Izimvubu yizilwane ezaziwa ngokuba ngesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni kodwa futhi zingenye yezilwane ezinobudlova kakhulu, okuwukuphela kwenkomba yabantu abangazazi. Kulesi sihloko sizofunda kabanzi mayelana nezici imvubu, indawo yokuhlala nakho konke okuhlobene nalesi silwane.
Izici zeMvubu
Ezingeni lesayensi, imvubu yaziwa ngokuthi i-Hippotamos, ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili kulo mndeni, okuyi-Hippopotamus amphibius kanye ne-Choeropsis liberiensis. Uma kuhunyushwa kuthiwa imvubu evamile kanye ne-pygmy hippopotamus, umehluko omkhulu komunye nomunye ukuthi imvubu evamile inkulu kune-pygmy futhi inani lohlobo lwayo liyanda.
Kukholakala ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana zazikhona eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-1000 edlule ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kodwa namuhla kuphela lezo ezishiwo ngenhla ezikwazile ukusinda. Ngolimi lwesiSpanishi zaziwa ngokuthi “izilo zasemfuleni”. Izimvubu ezivamile zingu-125000 3000, inani lezimvubu ezihlala endle lilinganiselwa ku-XNUMX.
I-Morphology
Izimvubu zaziwa ngokuba yizilwane ezinkulu, empeleni ziyisilwane sesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, ubhejane omhlophe usendaweni yesibili enesisindo esingamathani angu-3 ½, kanti edle umhlanganiso indlovu ecabanga amathani ayi-9, imvubu ingenye yezisinda kakhulu. izilwane, ezikwazi ukukala kusuka ku-1300 kuya ku-1800 kg. Umzimba wakhe unesikhumba esibushelelezi, unemilenze emifushane futhi akanabo uboya cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba wakhe.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa, abesifazane bancane, banesisindo esingama-1300 kg - 1500 kg, bayeka isigaba sabo sokukhula nokukhula eminyakeni engu-25 ubudala. Amaduna anesisindo esikhulu kunawo wonke amadala, asukela phakathi kuka-3500 kg - 4500 kg ngokwesilinganiso, ngokungafani nabesifazane, abesilisa abayeki ukukhula, kuyinqubo ezohlala impilo yabo yonke.
Izimvubu zinemilomo emikhulu lapho kutholakala khona amazinyo amakhulu ezinyo lendlovu, alinganiselwa ku-0,5 m, izindlebe zazo ezincane zitholakala ngenhla nje kwamakhanda azo, njengoba kunjalo namehlo azo kanye nekhala elicishe lilingane, lokhu kusiza imvubu ukuthi ukuzwa, ukubona nokuhogela ngenkathi icwiliswe emanzini, ingahlala imizuzu emi-5 ngaphandle kokuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Umzimba wayo omkhulu ukhuluphele kakhulu futhi mude, intamo yayo ifushane kakhulu, inesisu esigobile kakhulu, empeleni, endaweni enamaxhaphozi bavame ukuyihudula, uhlaka lwamathambo ayo luyi-graviportal, okusho ukuthi imikhawulo engezansi njengemilenze , ngemfushane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomzimba wayo wonke, omkhulu kakhulu futhi obanzi, isisu sayo sihlukaniswe ngamakamelo ama-3, imvubu ingakwazi ukusekela isisindo sezilwane eziningana phezu kwayo.
Umbala womzimba wayo umpunga onsomi, wehluka ngombala kwezinye izingxenye eziyizindlebe namehlo aseduze kwayo anombala onsundu ngokubomvana, ngalesi silwane kuvamisile ukubona izimvubu ezingama-albino.
Esinye sezici zayo ezesabisa kakhulu ukukwazi ukuvula imihlathi yayo ngo-150°. Inamapheya ama-3 ama-incisors nama-canines engxenyeni engezansi yomhlathi, okungamazinyo ayo amakhulu futhi asabekayo angafinyelela ku-50 cm ubude. Njengoba zifika nesisindo esingu-4 kg ngayinye, zigobile futhi zinonxantathu. Emhlathini ongenhla amazinyo awo mancane kakhulu futhi awaqinile uma kuqhathaniswa nangaphansi, agcina isakhiwo esifanayo namanye.
Bakha ijazi elibomvu elisiza ukubavikela elangeni, abantu abaningi babedidekile futhi becabanga ukuthi isilwane sajuluka igazi, empeleni ekuqaleni lolu ketshezi lubonakala obala, njengoba imizuzu idlula luba bomvu kuze kube yilapho lushintsha umbala oBrown. Aphinde athuthukise olunye ungqimba, umehluko wukuthi lena yakhiwe ngamafutha futhi izisiza ukuthi intante kangcono emanzini.
Ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo ngokomzimba, abaningi baye bacabanga ukuthi ihlobene nezingulube noma izingulube zasendle, lezi zilwane azinabo ubuhlobo noma ubuhlobo, empeleni izihlobo eziseduze zemvubu ama-cetaceans ezahlukana nazo eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 edlule. Imikhomo kanye nezimvubu zihlanganyela idlozi kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-70 edlule eyayikhetha ukuhlukana nezilwane ezihlukene.
Naphezu kwemilenze yazo emifushane, isisindo sazo esikhulu nobukhulu, ziyakwazi ukugijima ngesivinini esilinganiselwe umuntu angasenza, ngisho nangaphezulu, sifinyelele ku-30 - 50km/h, nokho, zingagijima ngalelo jubane emabangeni angekude kakhulu.
Habitat
Njengamanje batholakala e-sub-Saharan Africa, ikakhulukazi eSudan, eKenya, e-Uganda, e-Ethiopia, enyakatho yeCongo nasentshonalanga yeGambia, esinye isibalo sabantu sitholakala eBotswana, eZimbabwe, eNingizimu Afrika naseZambia, etholakala eningizimu ye-Afrika, inani elincane. bahlala eTanzania naseMozambique. E-Colombia ungathola izimvubu ngenxa ye-zoo okwakungeyomshushumbisi wezidakamizwa odumile uPablo Escobar. Zitholakala emachibini nasemifuleni.
Phambilini bekunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimvubu ezindaweni ezahlukene. ENyakatho Afrika, eNingizimu Yurophu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Lesi silwane sasivame kakhulu eGibhithe, babehlala eMfuleni iNayile, empeleni basonta ezinganekwaneni zaseGibhithe, nakuba sebevele bengasekho kuleyo ndawo, yayimelelwe njengonkulunkulukazi uTueris, wabonisa ukuvikelwa komama abakhulelwe, kanye nokuzala. Lokhu kungenxa yokunakekelwa kwezinsikazi kubantwana bazo abavikela ngamandla amakhulu namandla lapho bebhekene nanoma iyiphi ingozi.
Ukudla
Ngokungafani nalokho abaningi ababekholelwa kukho, imvubu iyisilwane esidla uhlaza, abaningi baye bahlabeka umxhwele ngokufunda leli qiniso ngoba ubukhulu bayo namazinyo amakhulukazi bubonisa ukuthi idla inyama, empeleni imvubu ayinawo amandla anele nejubane ukuze ikwazi ukuzingela inyamazane. isidalwa esiphilayo, amacala okudliwa kwabantu phakathi kwawo ngenxa yesidingo aye ashiwo, isenzo esenziwe abesilisa abadala beqembu, lapho izimvubu ezincane, ezigulayo nezindala zihlupheka khona, kodwa lokhu Cabangela icala elikhethekile.
Lokhu kuziphatha kunethuba eliphansi kakhulu lokwenzeka, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengento engavamile kakhulu futhi ekhethekile, lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokucindezeleka okunomsoco noma ukuziphatha okungavamile okujwayelekile kwemvubu ethile, ngoba isisu salesi silwane asiklanyelwe ukudla nokubekezelela. inyama.
Izimvubu zidla izitshalo namakhambi, ezizithola uma zishiya amanzi ziyoklaba, uma zingakwazi ukukwenza lokho ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwezimila ngenxa yamahlathi noma ukushisa komhlaba, zidla amakhambi emanzini, kodwa zikhetha ukudla. ezasemhlabeni. Bangadla amakhilogremu angama-70 ngosuku amakhambi, izitshalo nezithelo ezithile uma zikhona.
Ukuziphatha
Izimvubu ziyizindawo lapho zisemanzini, iduna ngalinye lizomaka indawo yalo, ngokuvamile ziba nolaka lapho zizwa ingozi, kubhekwa njengesilwane esiyingozi nesinolaka e-Afrika. Lapho ziphawula indawo yazo zisebenzisa indle yazo ngenkathi zinyakazisa umsila wazo, lesi silwane singabulala ezinye izilwane ngokuba eduze kwazo, izinga lazo lokuziphatha liphansi kakhulu, zikwazi ngisho nokulwa nezingwenya ukuze zithole indawo emanzini. Ngokungafani namanzi, izimvubu azibonisi ukungqubuzana kwendawo lapho ziyoklaba.
Isikhathi sabo sokusebenza sisebusuku, usuku luthathwa lube emanzini noma lumbozwe udaka, basebenzisa enye yalezi zinketho ezimbili ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu okukhona endaweni yabo, kusiza ukuthulisa izinga lokushisa, ukuze isikhumba sabo singesomile kangako, ungahlala unamanzi futhi wonge amandla. Ziphuma emanzini ntambama ukuze zikwazi ukuklaba ebusuku, okuyinto enethezekile ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwelanga eliwomisa kakhulu isikhumba sazo, ziyakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elingaphezudlwana kwamakhilomitha angu-8 ukuze zikwazi ukuthola. ukudla kwabo.
Uma kubhekiselwa emaqenjini ezimvubu, kubizwa ngokuthi umhlambi noma umhlambi, onamalungu ayi-5 noma angama-30, okukhona kuwo iduna nezinsikazi eziningi, okuyizona ezikhethwa iduna nezicabanga ukuthi zifanelekile. kube omama bezingane zabo. Abesilisa ukuze bavikele abesifazane babo kwenye indoda ebafuna eqenjini lakhe bangambulala nokumbulala.
Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi balahla izidingo zabo emanzini, umsebenzi wabo ongachazwanga kahle, ngoba bakha izikhungo zezinto eziphilayo emifuleni. Izimvubu ezincane kunazo zonke zingabhukuda, zinyakaze futhi zintante ngokuzolile futhi kalula, zifinyelela lokhu ngokusebenzisa amandla ngemilenze yangemuva ebangela umfutho, ziza phezulu njalo ngemva kwemizuzu emi-2 noma emi-3 ukuze ziphefumule, zikwenza lokhu ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Abantu abadala, ngokungafani nentsha, abasakwazi ukubhukuda noma ukuntanta, uma sebemanzini basebenzisa ama-jump amancane ukuze bakwazi ukuhamba kuwo, izimvubu zidinga ukuphuma ukuze ziyoshaywa umoya njalo ngemva kwemizuzu emithathu kuya kwemi-3, njengoba kwashiwo lokhu phambilini. Kuyazenzakalela, nakuba zilele, zizontanta ukuze zithole umoya ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvuka.
Indlela yabo yokuxhumana ihluke kakhulu, njengoba ingaba ngokubhodla nokubhodla, futhi kunenkolelo yokuthi baxhumana nge-echolocation, bangakwazi ukukhipha imisindo ephezulu ezwakala emoyeni nasemanzini, okuyinto ezwa izimvubu eziningi. Azihlali nabantu, abesilisa bahlangana nabesilisa uma bengashadile, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsikazi ezingase zihambisane nezinye izinsikazi, i-alpha eyeduna ihlala yodwa, lapho iphuma emanzini ikwenza konke ngokuhlukana.
Lapho abesilisa be-alpha bemaka indawo yabo njengeyabo, bayanquma ukuthi ubani ongaba kuyo noma eduze kwayo.Uma kwenzeka enye iduna isendaweni, kufanele ihloniphe umhlambi weduna elibusayo futhi ingazami ukushela noma iyiphi kwezinsikazi. Kufanele futhi banqotshwe ukubusa kowesilisa. Amakhosi angakhulisa iqembu lawo ngendlela afuna ngayo kwabesifazane, indawo abavame ukuyihlukanisa emanzini ngokuvamile iba phakathi kwamamitha angu-250 ubude, lapho beveza khona isifiso sabo sokushada.
Kungase kube nokwenzeka ukuthi iduna liphonsela inselelo iduna elibusayo ukuba lithathe indawo yalo futhi lihlale nomhlambi walo, ekulweni lowo obonise amandla engeziwe uyonqoba, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu kufa oyedwa wabo, uma iduna elincane lilahlekelwa; khona-ke uzozama ukuba nomhlambi wakhe yedwa ngokudala owodwa kusukela ekuqaleni.
Izimvubu azithandi ukuba nezilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo ngenxa yamandla azo amakhulu kanye nokubekezelela okuncane, kodwa lokhu kusebenza uma sezikhulile, kunezilwane ezifana nezingulule noma izingwenya ezisuke zizohlasela omncane, azifi ngaphandle kokulwa. , ngo Uma unina wemvubu encane eseduze, uzoyivikela ngokuthukuthela okukhulu namandla, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu nesisindo, ingabhekana cishe nanoma yikuphi usongo.
Ukuzala
Abesifazane bafinyelela iminyaka yabo yobulili phakathi kweminyaka engu-5-6 ubudala, befinyelela ekuthombeni phakathi kweminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala, abesilisa bathola ukuvuka kwabo ngokocansi phakathi kweminyaka engu-7-8 ubudala. Eyeduna kufanele ilinde insikazi ukuthi ingene ekushiseni.
Lapho eyeduna nensikazi ikwenza ngaphansi kwamanzi, insikazi ngezikhathi ezithile izokhipha ikhanda layo emanzini ukuze ithathe umoya, isikhathi sokumitha sithatha izinyanga eziyisi-8, zizalwa ekuqaleni kwenkathi yemvula, emva kwalokho insikazi iyazalwa Ukuzalanisa, kwesinye isikhathi kubili, imvubu encane izalwa ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngesikhathi izalwa ibhukuda ibheke phezulu kuphela, isisindo sayo sisukela ku-25 kuya ku-45 kg ukukala ngokwesilinganiso esingu-125 cm ubude cishe. Imvubu yesilisa izoba namandla futhi ikhuthele ngaso sonke isikhathi, insikazi kuyodingeka ilinde izinyanga ezingu-17 ukuze ikwazi ukuphinde ikhiphe iqanda.
Imvubu encane iyocwila emanzini ukuze ikwazi ukuncela unina ozoyincelisa, ikwazi futhi ukudla ngayo uma iphuma emanzini, omama basize futhi bafundise izingane zabo ukubhukuda emanzini ajulile kakhulu. Izimvubu kufanele zikwazi ukuzimela phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisi-8-9 ubudala, nokho-ke abaningi bayaqhubeka nokuthembela konina ezintweni ezincane, ekugcineni imvubu ngokuvamile igcina isizimele lapho isinonyaka owodwa ubudala.
Okuwukuphela kobudlelwane obakhelwa umhlambi wezimvubu obomama nendodana njengoba bewunakekela futhi bewuvikela ngokukhulu ukuzinikela, inqubo yokukhulisa izimvubu ithathwa njengenhle kakhulu, ngoba ezinsikazi zilwela imfundo nokuthuthukiswa kwemvubu ngayinye. izingane zabo. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila ngokuvamile siyiminyaka engu-40, singahluka kusuka ngaphansi kuya kweziningi endle, ekuthunjweni bangaphila iminyaka engu-50, ngisho nangaphezulu, kukhona ubufakazi bemvubu eyayihlala eJalimane, yafa ineminyaka engu-61.
Izinhlobo
Njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimvubu okuthi, phakathi kwezivamile kanye ne-pygmy, zibe nomehluko othile ngokomzimba nangokwemvelo, kodwa lezi zombili zinomoya wazo omncane kanye nokuziphatha okunobutha nokunolaka.
imvubu evamile
Imvubu evamile ihlala emifuleni nasemanzini afudumele napholile, ingaphezudlwana kwemvubu yepygmy, isisindo sayo singafika kumathani amathathu. Lolu hlobo lujabulela ukukwazi ukuphila ngokukhululeka endaweni yalo, inani lezinhlobo zalo liphezulu uma liqhathaniswa nesihlobo salo.
imvubu ye-pygmy
Imvubu yepygmy ihlala emahlathini aminyene e-Afrika, atholakala eGuinea naseNigeria, ngakho icwila emanzini angamaxhaphozi, omunye umehluko enawo nesihlobo sayo ukuthi isemhlabeni kakhulu. Le mvubu inesisindo esingaphansi kakhulu kunesemvubu evamile, inesisindo esiyithani futhi ayidluli kuleso samba, umzimba wayo uyavumelana kancane njengoba ikhanda layo linokuhambisana nomzimba wayo futhi imilenze yayo yinde futhi inesitayela.
Lolu hlobo, uma luqhathaniswa nolunye, aluyijabuleli inkululeko egcwele, iningi lihlala ekuthunjweni lapho kuthiwa lisengozini, inani lazo liphansi kakhulu, kulindeleke ukuthi ngokuzigcina ekuthunjweni zingalulama ngesikhathi esifanele inani labantu. bajabulela ngaphambili. Ekuziphatheni, akukho mehluko omkhulu, bathanda ukuba bodwa, futhi abazali basize izingane zabo kuze kube yiminyaka engu-3 ubudala.
Kulula ukugcina imvubu ye-pygmy ngokonga ngoba idla ukudla okuncane futhi ivamise ukuthobeka, nokho, uma izizwa isongelwa izodedela isimo sayo esinolaka.
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhulunywe ngezinhlobo ezaziwayo esezingasekho okunobufakazi obengeziwe bokuba khona kwazo okwedlule, lokhu kusekelwe ezinsalela ezitholakele eziye zafunda ngalinye lala mathambo ngokuzinikela okukhulu nangemininingwane.
Yayikhona eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule, ngisho nabaningi bakholelwa ukuthi yashabalala ngemva kwalokho okucatshangwayo, yimvubu yaseMadagascar, emivubukulweni etholakele kuboniswe ukuthi ukubonakala kwayo ngokomzimba kwakufana kakhulu nemvubu ye-pygmy.
EYurophu nasengxenyeni yayo, imvubu yayiphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1,6 edlule, okungase kuthiwe kwakuyinkathi ye-Pleistocene, eyayincike kakhulu ekucwilisweni emanzini, iphuma kuwo ngokungavamile kakhulu, futhi ukudla kwayo kwakungokwenani elikhulu kakhulu. kunezinye izinhlobo ezishiwo ngenhla, yanyamalala ngokuphelele eqhweni lokugcina elatholwa umhlaba, ukubhekisela kulolu hlobo lwaziwa ngokuthi imvubu yaseYurophu.
Kwakukhona olunye uhlobo lwemvubu olwalusebenza ePleistocene, ukuze kamuva lufudukele eYurophu, lokhu kwakucishe kube yiminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2,5 edlule. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isisindo saso sasingaphezu kwamathani angu-4, singamamitha angu-4 ubude namamitha amabili ukuphakama, yingakho sasisinda futhi sinamandla kunemvubu evamile esinayo namuhla.
I-Archeopotamus, yayisemhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-7,5 edlule, yayitholakala e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Igama layo lihunyushwa ngokuthi "yasendulo yomfula", kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi kwezici zomzimba, iqukethe amapheya amathathu e-incisors, yayine-symphysis enkulu ye-mandibular, ibhekwa njengendala kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Imvubu yePygmy yaseCyprus noma eyaziwa nangokuthi imvubu encane yaseCyprus, yayihlala esiqhingini saseCyprus, yayincane kakhulu, inobude obungama-76 cm no-121 cm ubude, inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-200, yayincanyana ngenxa yenqubo ye-insular dwarfism. Nakuba yayincane, yayiyisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esiqhingini saseKhupro, yanyamalala emhlabeni eminyakeni engu-11.000 XNUMX edlule, kukholakala ukuthi ukushabalala kwayo kwakubangelwa abantu abahlala kulesi siqhingi.
Imvubu encane yaseCretan eyayihlala esiqhingini saseKrethe, ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi, i-hippopotamus creutzburgi parvus, okwakuyimvubu encane kunazo zonke kulolu hlobo, kanye ne-hippopotamus creutsburgi. Izinsalela zayo zatholakala entshonalanga yesiqhingi saseKrethe ngo-1920.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Izimvubu yizilwane ezindala kakhulu, kulinganiselwa ukuthi sezineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-55 emhlabeni. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi izihlobo zalesi silwane kwakuyizingulube noma izingulube zasendle, ngakho benza i-DNA test eyaqinisekisa ukuthi abanalo uhlobo lobuhlobo noma ubuhlobo. Ekugcineni, ubuhlobo babo nama-cetaceans afana nama-porpoise kanye nemikhomo batholakala.
Njengemikhomo, kunombono wokuthi imvubu kwakuyisilwane sasemhlabeni kuphela, lapho umuzi wayo wawugcwele ihlathi elicinene futhi eliwugqinsi kakhulu ukuze uvikele isikhumba sayo emisebeni yelanga, ngakho-ke ukungabibikho koboya kwakuyoba nesizathu. umzimba wakhe.
Ngenxa yoshintsho lwakamuva lwesimo sezulu nomhlaba owabangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, ugu lwacwila emanzini, umehluko ngemikhomo ukuthi izimvubu zaba semi-manzini.
Ukuziphendukela kwayo kuye kwaphawulwa ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, iba nkulu futhi isinda, njengoba kutholakale izinsalela zezimvubu ezibonisa ubuncane bayo obukhulu, imvubu yayinenqubo yokuguquguquka nokuthuthuka kancane, okwathi ekugcineni yathela izithelo zayo. manje izilwane ezesabekayo kakhulu ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo.
izimvubu zakwazi ukusinda kuzo zonke lezi zinguquko angeke sithi zonke izinhlobo zakwazi ukuphila, akunakwenzeka ukubala ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo zezimvubu ezinyamalale emhlabeni, kodwa okwamanje siyazi ngezinhlobo ezi-3 ezazikhona esikhathini esidlule. , okwanyamalala okokugcina eminyakeni engaba yi-1000 edlule.
Kwethenjwa ukuthi bangathola izinsalela eziningi zemvubu. Ezinye zitholwe ezindaweni ezahlukene okungase kuthiwe azicabangeki njengendawo yokuhlala yalesi silwane, isibonelo salokhu kwakungesikhathi kutholakala izinsalela zamathambo eNew England, akwaziwa kahle ukuthi izimvubu zazidabuka khona noma zathatha izintambo. uhambo, Bafika kule ndawo futhi ekugcineni abakwazanga ukuzivumelanisa namazinga okushisa ngoba lesi silwane asinabo uboya engxenyeni enkulu yomzimba waso, okusho ukuthi singakwazi ukubekezelela izimo zezulu ezishisayo kuphela.
Kulindeleke ukuthi lokhu kanye nokunye ukungabaza okuningi mayelana nokuba khona kwayo kuzoxazululwa maduze, imibono eminingi iye yavela mayelana nesikhathi esidlule, izinhlobo zayo ezingasekho kanye nokuziphendukela kwayo kwamanje, lapho ososayensi abaningi nabacwaningi basasebenza khona, bengayeki ilukuluku labo lokuba ekwazi ukuxazulula lezi ezingaziwa ezinkulu.
Iqanjwe Esimeni Sokungcupheni
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inani lezinhlobo zayo aliphansi njengelezinye izilwane, kuye kwaba nokuncipha okukhulu kwemvubu eminyakeni yamuva, kwaze kwafinyelela nasekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo eziningana zezinto eziphilayo ezindaweni eziningi njengaseNyakatho Afrika noma eNyakatho Afrika. EYurophu, futhi lokhu kungaqinisekiswa ngezinsalela ezitholakala futhi zabhalwa lapho imvubu ibiyingxenye yezinganekwane ezifana nowaseGibhithe, isibonelo, ngisho nokudunyiswa njengoNkulunkulu okuthiwa uSeti, lokhu kwenzeka lapho ebona umbala obomvu owawuhluma esikhumbeni sabo. .
Kodwa izinsalela zakudala ezisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa ziye zatholakala lapho kutholakala khona izimpawu ezijulile zokuzingela, lokhu kufakazelwa imibhalo ehlukahlukene, nemidwebo yasendulo; Zisukela eminyakeni eyizi-5 edlule.
Amarekhodi okuzingela imvubu atholakale ewasebenzisa njengezilwane ezingavamile zokulwa noma zempi, okuwukuphela kwecala elaziwa kakhulu nelishiwo ngelikaFelipe I, owasebenzisa lezi zilwane ukuze alwe namaRoma, ngenxa yamandla nokufutheka ezikuthandayo kuye. .
Ngemva kwesikhathi eside kwafika enye yezinkathi zayo ezimnyama nezibuhlungu kakhulu, okwakuyoba ukuzingelwa kwezimvubu, abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi lesi silwane sasingesihle futhi asiwusizo kwabanye abantu, saze saqanjwa ngokuthi isilo sangaphandle njengoba kwakuyiso. isilwane sokuqala ukuthi Bazozivikela ezimpini ezihlukahlukene nezinye izilwane. Ngakho-ke kusho ukuthi ukuzingela okungalawuleki kwalesi silwane sekunamakhulu eminyaka amaningi.
Okunye ukwehla kwawo okukhulu kwaba ngowe-1970 lapho impi yesibili eyadala umonakalo omkhulu eRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo yenzeka, lapho amasosha amaningi amavukelambuso okwathi ngenxa yezizathu ezehlukene, kanye neholo lawo eliphansi, adubula lesi silwane ukuze akwazi ukuthengisa zonke izingxenye zezwe. emzimbeni waso ngokwesidingo, lesi kwaba ngesinye isikhathi lapho kwalahleka kakhulu lesi silwane kusukela bedayisa inyama yabo emakethe emnyama.
Esinye sezizathu ezinkulu namuhla zokuthi kungani imvubu ifunwa kakhulu futhi izingelwa ngenxa yenani elikhulu lenyama ethengiswa emakethe emnyama kumakhasimende anokunambitheka okukhethekile, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuklebhula amazinyo endlovu abawakhokhayo. izinhlanhla ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1989 kwadingeka kuthuthukiswe imithetho evimbela ukuthengiswa kwezinyo lendlovu, lokhu okwamanje kube okunye kokwehla okukhulu kwalesi silwane.
Ukuzingela okungekho emthethweni kwaba isinkwa sosuku kwabaningi, kodwa lokhu kuholele ekutheni izimvubu zimenyezelwe ngo-2006 yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) njengezilwane ezisengozini, zingena ohlwini olubomvu.
Ubuhlobo bakhe nabantu
Abantu babone izimvubu njengezidalwa ezithandekayo, ezichichimayo nezinokuthula, ngenxa yokuthi isiko elidumile lisebenzise umfanekiso walesi silwane, okwenza sibe umlingisi othandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, empeleni sesingesinye sezilwane ezithakaselwa kakhulu. ama-zoo namapaki emvelo nezokungcebeleka.
Imvubu eyasala emlandweni futhi eyaba yingqalabutho yothando nodumo lezi zilwane ezazizotholwa kamuva, yayibizwa ngokuthi i-obaysch, yafika e-zoo yaseLondon ngo-1850, yadonsa ukunaka okukhulu futhi kwakukhona uthando oluningi ngale mvubu. ukuthi baze baqamba ingoma edumile asebenza kuyo njengomlingiswa ophambili, okuyimvubu polka, eba yingcweti yomculo yakudala, eye yasiza ekudumeni kweWalt Disney.
Eqinisweni, sekuyiminyaka eminingi abantu bexhaphaza lesi silwane emazingeni ahlukene, ngaphambi kokuba bazingelwe ukuzijabulisa kuphela, imibono njengesilwane esingelutho ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa emhlabeni ukuze kamuva sizingelwe izingxenye zomzimba waso ezingadayiselwa imali enkulu.
Izindawo abahlala kuzo sezicekelwe phansi izikhathi eziningi futhi sesike sabaphazamisa nokuphakelwa kwabo kwansuku zonke, ngakho-ke kuwumthwalo wabantu ukuthi babulawe yindlala, okwamanje sekusele izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zezimvubu, zombili ezinezibalo eziphansi kakhulu. . , ekubeni imvubu ye-pygmy okuyiyona eye yahlupheka kakhulu.
Izimvubu zikaPablo Escobar
Icala elingeke lishaywe indiva limayelana nezimvubu ezisezoo yomshushumbisi wezidakamizwa uPablo Escobar, njengoba ngemva kokushona komdayisi wezidakamizwa, izimvubu zakhe zazikhululekile ngokuphelele. Banezindawo abangazinza kuzo futhi baqale impilo yabo entsha.
Leli cala lifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngoba lezi zilwane zithole ukudelelwa okukhulu kwabakhileyo kulelo zwe, izizathu zalomuzwa, yingoba ekubeni zisenkululekweni egcwele seziyidlalile indawo, zicekela phansi utshani bendawo futhi zihlasela noma yimuphi ophilayo. ukuthi bahlangane endleleni. Kuze kuthiwe imfucuza abayishiya emanzini emfuleni idale ukungcoliswa okukhulu, lolu hlobo luthathwa njengezilwane ezihlaselayo.
Lezi zimvubu sezandile futhi okwamanje zingu-70-80, lesi silwane sihlukumezeke kakhulu, isimo esaphawulwa kabanzi ngesokuthi umshushumbisi wezidakamizwa odumile wadlisa izitha zakhe ngezimvubu zakhe, kuthathwa njengendlela ngenxa ukuthi izimvubu aziyidli inyama, nakuba izimvubu kungafanele zibe kuleyo ndawo, kusize ngezinga elithile ukuthi isibalo sabantu sikhule, izinkinga ezingadalwa yilezi zilwane azithetheleleki nakancane, kodwa kube khona impendulo enenzondo eningi nobudlova kulolu hlobo oluye lwahlupheka kakhulu kukho konke ukuphila kwalo.
E-Afrika, izimvubu zibe yimbangela yokufa kwabantu abaningi, lokhu kungenxa yokucasuka kwalesi silwane nokunye ngoba bazizwa besongelwa njengoba isintu sekuyisikhathi eside sihlasela indawo yazo yokuhlala, ekuhlaselweni kwe-talan. izihlahla, ukwakha imigwaqo , izindlu, izimboni ezibulala imvubu kancane kancane, ziyincisha ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kubangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu esilwaneni esivame ukubangelwa ukuntuleka kokudla.
Ngezinye izikhathi akuvamile ukulimaza abantu ngenjongo, ngokuvamile kwezinye izimo ngengozi, njengoba nje usongo lwemvelo luhlala lusebenza futhi lusebenza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lomama abazovikela izingane zabo ngamandla amakhulu, ngokujwayelekile abantu akufanele basondele ezindaweni zezimvubu, umuntu akakwazi ukubhekana nesilwane esinjalo, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuba kube nomkhawulo kuzo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukungasondeli lapho bekhona.
Isidingo sabahlali
Abantu abaningi basezindaweni eziseduze nendawo okuhlala imvubu baphila ngokuhlupheka kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuze baphile banikela ngezinkonzo zabo zokuzingela nokubulala izimvubu, lokhu bakwenzela abahwebi noma bazithengisele badle. lesi silwane esikhulu sihlinzeka ngenani elikhulu lenyama abaningi abaye bayibheka njengeyaphezulu, yingakho sidume kakhulu, sifiswa futhi siyabiza emakethe emnyama.
Inkonzo yabazingeli abaqondisayo kulesi silwane nayo inikezwa, esinye isizathu esenza bazingelwe kodwa kulokhu yizizwe zase-Afrika eziseduze, eyesikhumba abakha ngaso izikhali, izinto ezihlukene zemizi yabo nanoma yisiphi isidingo esingase siphakame. imvubu, akusona isilwane esinoboya, ayisebenzisi isikhumba sayo ukuzimboza emakhazeni ngoba ngeke ifudumale, kodwa iyisebenzisela izikhali ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo, kwazise iwugqinsi, kunzima kakhulu ukudlula kuyo. yingakho isize aboMdabu abambalwa ukuze uvikeleke wena.
Abaningi babone isenzo sokuzingela njengesenzo esizuzisa umnotho nezimboni, ngoba akugcini nje ngokudayisa umzimba wesilwane, kodwa kuhlobene nezitshalo zabantu abaningi, ngoba imvubu uma idla ikwazi nokuhamba. Amakhilomitha angu-10 ukuze akwazi ukubheka ukudla okuyizitshalo, izilimo eziyizigaxa ngisho nezithelo nemifino, kube nezimo lapho izimvubu sezifinyelele khona emasimini nesivuno lapho zigcine khona ngomkhiqizo wokuhwebelana kwabantu abambalwa, ngenxa yezizathu ezinjengokuthi laba bathi abanawo umthelela kwezemvelo emhlabeni becabanga ukuthi abasizi ngalutho emhlabeni.
Izenzo ezinhle zezimvubu
Okuthile okungaqashelwa njengesenzo esihle esikhulu ukwakha amapaki endaweni yawo yemvelo ukuze kunakekelwe futhi kuvikelwe lezi zilwane ezinkingeni zokushabalala, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo, lokhu kuyindaba yemvubu yepygmy, esesilahlekelwe kakhulu, sesiyashabalala, yingakho abantu abaningi bebambe iqhaza ezinhlanganweni ezizama ukusabalalisa ulwazi ngempilo yalesi silwane.
Imvubu ye-pygmy, ngenxa yobukhulu nesisindo sayo, esingaphansi kakhulu kunemvubu evamile, yenza kube lula ngabazingeli abaningana ukuyibulala, ngoba ekugcineni banamazinyo ezinyo lendlovu, abantu abazama ukwenza kanjalo namanje. engozini.njengoba nayo iwuhlobo lwasendle futhi olucasulayo, ngakho izozivikela ngayo yonke isisindo namandla ayo, kodwa kwabaningi iye yalawuleka kakhudlwana, ukuthunjwa kwaba inketho ababeyishiyile ukuze baphile emhlabeni.
Lezi ziqiwu ziye zaqeqeshelwa abantu ukunakekelwa okufanele, zisebenzisa izindlela ezingcono kakhulu ezisiza isilwane ukuthi sithuthuke kangcono, futhi asize enqubweni yaso yokuzala ukuze bakwazi ukwandisa inani labo labantu. Lokhu kuphinde kwavumela ochwepheshe abaningi nososayensi ukuthi bazifunde ngokunembe kakhudlwana, futhi kusiza abantu ukuba bazi eduze, bathuthukise ukuzwelana nalesi silwane.
Ekuqaleni, ama-zoo anciphisa indawo yawo endaweni eyisicaba enechibi, manje ukuze kuthokozwe imvubu, aqinisekisa ukuthi indawo yawo, okuyikhaya lawo elisha, ifana ncamashí nendawo yawo yokuhlala yemvelo, ama-zoo amaningana njengamanje akhuthaze lesi senzo maqondana ne- izilwane ukuze kube nokuqonda futhi sibheke ukuziphatha kwayo sengathi isesimweni sayo sasendle, ngakho-ke kuholele ekutheni abantu basondele ukuze imvubu ivezwe ukwethenjwa.
Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zenzo, siyethemba ukuthi kancane kancane sizokwenza okuncane, abantu baye baba necala ngokufa kwabo, izizukulwane zamanje kulindeleke ukuthi zithole ukuqondana nokuthula, hhayi ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yabo bonke abantu. izidalwa, kodwa kulabo abafanelwe ukukhuthaza impilo nokunakekelwa kwalesi silwane, kokubili imvubu ye-pygmy kanye nemvubu evamile.
Curiosities
- Izinga lokufa kwemvubu ngokuvamile liwukufa okungama-600 ngonyaka. Ukusabalalisa ukufa kwabantu abangama-50 ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso.
- Ngaphambili abaseGibhithe babebiza imvubu ngokuthi "izingulube zamanzi", ama-Arabhu aziqamba ngokuthi "inyathi yamanzi".
- Amazinyo endlovu ezimvubu anenani elikhulu emakethe kunamazinyo ezindlovu, ngoba agcina umbala wawo, kuyilapho lawo wendlovu ngokuvamile anemisindo ephuzi engase ibe namandla kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Eyensikazi iyakwazi ukubulala eyeduna nakuba ihlukene ngesisindo nobukhulu, lokhu kuye kwabonakala uma ukudla kuyindlala nokugcwala ngokweqile, ngakho abesilisa baphendukela ekubulaleni abancane ukuze kulungiswe le nkinga, nokho omama abavumi. kalula nje njengoba ziba nolaka oluphindwe kabili, ziba namandla futhi zikwazi ukubhekana namaduna amadala.
- Izinyoni ezincane ezihlukahlukene zinesibopho sokususa izinambuzane eziningi esikhumbeni sazo.
- Ngokwesiko elidumile, imvubu ikwazile ukuthatha inhliziyo yawo wonke umuntu, ivela ngokuphindaphindiwe kumabhayisikobho, izincwadi, amahlaya, nochungechunge, yini isici iphethini esetshenziselwa lesi silwane, ngoba ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nesisindo esikhulu sisetshenziselwa. izigcawu ezihlekisayo, ngakho-ke kuthathwa njengesilwane esihle, esinobungane futhi esihlekisayo kakhulu.
Imvubu iyisilwane esinesineke esincane kakhulu, esiye sasinda ezinguqukweni ezihlukahlukene nasezinsongweni eminyakeni edlule, lapho kwasinda izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ezisengozini okwamanje, isilwane esingenazo izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye zemvelo ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okwesabekayo namandla amakhulu. , kodwa alikwazanga ukuqeda umhlaseli obaluleke kakhulu nonzima ukubhekana nawo, okuwumuntu.
Ungashiyi ngaphandle kokufunda lezi zihloko: