Ngenxa yamaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene aqhutshwa abantu, imfucuza eminingi ikhiqizwa ukuthi, kuye ngokusetshenziswa kwayo nokubunjwa kwayo, ingangcolisa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kukhona ukunqwabelana okuphezulu kwemfucuza eqinile, okubangela izinkinga zemvelo kuzo zombili izidalwa zasemhlabeni kanye nezamanzi. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kubonisa ukuthi yiziphi Izimbangela Nemiphumela Kadoti, ngakho ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda.
Udoti
Ngaphambi kokwazi izimbangela nemiphumela yako, igama elithi Udoti lingachazwa ngokuthi ukuphucwa izinto noma izinto ezilahlwayo ngoba zingenamsebenzi. Udoti usuka kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene kanye nemisebenzi yabantu, ekhiqiza inani elikhulu lezinto ezingasenalo inani, kanye nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwensiza, noma indlela yokugaywa kabusha.
Udoti usuka emisebenzini yasekhaya, yezimboni, yezolimo, yezimayini, yasemadolobheni neminye, eholela ekukhiqizweni kukadoti noma imfucuza engase ibe yingozi noma ingabi yingozi. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ubuthi bawo, udoti ungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Udoti omningi owenziwa abantu nsuku zonke ubangela ukuthuthukiswa nokutshalwa kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene, okuyimithombo yezifo. Ngokunjalo, ukungakhethwa kahle kwezindawo ezizolahlwa ekugcineni, kubangela izinkinga zobuhle nempilo yomphakathi.
Izimbangela Zodoti
Imodeli yezomnotho ehamba phambili ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo, okuholela ekubeni kube imbangela yesakhiwo sokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kukadoti. Lokhu kunqwabelana okuphezulu kukadoti noma imfucuza kubangelwa ukuminyana kwabantu, ukwakhiwa noma isisekelo sezikhungo ezinabantu abaningi lapho kukhiqizwa khona udoti omningi, ngenxa yemisebenzi eyahlukene, ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu okuthi kanye nokuphathwa kabi kukadoti kubangela ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwezibi. imfucuza engumthombo wokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okubangelwa ukungalahlwa kahle nokuphathwa kukadoti, kubangela umthelela ongemuhle ngokombono wobuhle, ukukhishwa kwephunga elibi, ukusebenza komhlaba nezindawo zasolwandle, phakathi kweminye imithelela. Lokhu kungcola kungancishiswa futhi kugwenywe nangokusebenzisa ukulawulwa kahle kukadoti okuhlanganisa nokulahlwa kwawo kokugcina. Ukwengeza, lokhu kulawulwa kukadoti noma udoti kufanele kuxhunywe nenqubomgomo yenhlalo-mnotho eholela ekushintsheni kwendlela yokusetshenziswa komphakathi.
Ezinye izindlela zokuphatha ukusesha ezifana ne-3R, okusho ukuthi, "nciphisa, sebenzisa kabusha futhi ugaywe kabusha", kufanele zihlelwe futhi ziyiswe ezigabeni ezihlukene zomphakathi kanye nasezindaweni zezomnotho nezikhiqizayo, ezingasiza ukunciphisa ukungcola okubangelwa yikho. . Ukuze kuvikelwe izindawo kokubili emhlabeni, olwandle nasemkhathini.
Ngenxa yokuthi, okwamanje, imfucumfucu yasemkhathini isiqoqiwe ngisho nase-stratosphere, ngaphansi kolwandle ungathola izinsalela zezinto ezilahliwe njengemikhumbi eshonelwe futhi nangaphezulu ungabona iziqhingi zikadoti ngisho noketshezi. imfucuza efana nophethiloli, ukuchitheka kukawoyela. Konke lokhu kunqwabelana akubonakali kancane kumuntu ovamile futhi, uma kungumthamo omkhulu kadoti emadolobheni amaningi amazwe asathuthuka. Lokhu kuholela ekugqamiseni ukuthi Izimbangela zesamba esikhulu sikadoti zenzeka ngenxa yalokhu:
Iphethini yokusetshenziswa
Indlela yokusebenzisa umphakathi inqunywa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okukhona. Emkhakheni womhlaba, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili nasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezimboni nonxiwankulu kuyadlanga. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kusekelwe ekukhiqizeni izimpahla namasevisi ngobuningi obukhulu, ngokusebenzisa imishini enikezwa imithombo yamandla ehlukene. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla kukhuthazwa ngokukhangisa.
Futhi, amaphrojekthi ezimboni ayenziwe ezikhathini zamuva nje, ngokusobala abesebenzisa indlela yokuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe. Lokhu kuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe kuhlobene nokuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nemikhiqizo enempilo emfushane ewusizo noma ewusizo, ngenhloso yokukwazi ukuthola ukusebenza kahle komnotho. Kwezinye izimo, kuyenzeka ukuthi imikhiqizo noma izimpahla ezithengiwe zigcine zilahliwe ngenxa yokushoda kwezingxenye eziyisipele noma zenziwe ngezinsimbi ezisezingeni eliphansi.
Umthengi uvame ukulahla izimpahla noma imikhiqizo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezingxenye eziyisipele, noma futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli ezobuchwepheshe athuthukayo kusho ukuthi bahlala bethola imishini ethuthukisiwe futhi amamodeli amadala asala ngemuva. Lo mjikelezo wokuthola imikhiqizo, uyishiya ngemuva njengento ephelelwe yisikhathi futhi uthenge ehambisana nesikhathi, uye waholela ekukhiqizeni nasekuqongeleleni imfucuza noma udoti.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, asekhona amazwe ambalwa anenqubo ehlelekile yokucubungula udoti, umphumela walokhu ukuthi uvame ukulahlwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Le nhlanganisela yokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwempahla, engasenamsebenzi ngokushesha, kanye nesistimu yokulawula udoti nokuphatha ikhiqiza ukungcola okukhulu okubangelwa ukukhiqizwa kukadoti.
Ukwanda kwabantu
Ukwenyuka kwenani likaDoti kuhambelana ngqo nokukhula kwabantu. Lokhu uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi njengoba izinga labantu abaneminyaka eyanele ukuthola imikhiqizo eminingi kanye nezinsizakalo landa, kuholela ekubangeni kukadoti, ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo sezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Ngenxa yalokho, osozimboni basheshisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo eyengeziwe ukuze banikeze lesi sibalo esikhulayo sabathengi futhi zingathengwa yibo, ekugcineni Okubangela Ukumosha.
Ngaphezu kokwanda kwenani labantu, kuyadingeka futhi ukucabangela ukwanda nokugxila kwabantu bomhlaba, okwamanje, i-75% yabakhileyo beplanethi bagxile ezindaweni ezincane zeplanethi, ephakathi nendawo. latitudes, enesimo sezulu esifudumele nesipholile. Ezinye zalezi zifunda yilezi: i-Japan ne-China eNingizimu ye-Asia, i-Indochina, i-India ne-Pakistan eMpumalanga ye-Asia, kanye naseMpumalanga Yurophu nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNyakatho Melika.
Ukuletha njengomphumela isizukulwane esiphezulu sikaDoti, okumele siwugcine ulawulwa, kufanele kusetshenziswe ukuphathwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwawo. Kodwa-ke, iningi lalawa mazwe anabantu abaningi aphethwe ngeminotho ethuthukayo kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula imfucuza ezingaphumeleli.
Ukuphathwa Kadoti Kakuhle
Enye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokunqwabelana kukadoti ukungaphathwa kahle kwawo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi udoti okhiqizwa ukwakhiwa kwezimboni nokukhiqizwa kwempahla nemisebenzi, uguqulwa ube Udoti ngokungacutshungulwa ngendlela egculisayo. Injalo indaba yamabhodlela engilazi ewayini, amajusi, iziphuzo ezibandayo noma eminye imikhiqizo. Ingilazi iyinto engagaywa kabusha izikhathi eziningi futhi, uma ike yasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuyilahla emgqonyeni kadoti, ingaphinda igaywe njengempahla eluhlaza ukuze kukhiqizwe amabhodlela amasha.
Uma ukhetha ukugaywa kabusha kwebhodlela lengilazi futhi libe impahla eluhlaza ukukhiqiza amabhodlela amasha, ukuqoqwa kukadoti kuzoncishiswa. Lokhu kuzoholela ekungcoleni okuncane ngenxa yokukhishwa kwesihlabathi se-silica ukuze kwenziwe ingilazi, kunciphise isikhathi senqubo yezimboni yokukhiqiza amabhodlela engilazi, nokunciphisa inani likaDoti ngenxa yokuqoqwa kwamabhodlela engilazi noma iziqukathi.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuphathwa kabi kwemfucuza noma Udoti kungenye yezinto ezingcolisa imvelo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwezibalo, cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-8 emfucumfucu yepulasitiki okwamanje anqwabelana ezilwandle nasezilwandle. Okubangela ukuthi lezi zinto zepulasitiki eziqoqiwe njengoDoti, cishe zingama-80% Kadoti Wasolwandle, okuthe ngenxa yokubola kwawo kwaguqulwa kwaba amapulasitiki amancane anobukhulu obungaphansi kwamamilimitha amahlanu. Ukubangela izinkinga ezingathi sína zokungcola ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasolwandle.
Imiphumela kadoti
Umphumela Kadoti ukungcola, okufana nokungcoliswa okubonakalayo nobuhle okubangelwa ukungalahlwa kahle ezindaweni ezilahlwayo ezivulekile, okubangelwa udoti okhiqizwa abantu emadolobheni nasezinkundleni. Lokhu kubangelwa futhi ukungcola okukudalayo enhlabathini, emanzini nasemoyeni ngenxa yamakhemikhali eliwakhiphayo. Kuhambisana nokungasebenzi kahle kokulawulwa kwemfucuza okungaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwemvelo.
empilweni yomphakathi
Inani elikhulu likaDoti kanye nemfucumfucu yawo eqoqwe ezindaweni ezingafanele iwumthombo oqondile wokwanda kwamagciwane anomthelela omubi empilweni yezidalwa eziphilayo futhi ngenxa yalokho abe yingozi ye-epidemiological emphakathini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukulahla imfucuza ngendlela engafanele kuvumela ukwanda kwezilwane ezinjengezinambuzane, amagundane, nezinye izilwane ezithwala izifo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Lokhu kwenzeka, uma kubhekwa ukuthi inani elikhulu likadoti eliqoqwe endaweni eyodwa lithanda izimo ezithile zokushisa, ukukhanya kanye nomswakama okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kalula kwama-microorganisms e-pathogenic. Lawa magciwane angathwalwa umoya namanzi awayise kwezinye izindawo futhi athelele abantu abahlala eduze kwalezi zindawo zokulahla udoti noma izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu.
Omunye wemiphumela yokunqwabelana kukadoti ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, njengoba kuboniswe izibalo ezisingathwe yi-World Health Organization (WHO) ngo-2017, kwaba izinga eliphezulu lokufa kwezingane, cishe izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-1,7. ukufa okubangelwa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kwenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokungaphathwa kahle kukadoti emazweni angathuthukile.
Ngokwalezi zibalo, ukungaphathwa kahle kukadoti sekuholele ekufeni kwezingane ezingaba ngu-361.000 200.000 ngenxa yezifo zesisu ezibangelwa ukuphuza amanzi anamagciwane noma ukudla okungcoliswe udoti. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kwezinambuzane eziwuhlupho ezikhula ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezingaphathwa kahle kwabangela ukufa kwezinsana ezingaba ngu-XNUMX XNUMX ezaziphethwe izifo ezithathelwana yilezi zinambuzane.
ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Inkinga mayelana nokulahlwa kukadoti, usuku ngalunye lunomthelela omubi kakhulu endaweni ezungezile yemvelo ehlukene yomhlaba, njengokunqwabelana kwemfucumfucu yepulasitiki endaweni ehlala emanzini okuthi, ngenxa yemisinga yamanzi, isuke emifuleni iye olwandle. nezilwandle, okubangela ukufa kwezinto eziphilayo kulezi zindawo zemvelo.
Lokhu kuletha ngenxa yalokho, ngaphezu kokufa kwezilwane nezitshalo zasemanzini, ukudluliselwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo ngochungechunge lokudla. Ngenxa yalokho okwenzeka ngemfucumfucu yepulasitiki, ngoba lapho ibola iguqulwa ibe izingxenye ezincane kangangokuthi lezi zinhlayiya ezincane zepulasitiki zimuncwa ama-zooplankton, ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi, zikholelwa ukuthi ziyizinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungababulala ngokunqwabelana kwamakhemikhali ezithweni zabo.
Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi zingene ngokungaqondile ochungechungeni lokudla, ngokudliwa yizinto eziphilayo, zona zidliwe ezinkulu ezisuka emazingeni aphezulu eketango zize zifinyelele kubantu. Izoba nomthelela omubi kwabanye abantu abadla izilwane zasolwandle ezingcoliswe udoti wepulasitiki.
Ngendlela efanayo, lezi mfucumfucu zepulasitiki ne-aluminium, ezihamba kancane ukubola futhi zihlale zilingana nazo, zibangela ukufa kwezilwane zasolwandle nezinyoni ezidla kuyo. Isibonelo salokhu ukufa kwezimfudu zasolwandle ezingaba ngu-52% ezithintwe udoti wepulasitiki.
Omunye umphumela kaDoti ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuthi Udoti onqwabelana endaweni yemvelo ngisho nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni ungaba umthombo wokudla futhi ubangele ukuthi izilwane zishintshe indlela ezidla ngayo ngokwenza kube lula ukutholakala kokudla. Ukudla okunikeza ama-carbohydrates futhi kugcine kushintsha ukudla kwemvelo kwezilwane ezikudlayo futhi ngenxa yalokho kuguqule imetabolism nempilo yazo.
Ukwengeza kule miphumela engenhla, ukunqwabelana kukadoti ngezinye izikhathi kubangela izinto ezinobuthi njengezinsimbi ezinzima nezinye izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezidluliselwa endaweni ezungezile ngamanzi angcolile, njengezihlanzi. Lezi Doti ezidluliswa ngamanzi okubangela ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi nasenhlabathini, izingxenye eziyingozi kakhulu imfucuza ekhipha imisebe.
kwikhwalithi yemvelo
Ngenxa yezinqubo zokubola kwezinto ezinqwabelana enqwabeni yemfucumfucu, kwenzeka uchungechunge lokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali akhiqiza amagesi emkhathini, amanye awo ayingozi empilweni yabantu nezilwane. Njenge-carbon dioxide ne-methane, womabili amagesi abamba ukushisa.
I-Methane iyigesi eguquguqukayo kakhulu engabangela imililo futhi lapho ishisa imfucumfucu yepulasitiki, ikhipha amagesi anobuthi athinta abantu, ngenxa yalokho, abangela izifo emgudwini wokuphefumula ngisho nomdlavuza. Ukwengeza ekukhishweni kwamagesi anobuthi, lokhu ukufakwa kwemfucumfucu emfucumfucwini, okunikela ngezinsimbi ezisindayo, uwoyela, okokuhlanza kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali anobuthi emanzini okwenza izinga lamanzi libe libi. Lokhu kuthinta ukusetshenziswa kwawo amanzi okuphuza noma njengamanzi okunisela izitshalo.
Lokhu kugeleza kwezingxube zamakhemikhali ezivela kuDoti ofinyelela emanzini, ngezinye izikhathi kushintsha ukugcwala komoyampilo emanzini ngakho-ke lokhu kushintsha i-ecosystem yasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Garbage leachate enqubweni yayo yokubola ingafinyelela etafuleni lamanzi, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngokufanayo, inhlabathi nayo ingcolile futhi ithinta i-chemistry yomhlabathi, usawoti wawo oshintsha i-physics yenhlabathi nokuvunda kwawo.
Izixazululo Ezihlongozwayo Enkingeni Kadoti
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphathwa kwemfucuza eqinile, ewuketshezi kanye nobuthi noma udoti, kuye kwahlongozwa futhi kwasetshenziswa amasu amaningana okusebenza, okuhlanganisa nokulahlwa kukadoti ezindaweni zokulahla izinto ezivulekile noma izindawo zokushisisa izinto ezingenawo. Udoti kufanele ubonakale njengohlelo olubalulekile ngakho-ke ukuphathwa kwawo kanye nezixazululo ezingase zibe khona kufanele kubhekwe ngendlela ehlangene, kulawuleke ukuxazulula inkinga ngeMbango wawo. Ezinye izixazululo kungaba:
Isiphakamiso somnotho esimeme
Isiphakamiso esivumela ukuxazulula Isizathu Sokulahla kusuka empandeni, yisiphakamiso soshintsho ekuphathweni komnotho ukuya endaweni eqhubekayo, lesi siphakamiso kufanele sifundise abathengi ukunciphisa ukutholwa okungadingekile kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Lokhu kuzoba nenjongo yokuthola ukulingana phakathi kwezidingo zezomnotho, zezenhlalakahle nezemvelo zomphakathi wonke.
Finyelela esiphakamisweni sokuhlela kabusha ukugaywa kabusha kwezimpahla zabathengi futhi uphakamise ukuthi imikhiqizo enempilo ende esebenzisekayo ithuthukiswe kancane kancane, ukuze kwehliswe ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe. Njengoba izinqubo zezimboni zihlanganiswa ezinciphisa ukushintshwa okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo, kuzoholela ekunciphiseni udoti noma Udoti yizakhamuzi.
imfundo nokuqwashisa
Ukuze kuzuzwe isixazululo esibanzi sokuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwemfucuza, kufanele kuphakanyiswe ukuthi izindinganiso zemvelo zokunciphisa imfucuza zenziwe ngendlela yesikhungo nehlelekile, lapho abadlali bezenhlalakahle abahlukene beyingxenye yesixazululo. Kuyaphakanyiswa futhi, izinqubomgomo zemfundo yezemvelo eziholela ekushintsheni komkhuba ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo futhi zihlele ukugaywa kabusha. Ukukhuthaza izinqubomgomo zezimali ukuze kugqugquzelwe izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezizinzile, phakathi kokunye.
Uma abantu beyimbangela yezinkinga zemvelo ezibangelwa udoti, kufanele sibe nesibopho sokubeka izixazululo futhi sizibophezele ekuzifezeni. Ngale ndlela, ikhwalithi enhle yendawo esihlala kuyo sonke iqinisekisiwe.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda ngezimangaliso zemvelo nokuthi ungafunda kanjani ukuzinakekela, kulokhu okuthunyelwe: