Ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo esifundisayo, uzokwazi konke mayelana ne Ikhalenda ye-Mayan mayelana nencazelo kanye nemfihlakalo yayo. Futhi mayelana nekhalenda lenyanga, izinyanga nokunye, kubhekiselwa kulesi sihloko esimangalisayo. Ungaphuthelwa!
Imayelana nani ikhalenda lamaMeya?
Iqukethe isilinganiso sesikhathi esisetshenziswa yileli qembu ngedatha yesayensi yezinkanyezi evumela ukuqoshwa kwemijikelezo yezikhathi, ngakho-ke ikhalenda le-Mayan lakhiwe amanye ama-almanacs, okuhlanganisa ikhalenda ye-Haab, ehambisana nezinsuku ezingu-365 zomhlaba.
Ngokunjalo, ikhalenda lamaMaya nalo lakhiwe ikhalenda leTzolkin elizulazula ezinsukwini ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha zasemhlabeni kanye nesondo lekhalenda eliwumphumela wokuhlanganisa ama-almanacs angaphambilini.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi leli khalenda lamaMaya laklanywa yileli qembu lesizwe elaliphethe ukuhlala eMesoamerica phakathi kuka-2000 BC no-1697 AD ngesikhathi ukuwa kwalo mbuso ezandleni zamaSpanishi ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kwabonakala.
Umgomo oyinhloko wekhalenda lamaMaya wawuwukuqaphela imikhosi yenkolo ngaphezu kokuqokomisa izinsuku ezifanele zokuhlwanyela ukudla, ngisho nezenzo zansuku zonke.
Nokho, usuku lokuzalwa kwesakhamuzi ngasinye sohlanga lwaluwucezu lolwazi olwasiza ukuqonda imijikelezo yokuphila komuntu ngamunye nokwenza izibikezelo ngekusasa labo eliseduze ngosizo lwekhalenda lamaMaya.
Izinsuku, izinyanga neminyaka eyakha ikhalenda lamaMaya
Kuleli khalenda lamaMeya, kuhlanganiswe izindlela ezimbalwa zokubala isikhathi, kube yilezi ezilandelayo, okokuqala ikhalenda elingcwele elaziwa ngegama elithi tzolkin o bhukxok eyanyakaza esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha.
Ube esehlanganisa umjikelezo welanga owaziwa kakhulu ngegama hab okuhlanganisa ubude besikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu ngaphezu koku a isondo lekhalenda ehlanganisa iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nambili, futhi kwakhiwa a ukubala isikhathi eside eyanyakaza esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-5200.
Baze badala ekhalendeni leMeya isibalo senyanga eyakha izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili zenyanga kwakukhona nenye incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi i i-akhawunti ye-venus okuhlanganisa izinsuku ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane noma izihlobo.
Okokugcina kuyashiwo indaba yamakhosi asebusuku eyayakhiwe izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye nezinye. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi leli khalenda le-Mayan laliyi-cyclical futhi lahlala cishe ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili zeminyaka futhi libonisa ukubhala okuthuthukisiwe kwe-hieroglyphic maqondana nezinye izinhlanga ezihlala esifundeni saseMesoamerican.
Leli khalenda lamaMaya laphindwa lapho lifinyelela iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nambili, ngakho ukubala okude kwaqala ngenombolo yosuku 0.0.0.0.0 4 ebizwa ngokuthi i-ajau no-8 cumkú, okuwumbhalo wamaMayan.
Lokhu kuhunyushwa ngokuthi u-August 11 wonyaka ka-3114 BC kulokho okwaziwa ngekhalenda likaGregory elalisetshenziswa kakhulu eYurophu futhi ngemva kokunqotshwa lasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.
Nakuba izazi eziningi zekhalenda lamaMaya ziphawula ukuthi usuku olufanele lungo-August 13, 3114 BC njengosuku olufanele kakhulu lokuqala ukubala okude.
Umhla zingama-21 kuZibandlela wezi-2012 AD wamiswa njengosuku lokuvala.Ngakho-ke, lesi sikhathi sishintshashintsha eminyakeni engu-5.124.36 yasemhlabeni noma yelanga futhi ekhalendeni likaMayan lilingana namashuni angu-5.200 anemijikelezo yezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha ebizwa ngokuthi i-Tun eyakha usuku noma izihlobo ezakha inani lezihlobo eziyizi-1.872.000.
Ungabona kuleli khalenda lamaMaya ukuphindaphinda okuhlanu noma izingqimba ezinhlanu zalesi sizwe samaMaya esibizwa ngokuthi ama-akhawunti amade akha lo mjikelezo omkhulu wamaculo angu-26.000, olingana neminyaka engu-25.626,8, ukuze ubone ukuthi leli khalenda lamaMayan liyindilinga enkulu kakhulu. ididiyelwe iculo ngalinye kwangu-5.200.
Kufanele futhi uqaphele ukuthi inombolo ngamashuni angu-26.000 futhi yakhiwe ama-akhawunti amade amahlanu lapho i-akhawunti yesihlanu neyokugcina ende iphetha ngesehlakalo sezinkanyezi esaziwa ngokuthi yi-solstice esenzeka ngoDisemba 21-22, 2012 wenkolo yobuKristu.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi kulezi zinsuku ze-solstic Zomhlaba zenzeka lapho indiza ye-ecliptic, okuwumugqa ilanga elihamba ngawo eMhlabeni, inqamula indiza yenkabazwe ye-Galaxy, okuyingxenye ehlukanisa i-Milky. Indlela ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezinobukhulu obulinganayo.
Ngisho nekhalenda lamaMaya lafundwa yiqembu elikhethekile leqembu lesizwe samaMaya elaziwa ngokuthi isigaba sabapristi bamaMaya futhi basebenzisa leli gama. oh ngane Ukuze bazibone, babephethe izifundo zezibalo nezinkanyezi ukuze bazihumushe ngokombono wabo wenkolo.
Ngaphezu kwesiko lamaMaya elalivumela ukwazi iminyaka eyaqala, leyo eyayizofika nokuthi yayithinta kanjani isiphetho sezakhamuzi zalesi sizwe ngokocwaningo olwenziwa izazi, ikhalenda lamaMaya lase libonakala kakade kwamanye amasiko afana indaba ye-Olmec.
Okuhambisana nesikhathi sangaphambili saseMesoamerica, nakuba le-almanac ifana nesiko lamaMayan, ifana nekhalenda lama-Aztec, kuthiwa ikhalenda lamaMaya lalisetshenziswa kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica ngamaqembu ezizwe ezahlukene ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu ekulimeni. wezinto zokudla.
Ukumelwa kwekhalenda lamaMayan
Mayelana nohlelo lokuqala olwakha ikhalenda lamaMeya yi tzolkin ezakhiwe izinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkomo, ezakhiwe izinyanga ezingamashumi amabili, zihlanganiswa nezibalo noma izinombolo eziyishumi nantathu, ezinye ziyiphambanisa nezinyanga eziyishumi nantathu.
Leli khalenda lahlanganiswa kanye ne-almanaka hab yakhiwa izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu ezahlukaniswa zaba yizinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-unials.
Ngayinye yakhiwe izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili noma izihlobo kanye nezinsuku ezinhlanu ezengeziwe ezaziwa ngegama elithi uayeb, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka umjikelezo owawuthatha amashuni angamashumi amahlanu nambili noma ama-haabs owakhiwa izihlobo eziyi-18980, okwakuyizinsuku.
Ngokuphathelene nenkolo yokubala isikhathi eside, yayisetshenziswa iqembu lohlanga lwalesi siko ekhalendeni lamaMaya ukuze likwazi ukubona lapho kwenzeka isenzakalo phakathi kwamakhalenda e-Tzolkin ne-Haab, njengoba uhlelo lwabo lwaluyi-vigesimal.
Amayunithi ayeyiziphindaphinda zamashumi amabili ngokwendawo yawo ekhalendeni ukusuka kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele enombolweni ehambisanayo, ngaphezu kokugqamisa indawo yesibili abayisebenzisayo futhi ifanekisela 18 x 20, eyayilingana nezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha.
Kuleli khalenda lamaMeya, kunemibhalo eqoshiwe noma ama-hieroglyphs okuyingxenye yokubala okude futhi asekelwe kulokho abahlonze njengochungechunge lwenyanga, okwakungenye i-almanac eyakha ikhalenda lamaMaya futhi yanikeza ulwazi mayelana nezigaba zenyanga.
Lesi sizwe saze sasizwa ekhalendeni lamaMaya ngemijikelezo yelanga eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-equinox nama-solstices ngaphezu kwemijikelezo yamaVenus yezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha ehambisana nokubonakala esibhakabhakeni kanye nezixhumanisi zenkanyezi yeVenus kokubili ekuseni nakusihlwa. ebusuku.
Ngakho-ke, izenzakalo abazifunda kulesi sizwe zaziwa ngokuthi ezimbi futhi ezimbi nakakhulu.” Ngenxa yalokhu, kwahlelwa izimpi ukuze zihambisane nezigaba zalo mjikelezo wekhalenda lamaMaya.
Ngokwesiko labo, le mijikelezo yekhalenda lamaMaya yayihlobene nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene kanye nezindaba ze-cosmic, njengoba nje nelanga lesihlanu lihambisana nolwazi lwabo njengezigaba ezinhlanu umhlaba owawudinga ukuzenza ngokwalesi sizwe samaMaya.
Ukuhlobana nemijikelezo yenyanga ukuqala inkathi eyaziwa ekhalendeni lamaMaya njengelanga lesithupha, elihlobene nokubuya kweKukulkan, ngakho-ke i-akhawunti yenyanga iqukethe izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezakha cishe amakhulu amahlanu namashumi amathathu nanye. izinsuku.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, cishe ukufiphala kwelanga okune okuphelele kanye nokusitheka kwenyanga kungenzeka, okuzongenela ngezikhathi ezithile zezinyanga eziyisithupha.
Ngokwalokho ababekwazi ekhalendeni labo lamaMaya ukuthi ukusitheka kwelanga okulandelayo kwakubikezelwe ngo-August 21, 2017, kube okokugcina kule quartet eyenziwa ezinyangeni eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezihambisana noMarch 09, 2016.
Uhlelo lwekhalenda ye-Tzolkin
Lesi simiso esihambisana nekhalenda lamaMaya sihunyushwa ngokuthi isibalo sezinsuku futhi siqukethe ubude bezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha, kuthiwa sihlobene nesikhathi sokukhulelwa komuntu.
Abaningi bayavuma ukuthi ihlobene neplanethi iVenus, yayisetshenziselwa ukugubha imikhosi yenkolo ngaphezu kokunazisa lapho izimvula zifika.
Kwaze kwavumela lesi sigaba sekhalenda lamaMaya ukwazi isikhathi esifanele sokuzingela nokudoba, kwasiza nokwazi ikusasa eliseduze lezakhamuzi zalolu hlanga.
Kulezi zazi zezinkanyezi ezisemkhathini, iVenus, iplanethi yesibili esimisweni sonozungezilanga, yathatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-224,7 ukuphenduka, okuyinkathi yayo yaminyaka yonke, kodwa ukusuka eMhlabeni umjikelezo wezinsuku ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane uyabonwa, okuyinto ihumusha ku-2247 tzolkines.
Njengoba ingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha, nakuba kuyiplanethi i-Mars echitha izinsuku ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili emzileni wayo, okulingana nezinkathi ezintathu zezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha, ezilingana nama-tzolkines amathathu.
Ngakho-ke, ekhalendeni lamaMeya, ukubala okude kwakhiwe iminyaka engu-5126.36, okulingana nama-katun angamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha, lawa enza ama-tzolkines angu-7200 futhi ukwakha leli sondo elikhulu, kudingeka ama-akhawunti amade amahlanu, ahlanganisa 25.626,8, elilingana no-1300 36000. ama-katunes alingana nama-tzolkine angu-XNUMX XNUMX.
Maqondana nalesi sizindalwazi esasiyingxenye yekhalenda lamaMaya, namuhla kuboniswa ukuthi kunemiphakathi yomdabu ezindaweni zaseGuatemala esebenzisa lolu hlelo lwezinsuku ukutshala kahle ummbila, okubonisa ukuba wusizo kwaleli khalenda lamaMaya emisebenzini yezolimo.
Lesi sikhathi sasakazwa ngezinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ezakhiwa izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili zelanga ngayinye ukuze zihlonishwe ngamagama onkulunkulu inyanga ngayinye, kube yilawa alandelayo:
| inombolo yosuku | usuku lwelanga olubizwa ngokuthi kim | Izinyanga ezaziwa ngokuthi uinal |
| 01 | imix | Pop |
| 02 | Ik | Uo |
| 03 | ak'bal | Zip |
| 04 | Khan | Zotz |
| 05 | chikchan | tzec |
| 06 | cimi | xul |
| 07 | UManik | Yaxin |
| 08 | Umata | I-Mol |
| 09 | muluk | Chen |
| 10 | Ok | Yax |
| 11 | gcokama | Zac |
| 12 | Eb | eh |
| 13 | Ben | Mac |
| 14 | Ix | I-Kankin |
| 15 | Men | umuwa |
| 16 | kib | Pax |
| 17 | Ijazi | i-kayak |
| 18 | Etz'nab | Cumku |
| 19 | kawak | Uyayeb |
| 20 | awu |
Uhlelo lwe-Haab almanac
Le almanaka eyingxenye yekhalenda lamaMayan inomthwalo wemfanelo wokulinganisa isikhathi sonyaka welanga futhi ihlukaniswe izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili usuku ngalunye ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amabili kanti izinsuku ezinhlanu zokugcina zonyaka zaziwa ngegama elithi uayeb.
Ayebhekwa njengezinsuku ezimbi kakhulu kulesi sizwe futhi nakuba ayebhalwe izinsuku, awekho amarekhodi okulandelana kwezenzakalo enziwayo phakathi nalezi zinsuku ngoba ayeletha ibika elibi emphakathini ngokwekhalenda lamaMaya.
Ngosuku lokuqala lwenyanga ngayinye ekhalendeni lamaMaya, lalimelwe ngophawu lweziro ngoba kwakuwukuqala kwaleyo nyanga, okuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuthuthukisa imikhosi yenkolo ngendlela yeqembu.
Ukukhombisa ukuthi ngasiphi isikhathi esiqondile amasiko omphakathi enziwa kanye nezinsuku ochwepheshe ababambe iqhaza ngazo esihlokweni okufanele selashwe, kusetshenziswa ikhalenda lamaMaya.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinyanga kuleli khalenda lamaMaya kulingana nokuhlukaniswa kwekhalenda lelanga hhayi njengoba sijwayele ikhalenda likaGregory.
Ngakho-ke umjikelezo wekhalenda lamaMaya awuzivumelanisi nokunyakaza kwemvelo koMhlaba ku-orbit yawo kodwa usekelwe ezinombolo ezinengqondo.
Kwenziwe ngenhloso yokwenza izikhathi zemijikelezo zibe lula ukuze zivumelane, isibonelo sazo i-almanac ye-Haab evumela ikhalenda le-Mayan ukuthi lifinyelele izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu ukuze lifinyelele ukuvumelanisa nelinye ikhalenda. okuthiwa uTzolkin.
Ukubala Okude noma uchungechunge lokuqala lwekhalenda le-Mayan
Le ngxenye yekhalenda lamaMeya yayinamagama athile ezinyanga ngokwesimiso sayo se-vigesimal futhi yayinezihlobo noma usuku lwelanga njengeyunithi yalo eyisisekelo, kanti ezinye izinkathi zesikhathi zaziqokwa ngokuvumelana nokuphindaphinda kwayo.
Njengoba kuyi-uinal ehambisana nezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili futhi ukulingana kwayo kwakuyizihlobo ezingu-20, kwase kulandelwa i-tun ehambisana nezinsuku ezingu-360 futhi okulingana nayo kwakwaziwa ngokuthi 18 uinal.
Kamuva, leli hlelo ekhalendeni lamaMayan lalandelwa i- katun, ehambisana nezinsuku ezingu-7200 20 futhi elilingana nalo lihambisana nama- tun angu-360 noma ama-uinals angu-144.000, futhi ekugcineni, i-baktun, eyayilingana nezinsuku ezingu-7200 400 futhi okulingana nayo kwakuyizingu-20 XNUMX Amashuni angu-XNUMX, futhi aqhathaniswe nama-katun angu-XNUMX.
Ukuze ukwazi ukubala ekhalendeni lamaMeya, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ukulandelana kwezinombolo ezihlukaniswe amaphuzu, isibonelo esilandelayo sithi 6.19.19.0.0, lokhu kulingana nama-baktun angu-6, ama-katun angu-19, ama-tun angu-19, ama-uinals angu-0 kanye no-0. isihlobo.
Khona-ke ingqikithi yalezi zinombolo ngayinye ibalwa ngokulingana kwazo ezinsukwini zelanga, elilingana nezihlobo, ngakho isibonelo sangaphambili siphindaphindwa kanje: 6 x 144.000 + 19 x 7200 + 19 x 360 + 0 .20 + 0 x 1 = 1.007.640 izinsuku noma izihlobo.
Kwakukhona futhi amanye amagama ekhalendeni lamaMaya ayebhekisela ezikhathini ezinde kodwa ayengavamile ukusetshenziswa yileli qembu, kodwa kufanelekile ukuzazi, kube yilawa alandelayo: piktún, kalabtún, kinchinltún ne-alautún.
Ngakho-ke, ama-baktun angu-20 azokwenza inani le-piktun elizulazula eminyakeni engu-7890 57.600.000. Ngakho-ke, uma wengeza inani lama-piktun angamashumi amabili, angenza i-kalabtun elingana nezihlobo noma izinsuku ezingu-157.810, ezilingana neminyaka eyi-XNUMX. .
Ngokophenyo olwenziwa yinhlangano ye-GMT Goodman - Martínez - Thompson, lwasungulwa umvubukuli ogama lakhe linguJohn Erick Sidney Thompson.
Ngokwalo mcwaningi, ekhalendeni lamaMaya inombolo ethi 0.0.0.0.0 ilingana nenombolo yosuku lukaJulian 584.283, ngakho ilingana no-August 11 wonyaka ka-3114 BC, okuyinombolo yokuxhumana engaguquki ekhalendeni likaGregory nelikaJulian, ibuye isetshenziswe ezinsukwini zokuguqulwa kwekhalenda lamaMayan.
Ngalokho okusebenza khona ukudlulisa amadethi ukusuka ekhalendeni leMayan kuya ezinsukwini zekhalenda likaGregory nelikaJulian ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Esinye sezici zezibalo zalesi siko sobuhlanga sihambisana nezibalo ezihlotsheni ezingashintshwa zibe imijikelezo engancishiswa, kunjalo nge-9: 360 lapho 3 + 6 = 9.
Mayelana nama-katun, u-7200 ulingana no-7 + 2 = 9 no-144.000, izibalo zengezwe, zithola 1 + 4 + 4 = 9. Njengo-1872000, ilingana nesamba sezibalo zayo 1 + 8 + 7 + 2 = 18 ngendlela efanayo namanani alandelayo ahambisana ne-piktún ne-kalabtún.
Njengoba ubona, inombolo yesishiyagalolunye ihambisana nekhalenda lamaMayan futhi iveza isayensi yendawo yonke yeqembu lamaMaya ngokumelela iNkosi Eyisishiyagalolunye Yesikhathi.
Ngokwenganekwane yayo, iyingxenye yeZinyathelo Eziyisishiyagalolunye Zethempeli Lemibhalo Eqoshiwe, elisedolobheni lasePalenque esifundeni saseChiapas sesizwe sama-Aztec, okuyithuna lenye yamakhosi aseMaya okuthiwa ik'inich. Janaab'. Pakal.
Ngokuphathelene nokubala okude okuyingxenye yekhalenda lamaMayan, kuhambisana nezingqimba ezinhlanu zama-cyclical ezinesibopho sokulinganisa isikhathi ngezindlela ezahlukene, okungokulandelayo: ungqimba olulodwa lubhekisela kuma-baktun angu-13, olunye ungqimba lubhekiselwa kuma-katuns angu-260, kulandelwe esinye isendlalelo esibhekise kumashuni angama-5200.
Isendlalelo sesine kuma-tzolkines angu-7200, okwesihlanu kuvezwe ku-ahau, okuhlanganisa inani lama-katun angu-13 noma izinsuku ezingu-93.600 zekin noma ilanga. Lezi zibalo zingenziwa lula zibe yisishiyagalolunye, kutholwe ama-tzolkine angama-360 ekhalendeni lamaMayan.
Mayelana nomjikelezo obizwa ngokuthi i-ahau, wakhiwe yiminyaka engu-256.27 yasemhlabeni, ngakho-ke lesi sibalo eside sakhiwe ngama-ahaus angu-20.
Ngenxa yalokhu, usuku lonyaka ka-2012 luhambisana nongqimba lwesihlanu lwekhalenda lamaMaya futhi ukusuka lapho umjikelezo wesondo elikhulu uqalwa kabusha, ngakho unyaka ka-3211 wesiko lesiHeberu uhambisana nendawo emaphakathi yongqimba lwesihlanu lwe-akhawunti. .eside esilingana neminyaka engama-550 ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yobuKristu ngo-550 BC
Isondo elikhulu lekhalenda
Mayelana nezincwadi ze-tzolkin kanye ne-haab almanacs, bebengaphethe ukubhala iminyaka ekhalendeni lama-Mayan, njengoba ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinsuku phakathi kokubili kwezinhlelo ze-almanac kwavumela usuku lokusebenza lwansuku zonke lwesiko lama-Mayan, njengoba ukuqondana kwezinsuku kwakuyinto ngayinye. iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nambili.
Ngokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zincwadi ezimbili ze-almanacs, kwakhiwa umjikelezo ophakeme owaziwa ekhalendeni lamaMaya ngegama Lomjikelezo Wekhalenda njengoba amaMayans ayengamadoda esayensi kanye namaqhawe avelele noma ngenhloso yokubusa izindawo.
Leli sondo lekhalenda lakhiwe yiziyingi ezintathu eziholele emijikelezweni yezinsuku eziyi-18.980, okuwukuphindaphinda okungajwayelekile okungama-260, okungokwekhalenda ye-Tzolkin, kanye ne-365, ehambisana ne-almanac ye-Haab.
Mayelana nomjikelezo wekhalenda, indilinga yokuqala yakhiwe izinombolo eziyishumi nantathu, kulandelwa indilinga yesibili yobukhulu obuphakathi, ithola izimpawu ezingamashumi amabili ezakha izinsuku ezingama-20 zamaMayan ze-almanac ye-Tzolkin, bese kuba yindingilizi yesithathu enkulu lapho i-haab. I-almanaka nezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu.
Ukuthola izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili zezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili kanye nenyanga encane ehlanganisa izinsuku ezinhlanu zokugcina zonyaka. Ngokuphathelene nokubala ekhalendeni lamaMaya, usuku lokudala lwalungu-4 ahau 8 cunkú.
Umjikelezo ngamunye ekhalendeni likaMayan lezinsuku eziyi-19.980 wawulingana neziqephu ezingamashumi amahlanu nambili ze-haab ezihambisana ne-almanac yelanga yezihlobo ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu noma izinsuku zelanga, zona ezazilingana nezinguzunga ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nantathu ze-tzolkin. I-almanaka ehambisana nekhalenda elingcwele lezihlobo ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha.
Ekupheleni kwawo womabili ama-almanacs, amajika angamashumi amahlanu nambili anikezwa ekhalendeni lamaMeya, ukugubha umkhosi noma umkhosi wenkolo womlilo omusha, olingana nekhulu leminyaka esikweni lamaMayan.
Imikhosi yenkolo eyayigujwa enyangeni ngayinye yekhalenda lamaMaya
Ngenxa yemibhalo yomunye wamakholwa okuthiwa u-Diego de Landa, owayaziwa kakhulu ngesihloko sakhe esithi Relation of the things of Yucatan, ulandisa ngemikhosi ehlukahlukene eyayiphethe ukugubha ekhalendeni lamaMaya ngokwenyanga ngayinye noma uinal ukuthi. kwakuyigama leli qembu lesizwe elalibhekisela kuzo izinyanga.
Le mikhosi yenkolo yenziwa ngokwezinganekwane zabo futhi ngalokhu bahlonipha onkulunkulu abahlukene, phakathi kwabo i-pop yase-uinal iyagqama, eyayizofana nomnyaka omusha, lapho izitsha zezindlu zabo zavuselelwa, njengezingcwecwe, izihlalo, izibuko, ngaphezu kwezingubo nezingubo zokulala.
Enye yemikhuba yabo ngalolu suku lwekhalenda lamaMaya kwakuwukushanela izindlu zabo futhi udoti owawuqoqwa uyiswe emaphethelweni edolobha, kodwa ngaphambi kwale mikhosi bagcina cishe izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu bezila ukudla, babebuye bazithibe ebudlelwaneni bobulili. futhi ugweme ukusetshenziswa kokudla kukasawoti kanye nepelepele.
Kwakukhona ngisho nabantu bohlanga abanweba lesi sikhathi sokungazithinti saba yizinsimbi ezintathu.” Ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, amadoda ahlangana nompristi omkhulu ngaphandle kwethempeli futhi abeka ingxenye yento ayeyibiza ngokuthi ithusi futhi yayiwuhlobo lwenhlaka yokushisa. .ku-brazier
Ngokuphathelene nenyanga eyayibizwa ngokuthi imikhosi evamile noma yenkolo yayiyenzelwa abapristi noma ababhuli, lelo gama lomkhosi owaziwa ngalo laliyi-popocam futhi babethandaza ngenkathi beshisa i-copal egameni likaKinich Ahau Itzamná owayengabo. umpristi wokuqala.
Kwabe sekumele balethe amanzi ayizintombi entabeni okungangangeni muntu kuyo kanti ngalawo manzi bageza itafula lezincwadi ukuze kuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umfundisi enze izibikezelo zalo nyaka omusha, baphinde benza nomdanso owaziwayo igama okotuil.
Ngenyanga ebizwa ngokuthi i-uinal zip, abapristi babekwazi ukuhlangana nabesifazane, basebenzise nezithombe ezincane zikankulunkulukazi u-Ixchel, lo mkhosi wenkolo wawaziwa ngegama elithi Ibcil Ixchel, lapho kwakucelwa khona onkulunkulu abaphethe impilo nemithi, njengo-Itzmná , Citbolontun kanye no-Ahau Chamahez.
Ngaphandle kokubakhonza, kube nomdanso ohlonishwayo obizwa ngeChantunyab kanti ngosuku lwesikhombisa ku-zip ye-uinal bebephethe ukukhulekela onkulunkulu abaphethe ukuzingela obizwa nge-Ah Camcum.
UZuhuyzib Zipitabai ngaphezu kwabanye onkulunkulu, ngakho umzingeli ngamunye wayephethe ukukhipha umcibisholo nekhanda lenyamazane. Bobabili bebegcotshwe ngopholishi wezicathulo eziluhlaza ngesikhathi bephethe ukudansa bephethe imicibisholo.
Kwenziwa izimbobo ezindlebeni nasezindimeni zabo, kwase kuba amahlamvu ayisikhombisa ekhambi okuthiwa i-Ac adlula kulezo zimbobo ezincane. Ngakusasa kwafika kochwepheshe bezokudoba bafaka itiyela ezintweni zabo zokudoba kodwa abazange bazibhoboze ezindlebeni zabo noma ngolimi.
Bamane babeka amahabhu ngesikhathi bedansa iChochom ngemuva kwalo mcimbi baya ogwini beyodoba njengoba onkulunkulu abakhonza amagama abo kwakungu-Abkaknexoi, Ahcitzamalcun no-Abpua.
Khona-ke, ngenyanga ebizwa ngokuthi i-zotz ngokwekhalenda lamaMaya, yayihambisana nabafuyi bezinyosi ababephethe amalungiselelo emikhosi yenkolo eyayizogujwa ngenyanga elandelayo negama elithi uinal.Kule nkathi, abapristi nezikhulu zazizila ukudla. kanye namanye amavolontiya.
Mayelana nenyanga ethi zec ekhalendeni likaMayan, igazi belingeke lichitheke futhi onkulunkulu abebekhonza kule nyanga bekungama-bacab amane aqondene ngqo noHobnil.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, banikela ngalezi zithixo zezinganekwane ezinezithombe ezihlotshiswe ngoju.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zalesi sizwe samaMaya zaziphuza iwayini elaziwa ngegama elithi Balché.
Leli wayini lenziwa kusetshenziswa amagxolo esihlahla esaziwa ngokuthi iLonchucarpus violaceus futhi abafuyi bezinyosi banikeza uju oluningi kwezinye izakhamuzi ngeminikelo eyenziwayo.
Enye yezinyanga ezazibizwa ngokuthi i-yaxkin kwakuwumkhosi wenkolo owawubizwa ngokuthi i-Olob-Zab-Kamyax, kuyilapho lo msebenzi womkhosi kwakudingeka ugcobe zonke izinsimbi ezinezimbobo ngetiyela eliluhlaza, kwakuyiphathi yezinsana, kokubili abafana namantombazane.
Banikezwa ompompi abancane emaqakaleni ezandla zabo ukuze babe ochwepheshe emisebenzini eyenziwa abazali babo.Kusukela ngalolu suku, amapheya enziwa ukugubha umkhosi wokuqala we-Mol.
Khona-ke, ngenyanga yekhalenda lamaMaya okuthiwa i-xul, lanikezelwa kunkulunkulu uKukulcán, ngakho-ke uhlanga kwadingeka ukuba lufune induna yamaqhawe eyayibizwa ngokuthi uNacom ngenkathi behlezi nayo ethempelini futhi bashisa inhlaka. eyaziwa ngokuthi i-copal ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa umdanso weqhawe.
Kulo mkhosi bekumele kuhlatshelwe inja, baphinde bagida namaqhawe ayaziwa ngeHolkanakot baqeda umcimbi ngokuphihliza amabhodwe enziwe ngodaka nophuzo, babuyela ngenkulu inhlonipho enduneni yamaqhawe akwaNacom ikhaya lakhe.
Ngokuphathelene nalo mkhosi, wawugujwa ekhalendeni lamaMaya kuzo zonke izifunda kwaze kwaba yilapho iMayapán ibhujiswa, ngemva kwalokho yagujwa kuphela edolobheni laseManí, okwakuyindawo yamaTutul Xiúes.
Lapha kwethulwa amafulege ezimpaphe ezinhlanu futhi baya ethempelini likaKukulcán lapho bathandaza phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku ezinhlanu ukuze unkulunkulu wezinganekwane ehle esibhakabhakeni futhi amukele iminikelo lo mkhosi wawubizwa ngokuthi iChikabán.
Ngokuqondene nenyanga ebizwa ngokuthi i-uinal mol ekhalendeni lamaMaya, abafuyi bezinyosi babephethe ukuthandaza konkulunkulu ngenhloso yokuthi izimbali eziningi ziqhakaze ukuze kutholakale ukukhiqizwa kwezinyosi okuhle kakhulu, njengoba kule nyanga bephethe ukwenza izithombe nemifanekiso. eyenziwe ngokhuni.
Lezi zithombe zabusiswa abapristi futhi emkhubeni owawenziwa, izindlebe zezakhamuzi zesiko lamaMaya zenziwa ukopha. Ngokuphathelene nama-chen noma ama-yax uinals, kwakwenziwa omunye umkhosi wenkolo owaziwa ngokuthi i-ocná, leli gama libhekisela ekulungisweni kwethempeli.
Yayinikelwe konkulunkulu bamasimu futhi iminikelo yayinikelwa ezitsheni lapho bashisa khona inhlaka yethusi futhi ngokukhethekile kulo mkhosi izithombe ababezenza ngobumba nezimbaqa ababezisebenzisa ukushisa itshe zavuselelwa.
Kakade ngenyanga ebizwa ngokuthi i-zac ekhalendeni lamaMaya, umpristi ekanye nabazingeli kwakudingeka enze umkhosi wenkolo ukuze ashweleze onkulunkulu bentukuthelo ngaphezu kokuzisola ngegazi ababelichithe phakathi nenkathi yokuzingela.
Hhayi-ke, kwabakhileyo besiko lamaMaya kwakukubi ukuchitha igazi uma bekungeyona inhloso yokwenza umhlatshelo. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzingela kwakudingeka bacele unkulunkulu wokuzingela, bashise i-copal futhi, uma kungenzeka, bagcobe ubuso be-stuette ngegazi elisuka enhliziyweni yempango ababeyizingele.
Lapho inyanga eyaziwa ekhalendeni lamaMaya ngokuthi uinal ceh ifika, kwaba nomkhosi omkhulu wenkolo, okwakuwusuku olugudluzayo olwathatha izinsuku ezintathu, ikhophi yashiswa.
UFray Landa ukuveze njengempepho eshisa inhlaka yethusi, kwenziwa iminikelo kwaphuzwa notshwala. Ngaphambili, abapristi babephethe ama-visa ngenjongo yokuthi izakhamuzi zizile ukudla ngaphambi kwalo mkhosi.
Kwathi ngenyanga ye-mac yekhalenda lamaMaya, abantu abadala benza umcimbi kule nyanga owaziwa ngegama elithi tupp kak, elihumusha olimini lweSpanishi njengokubulala umlilo.
Yayiqondiswa onkulunkulu uPanes no-Itzamná, benza umlilo ovuthayo futhi kuwo bashisa izinhliziyo zezinyoni kanye nezinye izilwane futhi lapho zishiswa, izinhliziyo zicima umlilo ngezimbiza ezigcwele amanzi.
Abantu babuthana eduze kwabapristi futhi babephethe ukugcwalisa izitebhisi zokuqala ezaziholela emathempelini abo ngodaka netiyela eliluhlaza.” Kulo mkhosi, ngabapristi kuphela ababezila ukudla njengoba kubonisiwe ngokwekhalenda lamaMaya.
Ngokuphathelene nenyanga yokuqala kaKankin, uFray Landa akazange enze incazelo yezithixo ezazihlonishwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi sekhalenda lamaMeya.
Khona-ke ngenyanga kaMuán iphawulwa ekhalendeni lamaMaya ukuthi yayihambisana nabalimi bakakhokho, ababeyenzela imikhosi engokwenkolo konkulunkulu abafanayo okwakunguChac Ek chuah noHobnil, ngenxa yalokho kwadingeka banikele ngenja eyayinebala. ngombala we-cocoa.
Base bashisa impepho baphethe nokunikela ngogwayi abaluhlaza ngoba babependwe ngetiyela kanjalo nezimpaphe zezinyoni, kwathi ekupheleni komkhosi abantu badla iminikelo ababeyilethile ngemva komkhosi owawuhlonzwe ukubonga kuMayan. ikhalenda.
Ayephinde abe nemikhosi yenkolo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-pacum chac phakathi nenyanga ka-pax ubusuku obuhlanu.
Ezinhloko-dolobha, i-Cit Chac cob yakhulekelwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwahlonishwa induna yamasosha okuthiwa uNacom ngokushisa inhlaka yamalahle kanye nomdanso owenziwa amaqhawe okuthiwa i-Holkanakot wenziwa izinsuku ezinhlanu ngenhloso yokuzuza ukunqoba ngokumelene. izitha.
Kwabe sekumele benze umhlatshelo wenja, kulesi silwane bakhipha inhliziyo emva kokuhlephula izimbiza zobumba ezazingaphakathi kwesiphuzo ababegubha ngaso, ngaleyo ndlela kwaphetha umgidi, baphindela emuva ezindaweni zabo ukuze baqhubeke nemisebenzi ababeyenza. zihambisana nekhalenda.
Phakathi kwezinyanga ze-kayab kanye ne-cumkú edolobheni ngalinye lesiko lamaMayan, kwenziwa imikhosi ebizwa ngokuthi zabaltzen, lapho abantu babuthana khona ukuze balethe iminikelo ehlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu kokudla neziphuzo, balungiselela i-uayeb, okwakuyinyanga emfushane kakhulu ekhalendeni lamaMaya lapho kwatholakala khona izinsuku ezinhlanu eziyinhlekelele noma ezaziwa nangokuthi izinsuku ezinhlanu ezingenanhlanhla.
Kuthe uma kufika lezi zinsuku eziyinhlekelele ezaziwa ngegama lenyanga ka-uayeb, abantu balesi sizwe abazange bageze noma benze umsebenzi wanoma yiluphi uhlobo ngoba besaba ukuthi uma benza okuthile kungase konakale ngokomthetho. Ikhalenda ye-Mayan.
Ukuhlola Komlando
Lesi siko lamaMaya laliphethe ukwenza i-stelae ngenhloso yokukwazi ukugubha imikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu, yingakho izindawo ezinenani elikhulu le-stelae noma izikhumbuzo ezibhalisiwe, njenge-Tikal ne-Uaxactún, le misebenzi ihambisana nokumelela inkathi yakudala.
Ngokwekhalenda lamaMaya, isikhathi saso sasiyi-cyclical futhi kuma-katun, okwakuyinkathi yeminyaka engamashumi amabili, izenzakalo ezingase zenzeke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze zingabikezelwa, ngakho olunye lwezinsuku lapho impi yayingabikezelwa khona kwakuyi-katun 8 ahau. . .
Ukuba usuku olulandiswa ku-Chilam Balam yaseChumayel njengenye yezinsuku ezibucayi zesiko lamaMayan ikakhulukazi ama-Itzáes.
Ngakho-ke i-katun 8 ahau yokuqala yenzeka ngonyaka wama-415 kuya ku-435 AD lapho la ma-Itzáes kumele afinyelele e-Bacalar etholakala endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi isifunda saseQuintana Roo, kwase kuba kwenye i-katun 8 ahau kulokhu kusukela esikhathini sama-672 kuya ku-692 dc. U-Itzáez kwadingeka abaleke e-Chichén Itzá efika e-Chakán Putúm.
Kamuva kwenzeka ukuthi kwenye i-katun 8 ahau kusukela esikhathini sika-928 kuya ku-948 AD, leli dolobhana libuyela e-Chichén Itzá futhi kule katun 8 ahau elandelayo phakathi kweminyaka engu-1185 kuya ku-1205 AD Ama-comes abhekana nabantu base-Itzàes okumele babalekele. ezindaweni zasePeten Itza.
Njengoba i-cyclical, ikhalenda lamaMaya liyaphindwa futhi ku-katún 8 ahau phakathi neminyaka engu-1441 no-1461 AD Lapho elinye lamaqembu ezizwe okuthiwa uTutul xiúes libhekene nama-comes okufanele babalekele ukushiya amadolobha amakhulu ase-peninsula yaseYucatan.
Ekubuyeni kokugcina ekhalendeni lamaMaya lika-katún 8 ahau, elihambisana neminyaka engu-1697 kuya ku-1717, inani labantu abasala e-Itzàes edolobheni laseTayasal lanqotshwa umqhele waseSpain.
Ngokuphathelene nenkathi yakudala ekhalendeni lamaMaya, iqembu lesizwe lashintsha i-stelae lapho kwaqoshwa khona izenzakalo zokulandelana kwezenzakalo, esikhundleni sawo kwathathelwa indawo ama-codex ayizincwadi zesiko lamaMaya ezazibhalwe ephepheni elenziwe ngamagxolo esihlahla esifanayo. emkhiwaneni othiwa amate.
Kodwa lezi zincwadi ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa komqhele waseSpain zashiswa izithunywa zevangeli kanye namakholwa ayethi ayeyizihlubuki futhi ezine kuphela zalezi zincwadi ezibalulekile ezazingatakulwa esigxotsheni futhi zimelela ingcebo yalesi sizwe samaMaya.
Ngemva kokuqeda ukunqoba kweSpanishi, kwenziwa imibhalo yesandla eminingana lapho izenzakalo ezenzeka futhi ezazibaluleke kakhulu zalandiswa ngokuningiliziwe, ezaziwa ngaphansi kwesihloko sikaKilam Balam.
Lawa marekhodi abuyela emuva esikweni lomlomo lokhokho babo eqenjini lesizwe samaMaya, ngakho-ke iChilam yigama elihunyushwa ngokuthi:
"...Lowo umlomo kanye ne-balam kusho umthakathi noma i-jaguar..."
Ngenxa yalokho uKilamu balamu ayeyigama lompristi owayebhula endaweni yaseManí futhi aziwa kakhulu ngamazwi akhe, kunemibhalo eminingana ehlobene nalo mpristi futhi ebaluleke kakhulu yaziwa ngegama likaChumayeli.
Le mibhalo ifika nolwazi oluhlobene neziprofetho zamaMayan ngokuvumelana nenkathi ye-cyclical yekhalenda lamaMayan.
Izinsuku okubhekiselwa kuzo okuhle kweqembu lamaMayan
Ngokwenkathi ye-postclassic, ebhalwe ngokwekhalenda ye-Mayan 10.9.0.0.0 futhi ingahunyushwa ngokuthi 2 ahau 13 mac, ilingana nekhalenda likaGregory njengo-Agasti 15, 1007.
Lapho u-Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu engumholi womoya walesi sizwe asungula isigodi sase-Uxmal okungelinye lamathempeli amadala alaba bantu.
Mayelana nonyaka we-10.10.0.0.0, obhalwe ngokuthi 13 ahau 13 mol, kubhekiselwa kuMeyi 02, 1027, lapho okwaqala khona lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iNhlangano YaseMayapán, okuwumfelandawonye odumile wabantu baseMayan ePostclassic. isikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu.
Bese kuthi olunye usuku olubaluleke kakhulu unyaka 10.18.10.0.0 ekhalendeni lamaMaya elihunyushwa ngokuthi 9 ahau 13 uo futhi lokhu kufana nekhalenda likaGregory njengoNovemba 22 wonyaka we-1194.
Lapho kunobufakazi bozungu olubhekiswe ku-Hunac Ceel yilolu suku lapho kubonakala khona ukuthi ama-comes aphethe ukususa ama-Itzáes edolobheni elihle lase-Chichén Itzá futhi ngalolu phiko oluhloniphekile lwaseMayapán lubhekwa njengoluphelile.
Khona-ke ngonyaka 10.19.0.0.0, oqondana nonyaka ka-8 ahau 8 mol cumhú, ehumusha isuka ekhalendeni lamaMaya iye ekhalendeni likaGregory ngo-September 30, 1204, lapho kubonakala khona ubukhosi baseMayapán, elinye lamadolobha emivubukulo. . Kulesi senzo basizwa wu-ah canul.
Olunye usuku olubaluleke kakhulu ekhalendeni lamaMaya luthi 11.12.0.0.0, oluhambisana no-8 ahau 3 mol futhi lubhekisela ekhalendeni likaGregory kuya kuJanuwari 06, 1461.
Kulo mzuzu emlandweni, amaqhawe aseTutul Xiúes aphethe ukucekela phansi idolobha laseMayapán, ngakho amadolobha amakhulu kufanele ashiywe ngenhloso yokuvikela ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zawo.
11.13.0.0.0 ingezinye zezinsuku ezihambisana kakhulu ekhalendeni le-Mayan elingahunyushwa ngokuthi 6 ahau 3 zip futhi elihambisana nekhalenda likaGregory noSepthemba 23, 1480.
Ngalesi sikhathi emlandweni wamaMaya kubhekiselwa esiphepho esikhulu esacekela phansi abantu abaningi ngaphezu kwalesi sifo esigcine sibulale abantu abaningi abahlala kuso.
Ngokuphathelene nonyaka 11.15.0.0.0, okulingana ekhalendeni lamaMayan no-2 ahau 8 zac, okubhekisela ekhalendeni likaGregory kuya kuFebruwari 27, 1520, lapho uhambo lukaHernández de Córdoba kakade luyiqiniso, kanye yaseGrijalva kanye neyaseCortés.
Kungaleso sikhathi emlandweni lapho omunye wabaseSpain aletha eZweni Elisha ubhubhane lwengxibongo olwaqeda inani labantu besizwe samaMaya, lwabangela inani elikhulu lokufa phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yokuthi babengagonyiwe kuleso sifo.
Ngonyaka ka-11.17.0.0.0, ekhalendeni lamaMaya eliqashelwa njenge-11 ahau 8 pop, okubhekisela ekhalendeni likaGregory kuya ku-August 1, 1559, lapho abanqobi baseSpain baqamba uFrancisco de Montejo kanye nendodana yakhe kanye nendodana yakhe. umshana.
Ngaphezu kwamadoda ayephethe, athatha umsebenzi wokunqoba inhlonhlo yaseYucatan futhi asungula amadolobha amasha aseSpain, njengeValladolid neMérida.
Enye yalezi zinsuku ezigcinwa ekhalendeni lamaMayan ingu-12.4.0.0.0, ehambisana no-10 ahau 18 uo, ekhalendeni likaGregory elibhekisela kuJulayi 27, 1697 ngalesi sikhathi emlandweni.
Umnqobi waseSpain okuthiwa uMartín de Ursúa uphethe ukucekela phansi namadoda akhe indawo yaseTayasal, okwakuyinqaba yokugcina yalesi sizwe samaMaya.
Isiphetho
Leli khalenda lamaMeya lalibaluleke kakhulu kulesi sizwe ngoba sasiyizibukeli ezinhle kakhulu ezenzeka esibhakabhakeni nangenxa yama-codex athile avikelwe, njenge-Paris Codex.
Okubonisa imilaza ehlukahlukene eyadalwa amaMayya ngokumelela izilwane esibhakabhakeni ngokutadisha izinkanyezi nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini.
AmaMayya ayengochwepheshe emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi nezibalo, athuthukisa ngawo ikhalenda lawo lamaMayan elibonisa ukunemba kwalo ezenzakalweni zomlando.
Kwaba kanjalo ukubaluleka okwakukhona esikweni lamaMayan maqondana nocwaningo lwemijikelezo yesikhathi eyadala ikhalenda lamaMaya ngokuphelela okukhulu.
Okwakhiwe ama-almanacs e-haab kanye ne-tzolkin, ukubala okude okwavumela ukufakwa kwe-almanacs yangaphambilini, okudale umjikelezo weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nambili owabe uziphindaphinda umjikelezo.
Izifundo zakhe zimangaza kangangokuthi ukubala okude okuhlanganisa izendlalelo ezinhlanu kufinyelele umvuthwandaba ngo-December 21, 2012, okuhambisana nesikhathi senjikalanga sasebusika sonyaka kaGregory.
Ngakho-ke okwamanje kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ingxenye yaleli khalenda lamaMaya isasetshenziswa emazweni aseYucatan esizweni sama-Aztec nasendaweni yaseGuatemala ngisho nasekukhulelweni kwabesifazane abasesimweni sokubeletha.
Bazosebenzisa le almanaka yezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha okuyi-tzolkin njengoba ivumelana kahle nemijikelezo eyisishiyagalolunye yeNyanga.
Imikhosi yemikhosi ehlobene nekhalenda ye-Mayan isagujwa e-Guatemala, njenge-Wajxaqib' B'atz', lapho umjikelezo omusha wamukelwa khona.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: