Izikhwama zepulasitiki zinekhono lokusebenzisa amacala ahlukene njengendlela yokuthutha izinto ezincane, ukulondoloza ukudla, izinto zokugcina izinto, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi eminingi; Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ukukhiqizwa kwalo mkhiqizo kuye kwanda futhi kungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokungcoliswa kwemvelo Lesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi lokhu okuqukethwe kuquketheni nokuthi kuthinta kanjani i-ecosystem yeplanethi.
Izikhwama zepulasitiki
Izici eziyinhloko zezikhwama zepulasitiki yizinto zazo ngoba zenziwe nge-polyethylene eqondile, futhi ne-polyethylene ephansi-density, akulona uhlobo lomkhiqizo oluhlala luhlangene kodwa olunamandla okukhubazeka futhi luthambile kalula.Ngenxa yeqiniso lokuthi abanalo iphuzu lokuhwamuka, okubangelwa ukwakheka kwabo okunwebekayo, ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo bangathatha amafomu ahlukene. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhwama zepulasitiki, ezinomsebenzi othize noma ezidalelwe icala elithile.
Zibuye zenzelwe i-polypropylene, lokhu kube ukuhlukahluka kokubunjwa kwayo ezakhiweni zezinto eziphilayo, izikhwama zihlukaniswa kuye ngokuthi zizosetshenziswa kanjani. Ngaphezu kokuba nezikhwama zepulasitiki zokuthutha izimpahla ezincane, kanye nokuthi izinto ezinkulu kufanele zigcinwe. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinto zingase zisetshenziselwe ngisho nokwenza isikhwama, lokhu kuncike ekubunjweni okunakho, phakathi kwama-synthetic synthetic organic compounds kungaba nesici sokunwebeka futhi ngokuphikiswa okukhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu bangahlukaniswa ngokwesisindo abakwazi ukuseseka, ngale ndlela abantu bathola izikhwama zepulasitiki abazidingayo.
Uwoyela ungomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yezinto zokusetshenziswa zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo edingekayo kumuntu, engaphansi kwenqubo ye-pyrolytic ebangela ukutholakala kwezingxenyana ezihlukahlukene ezicutshungulwa kuze kube zinezinsiza ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwansuku zonke. ukuphila, eqokomisa kuleli cala izikhwama zepulasitiki. Ukwakhiwa kwalo mkhiqizo kuvela kokuphuma kwe-petroleum, yingakho kubhekwa njengokungcolisa kakhulu, inqubo yokukhiqiza yayo iqukethe i-extrusion ye-resin, engasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, lokhu kuncike embonini ephethe umklamo wayo, ngubani. Inesibopho sokukhetha izakhi ze-organic ezingaba nokuminyana okuphezulu noma ukuminyana okuphansi.
Ngenxa yalezi zakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo, izikhwama zepulasitiki zithatha isikhathi ukubola, okungukuthi, kufanele kuthathe iminyaka eminingi ukuze le nto ihlukanise izingxenye zayo, ibuyele ezinhlayiyeni ezincane. Kungathatha amakhulu amahlanu eminyaka ukuze kuqedwe yonke inqubo yokucekela phansi, yingakho ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kubhekwa njengenye yezinsalela ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, okugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi ukulahlwa kwayo ngendlela efanele akulandelwa, umuntu wenze ngokunganaki ngalo mkhiqizo, kusukela umkhuba omubi wokulahla izikhwama zepulasitiki kunoma iyiphi indawo, ngaphandle kokuthatha. bala yonke imiphumela ekhiqizwa yilesi senzo Emhlabeni.
Ngenxa yalokhu ingenye yezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu imigwaqo, futhi yezilwandle kanye nemvelo yemvelo; lokhu kuthinta ibhalansi yemvelo. Ukuqokomisa kulokhu iziqhingi zikadoti ezintantayo ezitholakala olwandle futhi ikakhulukazi ezakhiwe izikhwama zepulasitiki umphakathi ozimoshile futhi ezilahlwe ogwini, okudala ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngomthelela omkhulu wemvelo owudalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwohloka kwayo kwemvelo kuhamba kancane, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, ngakho izikhungo eziningana ziye zafuna izixazululo ezingasetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe inani lepulasitiki emfucumfucwini yomhlaba.
Umthelela wendawo
Ipulasitiki iyinto enesakhiwo sezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezinekhono lokuthambile, okungukuthi, ingathatha umumo othile njengoba kudingeka; ngale ndlela kunenzuzo yokusebenzisa le nto ezinhlobonhlobo zezigameko. Kukhona inani elikhulu lezinto ezenziwe nge-synthetic organic compounds ukuze babe nekhono lokushintsha isimo sabo noma ukukhubazeka ngaphandle kokuphula amaketanga axhunyiwe ama-organic compounds.
Njengamanje kunenqwaba yezinto ezenziwe yilo hlobo lwento, eqokomisa phakathi kwazo izikhwama zepulasitiki, wuhlobo lomkhiqizo osetshenziselwa ukugcina nokuthutha okuthengiswayo, ukuthutha izinto, ukugcina ukudla, ukulondoloza izinto, ukulahla imfucuza, phakathi kokunye. imisebenzi.
Umthelela wezikhwama zepulasitiki endaweni ezungezile ubangelwa ukuthi abantu bazilahla ngokungafanele lapho bezisebenzisa, bengcolisa imvelo futhi kuthinta izindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane. Lesi siko lokulahla udoti emhlabathini noma emanzini futhi singcolisa ama-biomes, ukuguqula izakhiwo zabo zemvelo. Ukuthandwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki kwaqala kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-70s, ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ezitolo, ezitolo ezinkulu nasemabhizinisini, lapho alethwa khona mahhala, ngakho-ke ukutholakala kwabo kulula kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, umphakathi ukwazile ukuzigcwalisa ngezikhwama zepulasitiki uzisebenzisa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, inkinga iqala ngokuthi le nto ingalahlwa kanjani.
Omunye wemisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ukulahla udoti wasendlini, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kuvamile ukuba nalezi zikhwama zepulasitiki ezindlini. Isidingo sale nto sasingalawuleki, wonke umuntu wayenayo, kodwa i-drawback yayiwukuthi izikhwama zazifinyelela emigwaqweni, olwandle, nasemifuleni, olwandle, ngisho nasezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu. Imvelo yemvelo, i-ecosystems kanye ne-biomes yathinteka kabi izikhwama zepulasitiki, ingcolisa ulwandle, ihlasela izindawo zezilwane, ngenxa yalokho izilwane zingaminza, ngisho noma zidla, zifake ubuthi, ziqede izinhlobo ze-ecosystem ethile.
Ngendlela efanayo, kunomthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, okuthinta zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezitholakala olwandle nolwandle.Namuhla kuvame kakhulu ukuthola izimfudu, izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zibhajwe kumapulasitiki futhi zingakwazi ukwakheka kahle ngenxa yokuba khona kwalesi sithako endaweni yazo. indawo yokuhlala yemvelo; ukuwohloka kwayo kuhamba kancane kakhulu ngakho kungathinta imvelo ehlukene ekuhambeni kwayo ezindaweni ezahlukene; Kungathatha iminyaka eminingi ukubola futhi lokhu ngento ngayinye eyenziwe ngepulasitiki.
Izizathu zokungafanele zisetshenziswe
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokungasebenzisi izikhwama zepulasitiki kungenxa yokuthi ziyinto engcolisa kakhulu, kodwa ezinye izizathu zingagqanyiswa ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwazo, nakuba zonke zihlobene nomthelela wazo emvelweni. Njengamanje, sekusetshenziswe izikhwama zepulasitiki ezingaphezu kwesigidi kodwa azigaywa kabusha cishe ngokuphelele, lesi samba esikhulu sokusetshenziswa kwalesi sici sithinta imvelo, kunenani elikhulu lalo mkhiqizo ezintabeni zemfucumfucu futhi uma ulahlwa. ayinalo uhlobo lwensiza.
Kunqunywe ukuthi iShayina ingelinye lamazwe asebenzisa lesi sisetshenziswa kakhulu, lisebenzisa izikhwama zepulasitiki ezibalelwa ezigidini ezintathu nsuku zonke; kuyilapho i-US isebenzisa i-100000 billion ngonyaka. Lezi zidingo zezikhwama zepulasitiki ziphezulu kakhulu, futhi kucabangela amazwe amabili kuphela, kodwa ngale ndlela kunomthelela ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo.
Inqubo yokuvuselela izikhwama zepulasitiki ibiza kakhulu, lokhu kungenxa yesakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinto eziphilayo, ezidinga inqubo ethuthukisiwe enobuchwepheshe bekhwalithi ephezulu, ngenxa yalesi sizathu izikhwama azivuselelwa kabusha, ngoba kungaba yizindleko ezinkulu kakhulu amazwe, yingakho efuna ukwamukela isiko lokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo, noma ukuphinda asetshenziswe uma kungenzeka.
Ukuze kudalwe le nto, imiphongolo kawoyela iyadingeka, kusetshenziswa okuphuma kuyo ukuze kuchazwe kabanzi, inkinga iwukuthi lezi zinhlanganisela zithatha isikhathi eside ukuwohloka (cishe izinkulungwane zeminyaka) ezithinta iplanethi enguMhlaba. Futhi ezikhwameni ngokuvamile ziba nokuphrinta, kodwa uyinki osetshenzisiwe unobuthi, unikeza esinye isizathu sokungayisebenzisi le nto noma okungenani ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukuqaphela ukuthi zonke izakhi ezisetshenziselwa ukulungiswa ziyingozi empilweni nasemvelweni.
Kungcolisa imvelo yasemanzini, kubangela ukufa kwezinhlobo eziningi ezitholakala olwandle, ikakhulukazi izimfudu, njengoba ziziphambanisa ne-jellyfish futhi zizidle, zibangele ukuba zifakwe ushevu futhi zigwilize. Esinye isizathu sokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezikhwama ukuthi zingcolisa umoya futhi zivale amapayipi, okungaholela ekukhukhuleni.
Inqubo Yokugaya Kabusha
Inqubo yokugaywa kabusha kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ihlanganisa ukuthola imfucuza yepulasitiki ukuze lezi zingxenye ziphinde zisetshenziswe ekwenzeni izinto ezintsha ezisetshenziswa kangcono, ngaleyo ndlela kusizakale lezi zinsiza ezingawohloki kalula. Lo mkhiqizo omusha ubizwa ngokuthi isikhwama esigaywe kabusha, lapho kudalulwa khona ukuthi udlule ohlelweni lwamakhemikhali aphathekayo ukuze uthole izakhiwo zawo futhi uziguqulele umsebenzi othile.
Ukuqhuba lolu hlelo kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ezinye izigaba kumele zigcwaliseke, esokuqala siqukethe “Ukuhlukaniswa” lapho kwehlukaniswa izingxenye nezinsiza ezisetshenziswayo, isigaba sesibili “Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo” okubandakanya ukubekezelela izinsalela ezitholwe ekuhlukaniseni ukuze zisetshenziswe futhi ekuchazeni umkhiqizo omusha. Isigaba sesithathu "Ukusakaza kwepulasitiki" lapho indawo yokuncibilika yale nto kufanele ifinyelelwe ukuze kungene isigaba sesine esibizwa ngokuthi "Push by means of an extruder" lapho okokusebenza kusetshenziswa khona ukuhambisa insalela encibilikayo nge-extruder. Lapho ukuxoshwa okuphelele kwenziwa, isigaba sesihlanu "Izicucu zepulasitiki ezincane" ziqala, lapho amabhola alolu lwazi azotholwa ukuze asetshenziswe njengensiza kumkhiqizo omusha.
Ngalezi zingcezu ezincane zepulasitiki, isigaba sesithupha siyaqala, esihlanganisa "Ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo omusha", lapho umqondo oyinhloko uwukusebenzisa zonke izingxenye ezitholiwe enqubweni esetshenziselwa ukuchaza into entsha noma ebamba iqhaza. Idizayini ethile yomkhiqizo, ngale ndlela izakhiwo zalolu hlelo zingasetshenziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.
Izixazululo ezingenzeka
Izikhwama zepulasitiki zibe nomthelela omubi emvelweni, ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngokunganaki yikona okudale izinkinga ezehlukene emvelweni wemvelo, ngenxa yalokhu kwenziwa ucwaningo olwahlukene lokuthi lesi simo singaxazululeka kanjani, ngoba lesi sisetshenziswa sisetshenziswa nsuku zonke kubantu. Omunye wemibono eyinhloko ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo, nokuthi ingaphinda isetshenziswe ukuze isebenzise izakhiwo zayo; Lokhu kudinga ukuguqulwa kwesiko emphakathini lapho izikhwama zepulasitiki zingalahlwa ngokungafanele.
Esinye sezixazululo eziyinhloko ezingasetshenziswa kulolu hlobo lwesimo ukulahla izikhwama zepulasitiki ezikhungweni zokugaywa kabusha, ezinesibopho sokwenza inqubo yamakhemikhali aphathekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha le nsiza.
Angasetshenziswa futhi ngendlela yasekhaya, kungaba indle yezilwane ezifuywayo, njengesitsha sikadoti emakhaya, ukugcina okuthengiswayo nezinto ezahlukene. Kunconywa ukuqoqa ezinye ezincane esikhwameni esikhulu, ukuze zigcinwe ezimweni ezizayo lapho zingasetshenziswa khona. Esinye isisombululo esingasetshenziswa ukusebenzisa izikhwama ezenziwe ngezinto ezibolayo, ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola olwandle, emoyeni nasenhlabathini. Ngendlela efanayo, kunethuba lokusebenzisa izikhwama ze-biosoluble, ezinezakhiwo ezithile zokwenza lula ukuwohloka kwazo ngaphandle kokuthinta imvelo.
Kudingekile ukuthi njengabantu, kuthotshelwe zonke izinkambiso ezisungulelwe ukongiwa kwemvelo, kucatshangelwa ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo lapho imithombo yemvelo evezwa khona kanye nomthelela omkhulu emvelweni ewudalayo; lesi yisixazululo okumelwe sisetshenziswe nganoma isiphi isikhathi, phakathi kwabo akukona ukulahla udoti ngaphandle kweziqukathi, noma ukuphonsa izikhwama emigwaqweni, ngoba ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo kanye nesakhiwo esitholakala emafutheni awonakali kalula.
Ngokufanayo, esinye isixazululo ukunciphisa amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi athinta imvelo, ngenxa yalokhu uhlelo lokubuyisela kufanele lwenziwe lapho izikhwama ziphinde zisetshenziswe kuye ngokuthi umthamo wazo ezimweni ezahlukene, ukuze isakhiwo sazo sisetshenziswe phezulu futhi sivumele ukulondoloza. izinga lempilo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Ngisho nezikhungo ezithile sezithathe isinyathelo sokungasebenzisi izikhwama zepulasitiki kodwa zethule izinto ezingaboli, ukuze zifake isandla osizweni lwezemvelo olusungulwe emhlabeni wonke. Ngendlela efanayo, izikhwama zemvelo ezaziwayo zisetshenziswa, okuyizinhlobo zomkhiqizo ezinezinjongo zemvelo, lokhu kungenziwa ngokuvuselela izikhwama ezivamile.
Lezi zixazululo zisiza ekubambeni iqhaza ekulondolozweni kwe-ecosystem kanye ne-biomes evezwa yiplanethi yomhlaba, umqondo oyinhloko ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyethylene, njengoba lo mthombo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uye wangcolisa iplanethi, uguqula izimo zezulu, Ngaphezu kokuba umkhiqizo owohlokayo. kancane kakhulu, ukuphikelela kwayo ku-ecosystem kuphawuleka kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukubaluleka kwezenzo zethu kungagqanyiswa, okuthinta yonke into ephilayo emhlabeni.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Izinzuzo kanye Nobubi Bokudla Kwe-Transgenic