I-Panda Bear noma i-Giant Panda, ingenye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo eziyingxenye yezilwane ezidla inyama, ngenxa yalokhu kuye kwadaleka impikiswano, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, ngokusho kocwaningo oluhlukene olwenziwe ku-DNA yayo, kwanqunywa ukuthi i-panda yebhere ingeyomndeni wamabhere noma i-Ursidae, njengebhere elibukwayo noma ibhere elibukwayo liyisihlobo salo esiseduze kakhulu. Uma ufuna ukuthola okwengeziwe mayelana Nezimo Zebhere Le-Panda, ungangabazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda lesi sihloko.
Izici ze-Panda Bear
Ibhere le-panda linomzimba ofana kakhulu nowawo wonke amabhere. Leli bhere elikhulu elithandekayo linoboya obumnyama ezindlebeni zalo naseduze kwamehlo alo, okwenza libukeke sengathi ligqoke izibuko; kanye nasempumulweni, ezingalweni nasemahlombe akhe, ekhipha lezi zingxenye, bonke uboya bakhe bumhlophe qwa. Nakuba ososayensi namanje bengakazi ukuthi kungani la mabhere amangalisayo eba nale mibala eyinqaba eboyeni bawo, amaningi awo afinyelela eqophelweni lokuthi lo mehluko ophawulekayo eboyeni bawo uwenza akwazi ukufihla ngokuphelele indawo yawo yokuhlala, evame ukuba namatshe. , kumnyama noma kuneqhwa.
Uboya bebhere i-panda bukhulu kakhulu, lokhu kunikeza ukushisa okukhulu emahlathini abandayo kakhulu ezivame ukuhlala kuwo. Lawa afanayo nawo anamazinyo amakhulu e-molar futhi ngokulandelana, nemisipha eqinile emihlathini yawo, wona lawo afanayo ayasiza ukuthi akwazi ukuhlafuna uqalo kahle. Imilenze yayo iqukethe iminwe emihlanu kanye nesithupha. Esikwazi njengesithupha empeleni kubizwa ngokuthi ithambo le-sesamoid elilungisiwe kubo.Leli thambo lenza kube lula kubo ukuthi babambe uqalo ngenkathi beludla.
Lawa mabhere anomsila wesibili omude kakhulu kuwo wonke umndeni wakwa-Ursidae noma umndeni wakwaBhele, njengoba umsila wawo ungakala cishe amasentimitha angu-15 ubude. Indawo yokuqala kulokhu, iBhele laseTibet. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu kubo amehlo abo, ngoba abafundi babo abayisiyingi njengezinye izihlobo zabo, lezi zingaba zinde, zifane nalezo zamakati. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi amabhere e-panda angaphila iminyaka engu-20 ngokukhululeka okuphelele kanye neminyaka engama-30 uma evalelwe.
Zinesisindo esingakanani?
Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwawo, amabhere e-panda avame ukuba nesisindo esiphakathi kuka-100 - 200 amagremu. Manje, uma sezikhulile, abesilisa ngokuvamile banesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-150 noma ngaphezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane ngokuvamile banesisindo esifinyelela ku-125 kilogram.
Malini?
Amawundlu amaPanda ahlala ekala phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-15 – 17 ubude. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo la mabhere amahle acishe abe ngamamitha ayi-1,5 ubude. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abesifazane ngokuvamile bancane kunabesilisa, cishe ngo-10% noma 20% ngaphansi kwabesilisa.
Ihlala kuphi i-Panda Bear?
Ibhere le-panda lihlala lihlala ezintabeni eziningi kulo lonke elase-Central China, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni esibizwa ngokuthi iSichuan, nakuba liphinde livelele ngokuhlala kwezinye izifundazwe ezifana neShaanxi neGansu. Ukwakhiwa kwamapulazi amaningi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nezinye intuthuko yasemadolobheni kuye kwenza la mabhere amahle azishiye ngokuphelele lezi zindawo ezingezansi lapho ayehlala khona ngaphambili.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amabhere e-panda akulula ukuwabona kwezinye izingxenye zeplanethi, ngokusho kwezifundo ezahlukene nokubala, kucatshangwa ukuthi inani lamabhere e-panda asele emhlabeni lilinganiselwe kakhulu nokuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lama-panda aliphezulu kakhulu. inani lamakhophi asele. Inani elikhulu lalezi zibhere ze-panda azitholakali endle, ngakho-ke, zikhuliswa zisuka ku-0 ekuthunjweni.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, la mabhere ahlala ezintabeni zaseShayina, ikakhulukazi ezintabeni zaseMinshan, Quinling, Quionglai, Daxiangling, Liangshan, kanye ne-Xiaoxiangling. Zonke lezi zintaba ziphakeme cishe phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-1,5 no-3,5 ukuphakama.
Ngokulandelayo, inani elikhulu lala mabhere lihlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zaseVietnam, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngenxa yezandla zomuntu, inani lala mabhere liye lehla kakhulu. Nakuba kusobala ukuthi ibhere le-panda njengamanje lihlala eShayina naseTibet, eminyakeni ethile edlule kuye kwatholakala izinsalela zezinsalela ezibonisa ukuthi i-Panda Bear yafika yazohlala eBurma, ezindaweni eziningi zeVietnam, naseShayina futhi.
Kungashiwo ukuthi indawo ekahle yalezi zibhere kufanele yenziwe yisimo sezulu esizinzile kakhulu esingahlupheki nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo. Konke lokhu kuzinza kwesimo sezulu kuvimbela amabhere ekubhekaneni noshintsho olunamandla lokushisa olungase luwalimaze, futhi lokhu kuzinza okufanayo kutholakala kalula ezintabeni ezinobude obucishe bube phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-1.300 no-3.500.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu luthandeka ngendlela emangalisayo ekukhuleni kwe-bamboo, okuwukudla okuyinhloko kukho konke ukudla kwamapanda. Namuhla, siyabona ukuthi ama-panda ahlala ezindaweni ezihlala cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-9.000. Lezi zindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kufanele zibe nezinga elifanele lomswakama, futhi zibe nezindawo ezipholile kakhulu. Lokhu kukodwa kuletha umphumela wokuthi ziyizindawo ezinamaphayini amaningi namaconifers ahlukene.
Izindawo ezinamahlathi aminyene kakhulu zisho izindawo ezifanele zokuhlala la ma-panda, ngoba ahlala efuna ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni ezinde ukuze ahlale efihliwe. Ngokuvamile zihlala emahlathini kagamthilini, njengoba lesi sitshalo esifanayo singesinye esibaluleke kakhulu kukho konke ukudla kwazo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amabhere e-panda ayizilwane ezixekethile kakhulu ekuchazeni kwawo, lokhu kusho ukuthi azohlala efuna ukuhlala eduze kakhulu nomthombo wokudla ukuze angenzi imizamo emikhulu yokuyithola. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izilwane ezidla ezinye azivamile ukuhlala kulawa mahlathi aminyene, lokhu kuwenza azizwe elondeke ngokwedlulele futhi angathathi sinyathelo sokuzivikela.
Ukudla
Nakuba ngokwe-taxonomics ehlukaniswa njengama-carnivorous, lawa mabhere athandekayo anokudla okusekelwe ikakhulukazi kumakhambi ahlukene, uqalo oluwukudla kwawo okuyinhloko. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ibhere le-panda lisenesimiso sokugaya ukudla nezakhi zofuzo ezibonisa ukuthi lidla inyama ngokucacile. Ngalesi sizathu, bathola amaprotheni amancane kakhulu namandla amancane avela ku-bamboo. Ikhono layo elikhulu lokugaya i-cellulose libangelwa ngokuphelele amagciwane atholakala emathunjini ayo. Ama-panda amaningi amadala angaba noqalo lwansuku zonke lokudla amakhilogremu ayi-9 kuye kwayi-14.
Njengoba la mabhere engadli kahle, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina umgudu wawo wokugaya ugcwele. Ukufakwa kwamandla aphansi emizimbeni yabo, okubekwe wukudla kwabo, kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni kwalawa ma-panda. Ngenxa yalokhu, bavame ukukhawulela kakhulu noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana nabantu futhi bayohlala begwema indawo enemithambeka ewumqansa, begwema ukuqeda amandla abo nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Izici ezimbili eziphawuleka kakhulu zebhere le-panda, njengobuso balo obuyindilinga nomzimba walo omkhulu, zinikezwa njengomphumela wokudla kwalo okugxile kuqalo. Lamabhere amahle angadla noma yiziphi izinhlobo ezingu-25 ezihlukahlukene zoqalo ezingatholakala emhlabeni. Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zoqalo yiFargesia Dracocephala noma iFargesia Rufa. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ezindaweni lapho la mabhere ehlala khona azikho izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ze-bamboo, lokhu kungenxa yokuphakama okukhulu kwalezi zintaba.
Kungani isengozini yokushabalala?
Ibhere i-panda ingenye yezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane namuhla ezisengozini yokushabalala, yingakho idinga ukuvikelwa. Kule minyaka embalwa edlule kube nemibiko eminingi kanye nezifundo ezeseka ngokugcwele lesi simangalo. Umbiko owenziwe ngo-2007 wabonisa ukuthi kunamabhere angama-236 ahlala ekuthunjweni kuyo yonke indawo yaseShayina, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, akhona amanye ama-panda angama-27 angaphandle kwaleli zwe.
Sonke lesi sibalo sabantu abanonya siyahlukahluka kakhulu; ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bangaba ngu-1.590 kubo abaphila ngenkululeko ephelele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, omunye umbiko owenziwe ngo-2006 ubonisa ukuthi ngokunyathelisa iminwe yofuzo kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi kunenombolo ephakeme, lesi sibalo singafinyelela phakathi kuka-2.000 kuya 3.000. NgoSepthemba 2016, ibhere le-panda ngeshwa lamenyezelwa njengesilwane esisengozini yi-IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).
Evolution kanye Nokuziphatha
Nakuba ama-panda esenkululekweni ephelele, ngokuvamile ayizilwane ezolile, ezichitha zonke izinsuku zazo zifuna ukudla, ikakhulukazi uqalo. Bacinga kuwo wonke amahlathi e-bamboo eduze nezintaba ze-Qinling nakuso sonke iSifundazwe saseSichuan. Nakuba ngokuvamile ziyizilwane ezihlala zodwa, bonke abantu abadala banendawo ephawulwe ngokuphelele, futhi futhi, abesifazane abakubekezeleli nhlobo ukuba khona kwezinye izintokazi endaweni ezizungezile.
La mabhere amahle axhumana ngemisindo ehlukene njengokuklwebha imithi ehlukahlukene noma ukushiya amabala omchamo. Lawa ma-panda angakwazi ukukhuphuka zonke izihlahla, kuzona lezi zihlahla angakwazi ukuzitholela indawo yokuhlala enethezekile, noma ajwayele ukukhosela emifantwini yamadwala, nakuba engalokothi enze imigodi ehlala kuyo isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-panda ayizilwane ezingalali, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, esikhundleni sokwenza lokhu, ama-panda athuthela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezifudumele kakhulu.
Kuso sonke isigaba esifushane sokukhwelana, ama-panda ahlanganyela ekuhlanganeni komphakathi, lapho abesifazane nabesilisa abaseduze bekhwelana. Ngemva kwesenzo sokuzala, amaduna ashiya insikazi ukuze akwazi ukukhulisa inzalo, okungumdlwane, kulo lonke ukhahlamba lwezintaba.
Ukuzala
Okokuqala, indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokuzalanisa ama-panda avalelwe kwakuwukufaka insemination yokwenziwa; Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-panda amaningi, ngemva kokubanjwa, akhiqiza ukwenqaba ngokuphelele ukukhwelana. Ngalesi sizathu, ososayensi baphendukela ekusebenziseni izindlela ezeqisayo nezingakholakali njengokunikeza i-Viagra kubo bonke abesilisa, noma bababonise amavidiyo wokukhwelana kwe-panda.
Kule minyaka embalwa edlule kuphela lapho lezi zinhlelo zokuzalanisa ama-panda ziqale ukuphumelela. Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene lubonise ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamabhere lunephethini yokukhwelana eqhathaniswa kakhulu nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zebhere elimnyama laseMelika, okuwumndeni okhulayo wamabhere. Namuhla isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sokuzala kwalamabhere cishe singayingane eyodwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili.
Lezi zilwane ezithandekayo zifinyelela ukuvuthwa kwazo okugcwele ngokobulili phakathi kweminyaka emine nesishiyagalombili ubudala, futhi kusukela lapho zizokwazi ukuzala zize zibe neminyaka engu-20 ubudala. Isigaba sokuzala siphakathi kukaNdasa noNhlaba, lapho ezinsikazi zingena kulo mjikelezo zihlala phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu kuphela, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ezinsikazi zingena kulo mjikelezo kanye kuphela ngonyaka.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ezinsikazi zigobile zibhekise amakhanda phansi, iduna liqhubeka nokufika phezu kwensikazi ngemuva, lesi senzo siphindaphindwa izikhathi eziningana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuzala kuphumelele ngokuphelele. Sonke isikhathi sokumitha komdlwane wesikhathi esizayo sivame ukuhlala phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-95 kuya kweziyi-160, nakuba isilinganiso ngokuvamile siyizinsuku eziyi-120. Lawa mabhere amancane asanda kuzalwa ngokuvamile anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-90 no-130 kuphela, lokhu kumelela ngaphansi kuka-1/800 wesisindo esiphelele sikanina.
baby panda
Lapho ezalwa, amabhere e-panda anombala obomvana, awanawo amazinyo, futhi awaboni nhlobo. Amawundlu amaPanda mancane kakhulu, okwenza kube umsebenzi onzima kakhulu kumama ukuwanakekela ngendlela efanele. Lawa mawundlu ondla kumama wawo izikhathi eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nane ngosuku, isenzo esithatha cishe imizuzu engama-30 isikhathi ngasinye. Khona-ke, cishe amahora amathathu noma amane, umama kumelwe ashiye umgodi ukuze akwazi ukuzondla, eshiya umntwana wakhe engenakuzivikela ngokuphelele.
Cishe isonto elilodwa noma amabili ngemva kokuzalwa kwebhere, isikhumba salo siqala ukumpunga, okumpunga okuzoba uphawu lombala omnyama walolu hlobo. Umbala obomvana okhanyayo uzobonakala eboyeni bawo, lokhu kungenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka phakathi koboya bomdlwane namathe kanina. Ngemva kwenyanga egcwele, ukuthuthukiswa kwabo bonke uboya bayo sekuphelile. Lokhu okufanayo kuzoqala ukuthamba kakhulu futhi kuminyene kakhulu ngokuhamba kweminyaka yakho yokuphila.
Ngemva kokuchitha izinsuku eziphakathi kuka-70 nezingu-80, i-cub panda iqala ukukhasa. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha bazokwazi ukuqala ukudla uqalo oluncane kakhulu, nakuba ubisi lwebele luyohlala luwukudla kwabo okuyinhloko phakathi nonyaka wabo wokuqala wokuphila. Phakathi nokukhula kwabo konke onyakeni wokuqala bangakwazi ukulinganisa isamba esingamakhilogremu angu-45, ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zingane zihlala nonina zize zibe nezinyanga ezingu-18 noma iminyaka engu-2 ubudala. AmaPanda endle ngokuvamile anesikhathi sokuzalwa esingaba iminyaka emibili.
Izinhlobo Panda Bears
Mhlawumbe ngenxa yombala wayo oyisici, noma ngenxa yomehluko ophawulekayo emasikweni ayo uma kuqhathaniswa nawo wonke awo izihlobo, i-panda enkulu noma ibhere le-panda, isikhathi eside yayifakwe emndenini walabo okuthiwa ama-procyonids, ngale ndlela kwakukholelwa ukuthi lezi kwakuyizihlobo ezinkulu zama-raccoons. Ngaphakathi kwalo mndeni i-panda ebomvu nayo yayifakiwe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi namuhla kwaziwa kahle ukuthi lokhu akuhlangene nhlobo nama-raccoon noma ama-panda, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi lokhu kuwuhlobo oluyingqayizivele kuhlobo lwayo, olubizwa ngokuthi i-Ailurus.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, izifundo eziningi kanye nokuhlolwa kofuzo kufakazela ngokugcwele ukuthi ibhere le-panda noma ibhere elikhulu lingelomndeni wamabhere futhi liqanjwe ngokufanelekile ngokuthi i-Ursidae. Amarekhodi ezinsalela abonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ama-panda afika kanjani kwezinye izingxenye eziningi zomhlaba, ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlukene, ngaphandle kwalokhu, ucwaningo lwe-genome lwaveza elinye ilukuluku elithakazelisayo; ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamabhere lwagcina luhlala endaweni engaphezu kuka-40.000 XNUMX edlule. Ngenxa yezinto ezihlukene ezingaziwa njengezilwane ezidla ezinye ezintsha, izimo zezulu, njll., zashabalala, kwasala abambalwa abasindile, laba abafanayo babeyoba okhokho bawo wonke amabhere amakhulu amanje.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezinye izilwane emhlabeni, ungangabazi ukuqhubeka ufunda lezi zihloko:
Izilwane ezincelisayo