Yazi ukuthi amakhodidi e-Mayan ahlanganisani

Sazi kuphela ingxenye encane ye-panorama evamile yokuthuthuka kwalesi siko kusukela kwezine kuphela Amakhodi wamaMayan baye bakwazi ukusinda futhi bayigugu elikhulu kunawo wonke empucuko elahlekile, ubufakazi benkambiso ehlukile futhi ethuthukisiwe kakhulu yalaba bantu baseMesoamerica.

IKHODI YEMAYAN

Amakhodi wamaMayan

Ama-Codices aseMeya ayimibhalo yesandla ekhanyisiwe egoqwe ephepheni le-amate, lapho kubhalwe khona ulwazi mayelana nempilo yamaMayans, kodwa futhi ngenkolo, imfihlakalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezibalo. Cishe kwakuyizincwadi zokufundisa zabapristi. AmaMayans ayenohlelo lokubhala oluthuthuke kakhulu lwezithombe, izinhlamvu kanye nenani lezinhlamvu.

Amakhodi wamaMaya ayimibhalo yesandla ye-hieroglyphic yempucuko yamaMaya. Ngokomthetho, i-codex yama-Mayan iwumugqa ogoqwe nge-accordion wephepha lase-Mesoamerican, elenziwe ngokudonsa kwesitshalo se-amate. Imiphetho ye-accordion ingambozwa ngezithombe kanye nemibhalo ngaphambili nangemuva, ngezinye izikhathi ingemuva yayingagcwaliswa ngombhalo nezithombe. Imibhalo ibingahloselwe ukufundwa ngokulandelana, kodwa ihlukaniswe ngokwesakhiwo ngamabhulokhi anendikimba.

Ama-codex aseMayan agcinwe kakhulu yizincwadi zobupristi, ezinikezelwe esikweni, isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezinkanyezi, iziprofetho nemikhuba yokubhula, ukubalwa kwemijikelezo yezolimo neyekhalenda. Ngosizo lwabo, abapristi babechaza izenzakalo zemvelo nezenzo zamandla kaNkulunkulu futhi benze nemikhuba yenkolo. Ama-codex amaMaya ayesetshenziswa nsuku zonke njengabapristi futhi ngokuvamile ayefakwa ethuneni ngemva kokufa komnikazi.

Origen

Ngesikhathi iSpain inqoba iYucatan ekhulwini le-1562, kwakunezincwadi eziningi ezifanayo kamuva ezacekelwa phansi ngezinga elikhulu abanqobi nabapristi babo. Ngakho, ukucekelwa phansi kwazo zonke izincwadi ezazikhona eYucatan kwayala uMbhishobhi u-Diego de Landa ngo-July XNUMX. La ma-codex, kanye nenqwaba yemibhalo eqoshwe etsheni lesikhumbuzo ne-stelae esalondolozwe nanamuhla, kwakha izinqolobane ezilotshiwe zempucuko yamaMaya.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezindikimba abaziphatha zihluke kakhulu ezindikimbeni ezigcinwe ematsheni nasezakhiwo; ngokubhujiswa kwayo silahlekelwe yithuba lokubuka izindawo ezibalulekile zempilo yamaMeya. Namuhla kunezincwadi ezine kuphela eziyiqiniso zamaMayan ezikhona namuhla. Ama-codex amane cishe adalwe emakhulwini ambalwa edlule ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweSpanishi, isikhathi se-Postclassic.

MAYAN CODICE

Ngenxa yokufana kwezilimi nezobuciko nemibhalo yendawo, kucatshangwa ukuthi izincwadi ezintathu ezaziwayo (iMadrid, Dresden, Paris) zivela endaweni efanayo, engxenyeni esenyakatho yenhlonhlo yaseYucatan. Ukuthi bafika kanjani besuka eYucatan baya eYurophu akwaziwa, naphezu kocwaningo olunzulu. Incwadi yokugcina etholakele (eMexico) ivela ekumbiweni, iChiapas kufanele ibe yindawo yemvelaphi.

Amakhodi e-Mayan agciniwe

Ngenxa yesikhathi sabanqobi kanye nokubhujiswa kwazo zonke izinto "zamaqaba" (ikakhulukazi u-Diego de Landa ngo-1562), izincwadi ezine kuphela eziyiqiniso zamaMayan ezikhona namuhla. Ukuze uwahlukanise, wonke aqanjwe ngendawo yawo yokugcina elandelayo:

  • I-Madrid Codex (futhi i-Codex Tro-Cortesianus)
  • I-Dresdner Codex (futhi i-Codex Dresdensis)
  • I-Paris Codex (futhi i-Codex Peresianus)
  • I-Mayan Codex yaseMexico (eyayibizwa nge-Codex Grolier)

ICodex yaseMadrid

I-codex iyincwadi egoqayo enamakhasi ayikhulu neshumi nambili (amaphepha angamashumi amahlanu nesithupha) enziwe ngephepha le-Amate, elibuye limbozwe ngongqimba oluhle lwe-stucco. Ngobude obuseceleni obungamasentimitha angu-22,6 nobude obungamamitha angu-6,82, iyinde kunawo wonke kuma-codex amane aseMayan agcinwe. Umbhalo wesandla watholakala ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezindaweni ezahlukene eSpain ngawo-1860.

Nakuba izinga lokubulawa liphansi, i-Madrid Codex ihluke kakhulu kune-Dresden Codex futhi kumelwe ukuba yakhiqizwa ababhali abayisishiyagalombili abahlukene. KuseMuseo de América eMadrid, eSpain, kufanele ukuthi ithunyelwe enkantolo yaseSpain nguHernán Cortés. Kunamakhasi ayikhulu neshumi nambili, ngaphambilini ahlukaniswe abe izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene ezaziwa ngeCodex Troano kanye neCodex Cortesianus futhi zahlanganiswa ngo-1888.

MAYAN C'DODICES

Umbhalo wesandla waseMadrid uqukethe amathebula, imiyalelo yemikhosi yezenkolo, ama-almanacs, namathebula ezinkanyezi (amatafula eVenus). Ivumela ukwazi impilo yenkolo yamaMayans. Iqukethe isigaba samakhasi ayishumi nanye aphathelene nokufuywa kwezinyosi. Imifanekiso eminingi ibonisa imikhuba yenkolo, imihlatshelo yabantu, nezigcawu eziningi zansuku zonke ezinjengokwaluka, ukuzingela, nempi. Ngokunokwenzeka le ncwadi yayisetshenziselwa iziprofetho zezinkanyezi futhi yavumela izinsuku zokuhlwanyela nokuvuna kanye nesikhathi semikhosi yemihlatshelo ukuba kunqunywe.

IDresden Codex

I-Dresden Codex ingatholakala emnyuziyamu wezincwadi we-Saxony State kanye ne-University Library eDresden, eJalimane. Iyimibhalo eningilizayo yamakhodi aseMeya, kanye nomsebenzi obalulekile wobuciko. Izigaba eziningi zingokwesiko (kuhlanganise nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-almanacs"), ezinye ziyimvelo yezinkanyezi (ukusitheka kwelanga, umjikelezo weVenus).

I-codex ibhalwa ephepheni elide eligoqiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe incwadi enamakhasi angamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye, ebhalwe nhlangothi zombili. Kumelwe ukuba yalotshwa ngaphambi nje kokunqotshwa kweSpain. Ngandlela-thile yathola indlela eya eYurophu futhi yathengwa umtapo wezincwadi wesigodlo sasebukhosini saseSaxony eDresden ngo-1739.

I-Codex yaseParis

I-Paris Codex igcinwe eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseFrance futhi iwuhlu lweziprofetho. Yatholwa emgqonyeni kadoti emtatsheni wezincwadi ngo-1859. Ilinganisa amamitha angu-1,45, inamakhasi angamashumi amabili nambili, futhi ilondolozwe kabi kakhulu emibhalweni yesandla emine yombhalo wamaMayan. Izinhlamvu nomdwebo kungabonakala kuphela phakathi kwamakhasi.

Amakhasi okugcina achaza imilaza eyishumi nantathu yomjikelezo wezinkanyezi. Amanye amakhasi aqukethe ulwazi mayelana nomjikelezo weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nambili, lapho ikhalenda le-Haab lezinsuku ezingu-365 kanye nekhalenda lezinsuku ezingu-260 le-Tzolkin libuyela endaweni yazo evamile yokuqala. Njengoba imijikelezo yekhalenda ibhekisela enkathini yama-731 kuya ku-787, i-Paris Codex ingase ibe ikhophi yenkathi yasendulo. Yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1300 no-1500.

MAYAN CODICE

I-Mayan Codex yaseMexico

I-codex, kanye nezinye izinto zobuciko, kukholakala ukuthi zavela ekugetshengeni lapho kumbiwa umhume eChiapas ngawo-1960. Umqoqi waseMexico uDkt. José Sáenz wathunjwa abadayisi ngendiza encane baya endaweni eseduze neSierra of Chiapas neTortuguero. . Lapho bambonisa lokho ayekutholile futhi wathenga ucezu lwe-codex. I-codex yake yabukiswa ngo-1971 eGrolier Club eNew York. UDkt. Sáenz wanikela ngayo kuHulumeni waseMexico futhi namuhla isilondoloziwe kodwa ayikabukiswa eNational Museum of Anthropology eMexico City.

I-codex yaqashelwa njenge-Venus Astrological Almanac, eyabikezela indawo esezulwini iplanethi iVenus phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka eyikhulu nane. Iyafana nengxenye ye-Dresden Codex ehlobene neVenus. Nakuba i-Dresden Codex ichaza iVenus kuphela njengenkanyezi yasekuseni nenkanyezi yakusihlwa, zonke izimo ezine zilotshwe ku-codex yaseMexico City: njengenkanyezi yasekuseni, inyamalala ngokuhlangana okuphakeme, njengenkanyezi kusihlwa futhi iphinde ingabonakali ekuhlanganiseni okuphansi.

Uhlangothi ngalunye lubonisa umfanekiso/unkulunkulu obheke kwesokunxele, ophethe isikhali futhi ngokuvamile intambo enesiboshwa. Amakhasi esihlanu nesishiyagalombili abonisa umfanekiso odubula umcibisholo ethempelini. Umfanekiso oboniswe ekhasini lesikhombisa ungase ubonise iqhawe limi phambi kwesihlahla lingenzi lutho. Ikhasi lokuqala nelesine lisikisela elithi K'awiil, kanti ikhasi lesibili, lesithupha, neleshumi, elinezingcezu ezimbili, lisikisela unkulunkulu wokufa.

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