensi ukuthi ikhuluma ngomcabango womuntu. Kanye nomlando, kunikeza indawo ekuqaleni koMlando Womcabango, isifundo sokuhlukahluka kwendlela yokucabanga ngawe kanye nendawo yonke yomuntu kusukela ezikhathini ezikude kakhulu kuze kube manje.
Uma uthole le ndatshana ibalulekile isayensi yomlando, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: