AmaToltec aqashelwa ngemisebenzi yawo emikhulu yezakhiwo, empeleni igama lawo lisho abakhi abangochwepheshe. Izikhumbuzo zayo ezinkulu zibangela ukutuswa kodwa Izikhungo Zemikhosi Yesiko Lase-Toltec Babhekwa njengezimangaliso zomhlaba wonke.
Izikhungo Zemikhosi Yesiko Lase-Toltec
Isiko lamaToltec lihambisana nempucuko ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu baseSpain besuka eMesoamerica eyacishe yathatha ingxenye emaphakathi yeMexico yanamuhla cishe phakathi kwekhulu leshumi neleshumi nambili ngemva kukaKristu. Izinganekwane zamaNahuatl zithi amaToltec adala umhlaba futhi awabiza ngokuthi abakhi Abachwepheshile. Ama-Aztec ukuze afune ukuphakama kwawo ngaphezu kwabanye abantu baseMesoamerica ngokuziqhenya athi ayinzalo eqondile yamaToltec.
Izimpande zabantu baseToltec zivela kubantu baseTolteca-Chichimeca okwathi, ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye ngemva kukaKristu, basuka ezindaweni eziwugwadule enyakatho-ntshonalanga baya eCulhuacán eSigodini saseMexico. AmaToltec athola indawo yawo yokuqala yokuhlala eCulhuacán futhi kamuva ahlala eTollan noma eTula, okusho ukuthi "indawo yomhlanga". Idolobhakazi lakhula laze lafinyelela cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayishumi nane kanye nenani labantu elihluka phakathi kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu kuya kwezingamashumi amane izakhamuzi.
Ukwakhiwa kweToltec ekuqaleni kwakungaphansi kwethonya lesiko laseTeotihuacan kanye nesiko lama-Olmec. Amathempeli, amaphiramidi anezinyathelo, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezikhala zokudlala ibhola zadalwa isiko laseToltec.
Tula
Idolobha laseTollan Xicocotitlan (ngesiNahuatl lisho iDolobha Elikhulu eduze neXicuco Hill), elaziwa kangcono ngokuthi iTula, laliyinhloko-dolobha yesiko lamaToltec. I-Tula itholakala ngamakhilomitha angamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeDolobha laseMexico osebeni lomfula wegama elifanayo. Ngenxa yendawo yayo, iTula yasheshe yaba yindawo ebalulekile phakathi komzila oluhlaza, ovela engxenyeni esenyakatho yesifunda saseMesoamerican kanye nesifunda saseChaco Canyon esifundazweni saseNew Mexico e-United States.
Endaweni yemivubukulo yaseTula kunezakhiwo ezimbalwa ezimele idolobha elimangalisa kakhulu laseTollan Xicocotitlan elaziwa ngeTula Chico kanye neTula Grande.
Kusukela eTula Chico kwaba ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha laseTula. Lesi sakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi saqala ngasekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Classic, kanti iTula iyidolobha elincane elinendawo enkulu yamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-6. I-complex inesikwele esizungezile okuyizakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu zeqembu. Emsamo osenyakatho kunezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezaziwa ngokuthi i-East Pyramid kanye ne-West Pyramid.
Izinsalela zegumbi elisekelwa amakholomu afana ne-Palacio Quemado de Tula Grande nazo zingabonakala kule nkimbinkimbi. Zombili lezi zinkundla zihlotshiswe ngezithombe okufanele zihambisane nezicukuthwane ezifele empini. Engxenyeni yesibili yezikhumbuzo ezikhonjwe njengeTula Grande yizikhungo zemikhosi ezimele kakhulu zesiko laseToltec ledolobha laseTollan Xicocotitlan.
Iphiramidi ye-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
IPyramid of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, eyaziwa nangokuthi iPyramid B, ingesinye sezikhala zemikhosi yesiko lamaToltec elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu uQuetzalcóatl, umgcini wedolobha laseTollan Xicocotitlan. Lesi sakhiwo sinenkundla yephiramidi encishisiwe phezu kwayo kukhona amaTula Atlantean adume umhlaba wonke. Kuleli thempeli kunomfanekiso kankulunkulu uTezcatlipoca, ongunkulunkulu wokunakekela nobumnyama, leli elidala kunawo wonke elisezindaweni eziphakeme ezimaphakathi neMexico.
Ama-Atlante amane aseTula ayimifanekiso yamaqhawe aseToltec, nazo zonke izici zawo: isivikeli sesifuba esimise okwemvemvane, i-atlatl, imicibisholo, inkemba ye-flint nezinye izikhali zesiko laseToltec. Izimpungushe zethempeli ezimise okwenyoka zihlotshiswe ngezinyoka ezinezimpaphe eziyindlela yokukhulekela unkulunkulu uQuetzalcoatl. Ngemuva kwe-Atlanteans kukhona okubhekiselwe kungxabano yenganekwane phakathi kweQuetzalcóatl neTezcatlipoca.
isigodlo esishile
Isigodlo esishisiwe saziwa nangokuthi iPyramid C noma Ibhilidi elingunombolo XNUMX. Lesi sigodlo sanikezwa leli gama ngoba kusolwa umlilo omkhulu owacekela phansi isikhungo sabantu baseTollan Xicocotitlan ngesikhathi kuncipha isiko lamaToltec. Zonke izimpawu zikhomba ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sasisetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlangana ukubhekana nezindaba zomphakathi noma zombuso.
I-Chichén Itzá
I-Chichen Itza ingenye yezindawo zemivubukulo yaseMexico. Itholakala enhlonhlweni yaseYucatan. Kubhekwa njengenye yezindawo zezehlakalo zesiko laseToltec, lapho ithole khona ithonya lamasiko ahlukahlukene abantu ababeyiphethe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Yamukelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO ngo-1988.
Ithempeli likaKukulcán, okusobala ukuthi ithonya lalo elivela esikweni lamaToltec laqanjwa njengesinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba wanamuhla, ngevoti lezigidi zabantu abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngohlelo lwangasese lwe-New Open World Corporation, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwe-UNESCO.
I-Chichén Itzá cishe yakhiwa cishe ngonyaka we-455. Idolobha lihlukaniswe yiqembu lezakhiwo ezasungulwa phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX, elihambisana nesikhathi samaMaya, kanye nochungechunge lwesibili lwezakhiwo ezakhiwa phakathi kwe-XNUMX ne-XNUMX. Ikhulu leshumi nanye eliyingxenye yesiko lamaToltec.
AmaToltec ahlasela iChichen Itza ngekhulu le-1178 futhi ayenza inhloko-dolobha yawo. Ngo-1194 yahlulwa yibutho elihlangene lezifunda ezintathu zamadolobha: iMayapán, i-Uxmal ne-Itzmal, eyayiholwa nguHunak Keel. Ngesikhathi sokunqoba kweSpain (maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX), iChichen Itza yayisiyincithakalo. Ngemva kuka-XNUMX, idolobha lalingenamuntu ngokuphelele. Ayikho idatha eqondile yokuthi yini ebangele lokhu.
Inqaba noma Iphiramidi yaseKukulcán
Ithempeli lisenkabeni yethala elikhulu elingamahektha angamashumi amane futhi lizungezwe udonga lwamatshe olubanzi. Iphiramidi ilinganisa amamitha angamashumi amabili nane futhi ithempeli lisendaweni engaphezulu kwamamitha ayisithupha, ubude bezinhlangothi zawo ngalunye buyimitha engamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu. Ihlangothi ngalinye lethempeli linezitebhisi eziyisishiyagalolunye. Kusukela ezinhlangothini ezine ukusuka esisekelweni kuya phezulu kwephiramidi, kunezitebhisi ezine eziphakeme eziqondiswe emaphuzwini amakhulu.
Izitebhisi zizungezwe i-baluster eyenziwe ngamatshe, eqala phansi ekhanda lenyoka futhi iqhubeke nokuma komzimba wenyoka egobile ukuya phezulu embhoshongweni. Njalo ngonyaka, ngesikhathi sekwindla nentwasahlobo ye-equinox, ungabona umbukiso oyingqayizivele "Inyoka Enezimpiko". Isithunzi semiphetho enyathelwe yephiramidi siwela phezu kwamatshe e-balustrade. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubonakala sengathi iNyoka Enezimpiko iyaphila futhi ikhuphuka ngoMashi yehle ngoSepthemba.
Isitebhisi ngasinye kwezine zethempeli sinezitebhisi ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanye, futhi inani lazo seliphelele ngamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nane. Kanye nesiteji sesisekelo phezulu kwephiramidi, ehlanganisa izitebhisi ezine, sithola inombolo yamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu, inani lezinsuku onyakeni welanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezingxenye ohlangothini ngalunye lwethempeli linomfanekiso, izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalolunye zephiramidi zihlukaniswa kabili ngeladi, okungukuthi, eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili, ezihambisana nenani lezinyanga zonyaka wekhalenda lamaMaya. .
Imizila eyisishiyagalolunye yethempeli ihambelana nezulu ngalinye elifakwe ezinganekwaneni zamaToltec. Imifanekiso yamatshe engamashumi amahlanu nambili esodongeni ngalunye lwendlu engcwele ifanekisela umjikelezo wekhalenda le-Toltec. Phezulu kombhoshongo kunethempeli elincane elineminyango emine. Imihlatshelo yenziwa kuwo.
Ngaphakathi kombhoshongo, umnyango wawo oyinhloko usenyakatho futhi uhlotshiswe ngamakholomu amabili amakhulu ngendlela yezinyoka ezinyakazayo ngaphezu kwekhanda, kunethempeli elinamagumbi amabili. Iqukethe umfanekiso womhlatshelo ka-Chuck-Moll kanye nesihlalo sobukhosi seJaguar. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wethempeli, umbhoshongo cishe wawusebenza njengekhalenda.
I-cenote engcwele
I-Sacred Cenote eyaziwa nangokuthi uMthombo Wezisulu, ingumthombo wemvelo (cenote) edolobheni lasendulo laseChichen Itza eMexico. Itholakala emamitha angamakhulu amathathu enyakatho yezakhiwo ezinkulu zedolobha, lapho iSacbej engcwele (indlela) ixhumeka khona.
Kuyi-crater enkulu eyindilinga enobubanzi obungaphezu kwamamitha angamashumi ayisithupha. Izindonga zayo eziwubala, ezakhiwe ngezingqimba ze-limestone, zehlela emanzini amnyama aluhlaza. Ngokusho kwamaMayans, unkulunkulu wemvula uChac wayehlala ngaphakathi komthombo. AmaMeya amlethela imihlatshelo yabantu futhi ayiphonsa phansi kwe-cenote. Umnikelo omkhulu wokugcina kukholakala ukuthi wenzeka endaweni eyi-cenote ngobusuku bangaphambi kokufika kweSpanishi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngemva kwalokho, umthombo washiywa futhi wambozwa yihlathi.
Ithempeli Lamaqhawe
Ithempeli lama-Warriors lakhiwa amaMayans azungeze unyaka we-1200. Ithempeli lisekela umklamo walo ekwakhiweni kweToltec njengoba kufakazelwa ukufana kwayo nethempeli leTlahuizcalpantecuhtli, elitholakala emkhakheni weTollan Xicocotitlan noma iTula.
Ithempeli lamaQhawe litholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yeGreat Plaza yaseChichen Itza. Inobukhulu obungamamitha angamashumi amane ohlangothini ngalunye. Ukuma kwayo kuyiphiramidi emise okwesinyathelo enemizimba emine, ithempeli elisezingeni eliphezulu lakhiwe ngamakamelo amabili. Ku-portico yokungena kukhona ama-rattlesnakes amabili amakhulu, asebenza njengesisekelo se-lintel.
IThempeli LamaQhawe linamakamelo amaningi avulwe ngamapulangwe asekelwe ngamakholomu. Inomfanekiso oqoshiwe kankulunkulu uChac Mool emnyango wethempeli. Iphinde ibe nezinsika namakholomu angamakhulu amabili, aziwa ngokuthi iQembu lamakholomu ayinkulungwane.
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